Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent chronic airway diseases and frequently coexists with multiple comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer, substantially increasing disease burden, diagnostic and therapeutic complexity, and mortality risk. Taking COPD comorbidities as an example, this article systematically reviews the principles of diagnosis and treatment for respiratory comorbidities based on the 2026 report of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), as well as the latest domestic and international consensus statements and evidence-based findings. It focuses on COPD complicated by lung cancer and cardiovascular di-seases. The presence of comorbidities may lead to symptom overlap (e.g., dyspnea) and consequently increase missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis rates, while also causing issues such as polypharmacy-related conflicts and restricted treatment options. At the diagnostic level, this article proposes a two‑tier screening strategy based on symptom similarity (e.g., mismatch between symptom severity and objective findings) and shared risk factors/pathogenic mechanisms (e.g., smoking, chronic inflammation), emphasizing early coordinated screening through an approach of "one test, multiple uses." At the therapeutic level, a patient‑centered integrated care model is advocated, encompassing strategies such as concurrent management of comorbidities, prioritization of critical issues, benefit-risk balance, optimization of non‑pharmacological therapies, regular dynamic assessment, multidisciplinary collaboration, and artificial intelligence empowerment, aiming to achieve therapeutic targets for both COPD and its comorbidities. Effective management of COPD comorbidities requires clinicians to develop awareness of comorbidities, overcome disciplinary barriers, and rely on standardized screening pathways, high‑quality evidence, and intelligent decision‑support tools to build a comprehensive care system covering "early screening, concurrent treatment, and full-course management," ultimately improving long‑term outcomes and quality of life for patients.