老年语言干预正经历从“修复语言结构”到“促进功能性交际”的范式转移,其本质是将干预目标从“恢复被测试的语言能力”重新定义为“重建老年人参与生活的能力”。神经可塑性、认知储备、行为改变轮与交际理论协同支撑功能性交际干预从神经到行为、从个体到环境的全链条作用路径。功能性交际干预已发展出“核心层—工具层—场域层”多维实施框架:核心层激发人生经历等个体保护性因素,工具层综合多模态交际手段与语用能力训练,场域层嵌入日常话语活动并优化社交环境支持。在积极老龄观与大健康框架下,语言干预正转化为贯穿老年人全生命历程的健康投资,“语言康养”成为构筑老龄事业与社会福祉体系的重要阵地。其间,标准化与个性化、技术与人情、能力训练与环境改造三对核心张力的动态博弈,构成亟待破解的理论与实践命题。

Language intervention for older adults is currently experiencing a paradigm shift from “structural linguistic repair” toward “functional communicative facilitation”. The essence of this shift lies in redefining its objective from the restoration of tested linguistic proficiency to the reconstruction of older adults’ capacities for participation in everyday life. Neuroplasticity, cognitive reserve, the Behavior Change Wheel, and communication theories jointly underpin the mechanistic pathway of functional communication interventions, spanning from neural mechanisms to behavioral outcomes, and from the individual to the environmental context. A multidimensional implementation framework of functional communication interventions is proposed, comprising the core, instrumental, and contextual layers. At the core layer, individual protective factors such as life experiences are activated; at the instrumental layer, multimodal communication resources and pragmatic ability training are employed; at the contextual layer, interventions are embedded in everyday discourse activities and social environmental support is improved. Guided by the principles of active aging and holistic health, language intervention is reconceptualized as a lifelong health investment, elevating “linguistic wellness and care” to a strategic domain within national aging initiatives and social welfare systems. The dialectical tensions between standardization and individualization, technology and humanity, and ability training and environmental modification constitute theoretical and practical problematics that remain to be resolved.