脓毒症在全球范围内每年导致约1 100万例患者死亡，当前发病率仍呈上升趋势，特别是在老龄化社会中。老年患者由于基础疾病多、免疫功能下降,常在感染后迅速演变为脓毒症，预后较差。此外,器官移植、恶性肿瘤等免疫抑制患者，脓毒症的发生率也显著高于一般人群。2017年至2019年，我国住院患者脓毒症年标准化发病率为(328.25~421.85）/10万，其中超过57%的病例发生在65岁以上的老年人。脓毒症作为一种由感染引起全身性过度炎症反应导致的器官功能障碍综合征，仍然是全球范围内导致高死亡率和医疗负担的重要疾病。尽管近年来随着对脓毒症机制的深入研究，其诊断和治疗策略持续完善，但临床实践仍面临三大核心挑战：早期诊断困难，现有评估体系与生物标志物存在局限；抗生素耐药性日益严峻，显著限制治疗选择；疾病极高的异质性导致标准化治疗方案疗效不佳，个体化治疗远未普及。近年，诊断层面新型生物标志物、分子诊断技术与人工智能的应用，正推动早期识别与精准分型能力的革新；在治疗层面，个体化与精准医疗理念日益深入，免疫调节等新型治疗策略展现出应对疾病复杂性的巨大潜力。应对上述三大核心挑战的关键在于将精准医学理念贯穿诊疗全程：通过整合多组学数据深化对疾病异质性的理解，利用前沿技术实现精准诊断与分型，并在此基础上发展靶向治疗，最终实现改善患者预后的目标。

Sepsis leads to approximately 11 million deaths globally each year, and its incidence is still on the rise, particularly in aging societies. Elderly patients, due to multiple underlying diseases and declined immune function, often progress rapidly to sepsis after infection, resulting in poor prognosis. Additionally, immunosuppressed patients, such as those who have undergone organ transplantation or have malignant tumors, exhibit a significantly higher incidence of sepsis compared to the general population. From 2017 to 2019, the annual standardized incidence of sepsis among hospitalized patients in China was (328.25-421.85) per 100 000, with over 57% of cases occurring in individuals aged 65 and above. As a syndrome of organ dysfunction caused by a systemic hyperinflammatory response to infection, sepsis remains a significant disease contributing to high mortality and healthcare burden worldwide. Although diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have been continuously improved with in-depth research on sepsis mechanisms in recent years, clinical practice still faces several core challenges: ① difficulties in early diagnosis due to limitations of current assessment systems and biomarkers; ② increasingly severe antibiotic resistance, which significantly restricts treatment options; and ③ extremely high heterogeneity of the disease, which leads to poor efficacy of standardized treatment schemes and limited adoption of individualized therapy. In recent years, at the diagnostic level, the application of novel biomarkers, molecular diagnostic technologies, and artificial intelligence is driving innovations in early identification and precise subtyping capabilities. At the therapeutic level, the concepts of individualized and precision medicine are increasingly applied, and novel therapeutic strategies such as immunomodulation demonstrate great potential in addressing disease complexity. The key to overcoming the above three core challenges lies in integrating the concept of precision medicine throughout the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process: by leveraging multi-omics data to deepen the understanding of disease heterogeneity, utilizing advanced technologies to achieve accurate diagnosis and subtyping, and developing targeted therapies based on this foundation, ultimately achie-ving the goal of improving patient prognosis.