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| Development Trend of U.S. Army Air and Missile Defense Operations Based on Doctrine Evolution |
| ZHANG Yaoyi1， YU Yang2 |
| 1. Shanghai Zhanguan Technology Co.， Ltd.， Shanghai 200434， China；
2. Shanghai Electro-Mechanical Engineering Institute， Shanghai 201109， China |
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Abstract This paper conducts an in-depth comparative analysis of the 2025 and 2020 editions of U.S. Army Field Manual FM 3-01, Air and Missile Defense Operations , revealing significant evolution in operational philosophy, cognitive frameworks, operational concepts, and operational employment. Based on this analysis, it assesses the development trends of U.S. Army air and missile defense in terms of missions and tasks, architecture development, engineering methodologies, and force structuring. The study finds that the 2025 edition significantly strengthens core elements such as multi-domain operations, distributed and networked operations, and full-spectrum operations, marking an accelerated transformation of U.S. Army air and missile defense toward an integrated, agile, and resilient paradigm. Its distributed, networked, and adaptive operational model, along with the coordinated development path of doctrine and technology, will profoundly influence the global air and missile defense landscape and provides important reference for other countries in constructing next-generation air and missile defense systems.
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Received: 26 February 2026
Published: 04 August 2026
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2026, Vol. 9 
