本文从汉语语调研究出发,就汉语语调研究中遇到的一些问题进行分析和阐释,作为声调语言的汉语有语调,但汉语的语调不同于纯语调语言的语调,它的语调是由多重因素造成的,在语调音系表征中必须能够把这些因素考虑进去。AM是基于纯语调语言提出的,在汉语语调音系分析中是有局限性的。
The present paper makes analyses and discussions on some of the problems in the phonological study of Chinese intonation. Chinese language is a tone language, and its intonation is different from the intonation of the intonation-only language in that it results from multiple factors. All these factors including pitch variations must be taken into considerations in its phonological representations. It is obvious that AM theory, advanced mainly on the basis of the intonation-only language, has some limitations in the phonological analysis of Chinese intonation.
Archangelli, D. & D. Pulleyblank. 1994. Grounded Phonology [M]. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chao,Y-R. 1933. Tone and intonation in Chinese [J]. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 4: 2.
Cruttenden, A. 1997. Intonation (2nd ed.) [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Duanmu, S. 2001. Stress in Chinese [A]. In D. Xu (ed.). Chinese Phonology in Generative Grammar [C]. San Diego & New York: Academic Press. 117-38.
Grding, E. 1983a. A generative model for tone and intonation in standard Chinese [J]. Working Paper 25: 53-65.
Grding, E. 1983b. A generative model of intonation [A]. In Cutler & Ladd (eds.). Prosody: Models and Measurements [C]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 11-27.
Grding, E. 1984. Comparing intonation [J]. Working Paper 27: 75-99.
Grding, E. 1985a. In defence of a phrase-based model of intonation [J]. Working Paper 28: 1-18.
Grding, E. 1985b. Constancy and variation in standard Chinese tonal patterns [J]. Working Paper 28: 19-51.
Gussenhoven, C. 2004. The Phonology of Tone and Intonation [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hayes, B., R. Kirchner & D. Steriade. 2004. Phonetically Based Phonology [C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. 1918. An Outline of English Phonetics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kenstowicz, M. 1994. Phonology in Generative Grammar [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladd, R. 1996/2008. Intonational Phonology [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pierrehumbert, J. 1980. The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation [D]. MIT.
Pierrehumbert, J. & M. Beckman. 1988. Japanese Tone Structure [M]. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Trask, R. L. 1996. A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology [M]. London & New York: Routledge.
Xu, Y. 2009. Timing and coordination in tone and intonation—An articulatory-functional perspective [J]. Lingua 119: 906-27.
Yip, M. 2002. Tone [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
郭中子.2012.汉语普通话自然独白话语韵律研究:论结构因素与韵律结构的交互性[D].上海:同济大学.
胡明扬.1987.北京话初探[M].北京:商务印书馆.
林茂灿.2004.汉语语调与声调[J].语言文字研究(3):57-67.
林茂灿.2012.汉语语调实验研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社.
罗常培、王均.1957.普通语音学纲要[M].北京:科学出版社.
马秋武.1988.汉语普通话语调音系描写初探[D].天津:天津师范大学.
沈炯.1985.北京话声调的音域和语调[A].林焘、王理嘉.北京语音实验录[C].北京:北京大学出版社.73-130.
沈炯.1994.汉语语调构造和语调类型[J].方言(3):221-28.
石锋.2008.语音格局——语音学和音系学的交汇点[M].北京:商务印书馆.
吴宗济.1980.试论汉语普通话语音区别特征及其相互关系[J].中国语文(5):321-27.
吴宗济.1982.普通话语句中的声调变化[J].中国语文(6):439-49.
吴宗济.1984.普通话三字组变调规律[J].中国语言学报(2):70-92.
周殿福.1980.艺术语言的发声基础[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社.
