Through the Eu
3+ : BiPO
4 crystal lattice vibrations, the phonon dressing can control multi-Fano interference.
Fig. 2a shows the spectral evolution of hybrid signal (FL + SFWM) from single Fano to triple Fano obtained from the (0.5 : 1) Eu
3+ : BiPO
4 sample by changing GP (5 μs, 500 μs, 1 ms) when
E1 is scanned at 300 K. The (0.5 : 1) Eu
3+ : BiPO
4 crystal exhibits three distinct fine-structure energy levels named as
5D
1 →
7F
1 (magnetic dipole transition),
5D
0 →
7F
1 (magnetic dipole transition), and
5D
0 →
7F
3 (induced electric dipole transition) at the CF of about 10
6 V/cm. The spectral signal recorded at PMT1 (
Fig. 2a11) shows three Fano interference resulting from the coexistence of dressing and fine-structure energy levels splitting (
5D
0 →
7F
1 in
Fig. 5g1), whereas three Fano dips (three dark states) come from destructive interference between approximate continuous state (
$\rho^{\prime}{ }_{\mathrm{AS}(3)}^{(3)}$) and three bound states (
$\rho^{\prime}{ }_{\mathrm{AS}(3)}^{(5)}$,
$\rho^{\prime}{ }_{\mathrm{AS}(3)}^{(7)}$,
$\rho^{\prime}{ }_{\mathrm{AS}(3)}^{(9)}$) are controlled by Fano phases (
$\Delta \varphi_{1}=\pi, \Delta \varphi_{2}=\pi$, and
$\Delta \varphi_{3}=\pi$) modeled through Eq. (3) and (4). It is noteworthy that the magnitudes of the two Fano peaks are greater than those of the three Fano dips because of more pronounced splitting of energy levels within the
7F
1 state than the nested three dressing.
$\begin{array}{l} \left|G_{1}\right|^{2} \\ /\left(\Gamma_{20}+i \Delta_{1}+\left|G_{\mathrm{p} 1}\right|^{2} /\left(\Gamma_{10}+i \Delta_{1}-i \Delta_{\mathrm{p} 1}+\left|G_{\mathrm{p} 2}\right|^{2} /\left(\Gamma_{13}+i \Delta_{1}-i \Delta_{\mathrm{p} 1}-i \Delta_{\mathrm{p} 2}\right)\right)\right) \end{array}$ from Eq. (3) and (4). The validation of this is supported by our theoretical findings as illustrated in
Fig.2 h3 at Δ
1 = − 50. When the GP approaches 1 ms, the three suppression Fano dips (
Fig. 2a31) tends to be more prominent than the enhancement Fano peaks. This observation can be attributed to the dominance of nested three dressing in the completion between the splitting and dressing of the energy levels. In
Fig. 2a21, the first Fano dip is stronger than the third Fano dip, which can be attributed to the greater influence of the linear polarization dipole moment in energy level
7F
1,
MJ =
0 than that of the circular partial dipole moment in the energy level (
$\mu_{\mathrm{L}} \mu_{\mathrm{C}}$). The theoretical results (
Fig. 2g and
h) validate the multi-Fano evolution (
Fig. 2a). In
Fig. 2a12, two Fano interference is resulted from the coexistence of double dressing and energy levels’ splitting (
5D
0 →
7F
1), where two Fano dips come from interference in an approximate continuous state
$\rho_{\mathrm{S}(2)}^{\prime(3)}$ and two bound states
$\rho_{\mathrm{S}(2)}^{\prime(5)}$,
$\rho_{\mathrm{S}(2)}^{\prime(7)}$ controlled by Fano phase (
$\Delta \varphi_{1}=\pi, \Delta \varphi_{2}=\pi$). The practical results obtained align precisely with the theoretical results depicted in
Fig. 2h2 (simulated at Δ
1 = − 50). When the GP is increased to 500 μs (
Fig. 2a22), the two Fano dips evolve into three Fano dips due to sensitive phonon dressing (
$|G_{\mathrm{p1}}|^{2}|G_{\mathrm{p2}}|^{2}$) and easy distinction for in-phase SFWM. When GP is at 1 ms (
Fig. 2a23), the right first Fano dip is the strongest due to more dressing interaction of
7F
1, MJ = 0 and
7F
1, MJ = +1. The single Fano interference (
Fig. 2a13) occurs due to the coexistence of single dressing and energy level splitting. In contrast, a single Fano dip emerges from the interference between dark states and bright states, a phenomenon regulated by the Fano phase (
$\Delta\varphi=\pi$) and modeled by
$\rho_{ \mathrm{AS}(1)}^{\prime (3)}+\rho_{ \mathrm{AS}(1)}^{\prime (5)}$. When GP is increased to 1 ms, two Fano peaks are changed into single Fano dip due to photon dressing (
$\left.| G_{1}\right|^{2}$) dominance.