慢性阻塞性肺疾病（简称慢阻肺病）是最常见的慢性气道疾病之一，常与心血管疾病、肺癌等多种共病并存，显著增加了疾病负担、诊疗复杂性和死亡风险。本文以慢阻肺病共病为例，基于慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议（Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease，GOLD）2026报告及国内外最新共识与循证证据，系统梳理呼吸系统共病的诊治原则，重点围绕慢阻肺病合并肺癌和心血管疾病展开阐述。共病的存在可导致症状重叠（如呼吸困难）而增高漏诊误诊率，同时引发多重用药冲突和治疗选择受限等问题。在诊断层面，本文提出基于症状相似性（如症状严重度与客观检查不匹配）和基于共同危险因素/发病机制（如吸烟、慢性炎症）的双层筛查策略，强调“一查多用”的早期联动筛查；在治疗层面，倡导以患者为中心的整合照护模式，涵盖共病共治、抓住主要矛盾、权衡获益与风险、非药物治疗优化、定期动态评估、多学科协作及人工智能赋能等策略，以实现慢阻肺病与共病治疗双达标。有效管理慢阻肺病共病，需要临床医师树立共病意识，突破专科壁垒，依托标准化筛查路径、高质量循证证据和智能化决策工具，构建覆盖“早筛-共治-全程管理”的综合照护体系，最终改善患者长期预后与生活质量。

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent chronic airway diseases and frequently coexists with multiple comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer, substantially increasing disease burden, diagnostic and therapeutic complexity, and mortality risk. Taking COPD comorbidities as an example, this article systematically reviews the principles of diagnosis and treatment for respiratory comorbidities based on the 2026 report of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), as well as the latest domestic and international consensus statements and evidence-based findings. It focuses on COPD complicated by lung cancer and cardiovascular di-seases. The presence of comorbidities may lead to symptom overlap (e.g., dyspnea) and consequently increase missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis rates, while also causing issues such as polypharmacy-related conflicts and restricted treatment options. At the diagnostic level, this article proposes a two‑tier screening strategy based on symptom similarity (e.g., mismatch between symptom severity and objective findings) and shared risk factors/pathogenic mechanisms (e.g., smoking, chronic inflammation), emphasizing early coordinated screening through an approach of "one test, multiple uses." At the therapeutic level, a patient‑centered integrated care model is advocated, encompassing strategies such as concurrent management of comorbidities, prioritization of critical issues, benefit-risk balance, optimization of non‑pharmacological therapies, regular dynamic assessment, multidisciplinary collaboration, and artificial intelligence empowerment, aiming to achieve therapeutic targets for both COPD and its comorbidities. Effective management of COPD comorbidities requires clinicians to develop awareness of comorbidities, overcome disciplinary barriers, and rely on standardized screening pathways, high‑quality evidence, and intelligent decision‑support tools to build a comprehensive care system covering "early screening, concurrent treatment, and full-course management," ultimately improving long‑term outcomes and quality of life for patients.