1 Power Battery and Systems Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada 3 Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, People’s Republic of China 4 College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People’s Republic of China
Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density, safety, low cost, and abundance of zinc. However, the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs. Therefore, feasible and advanced non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction. In this review, we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field. Then, we discussed the working mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design, crystal structure tuning, interface strategy, and atomic engineering. We also included theoretical studies, machine learning, and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions. Finally, we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.
Unsafe operation, poor reversibility, poor cycle life
Na-O2
2.3
1680
2.7
Aprotic
Yes
K-O2
2.37
1190
22.6
Aprotic
Yes
Zn-air
1.65
1220
2.9
Aqueous
Yes
Suitable theoretical energy density, nontoxicity, low cost, safety
Lack of active and durable bifunction-al electrocatalysts on the cathode
Mg-air
3.09
5240
3.0
Aqueous
No
High theoretical energy density and discharge voltage
Poor rechargeability and practical values
Al-air
2.71
5780
2.6
Aqueous
No
Fe-air
1.28
1080
0.5
Aqueous
Yes
Low cost, good cyclability
Evolution of hydrogen and electrode passivation
Table 1
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Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
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2024, Vol. 16 
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