一百多年来,关于汉语动词的限定性仍然没有较广泛的共识。对有关汉语发展进程中的形态变化的研究粗略梳理表明,以屈折变化为主要依据来判定汉语动词的限定性并不合适。借助沃尔夫的隐性范畴思想以及系统功能语言学的渐变群思想,根据“是否有主语、动词作谓语、动词随人称和数而变化”三项参数,可以区分出介于典型非限定小句和典型限定小句之间的六种情形。汉语的包孕句、连动式、兼语式等语法现象都可以在这些情形中得到阐释。总体来看,汉语中普遍存在假拟非限定小句。
No general consensus has been arrived in finiteness of verbs in Chinese since late 1890s. A sketchy review of the morphological changes during the development of Chinese shows that it is improper to treat the finiteness of verbs majorly on the basis of inflections. With the insights from Whorf’s cryptotype and Halliday’s cline, we can differentiate six types between typical non-finite clause and typical finite clause according to three parameters as follows: the appearance of subject, the verb as the main predicate, and the verb agrees with persons and numbers. It is found in the present research that the so-called pregnant clauses, the serial verb construction and the jianyu construction (similar to SVOC construction in English) can all be expounded within the types we proposed in a consistent way. In general, pseudo-non-finite clauses are prevalent in modern Chinese.
Chao, Y. R. 1968/2011. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese [M]. Berkeley: University of California Press./Beijing: The Commercial Press.
Chomsky, N. 2000. New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fisher, K. 1988. Agreement and the distribution of anaphora [A]. In M. Hammond, E. Moravcsik & J. Wirth (eds.). Studies in Syntactic Typology [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 25-36.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1961. Categories of the theory of grammar [J]. Word 17(3): 242-92.
Halliday, M. A. K. & C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. 2014. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.) [M]. London & New York: Routledge.
Her, O-S. 2008. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese [M]. Taipei: Crane.
Hu, J. H., H. H. Pan & L. J. Xu. 2001. Is there a finite vs. nonfinite distinction in Chinese? [J] Linguistics 39: 1117-48.
Huang, C.-T. J. 1982. Move wh in a language without wh-movement [J]. The Linguistic Review 1: 369-416.
Huang, C.-T. J. 1989. Pro-drop in Chinese: A generalized control theory [A]. In O. Jaeggli & K. Safir (eds.). The Null Subject Parameter [C]. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 185-214.
Huang, Y. 1992. Against Chomsky’s typology of empty categories [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 17: 1-29.
Huang, Y. 2000. Anaphora: A Cross-linguistic Approach [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huang,Y. 1994. The Syntax and Pragmatics of Anaphora: A Study with Special Reference to Chinese [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kress, G. 1976. Halliday: System and Function in Language [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Li, Y.-H. A. 1985. Abstract Case in Chinese [D]. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
Li, Y.-H. A. 1990. Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese [M]. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Lin, J.-W. 2006. Time in a language without tense: The case of Chinese [J]. Journal of Semantics 23: 1-53.
Mallory, J. P. 2005. In Search of the Indo-Euruopeans [M]. London: Thames & Hudson.
Nikolaeva, I. 2007. Finiteness: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Packard, J. L. 2004. The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Souter, A. et al. 1968. Oxford Latin Dictionary [M]. Oxford: Clarendon.
Tallerman, M. 2011. Understanding Syntax [M]. London: Hodder Education.
Tang, S. W. & T. H. T. Lee. 2000. Focus as anchoring condition [R]. Paper Presented at the International Symposium on Topic and Focus in Chinese, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Tang, T.-C. 2000. Finite and nonfinite clauses in Chinese [J]. Language and Linguistics 1: 191-214.
Tsai, W. T. D. 2006. Tense anchoring in Chinese [R]. Paper Presented in the 4th Conference of European Association of Chinese Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.
Whorf, B. L. 1945. Grammatical categories [J]. Language 1: 1-11.
Whorf, B. L. 1956. Language, Thought and Reality [M]. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Xu, L. J. 1986. Free empty category [J]. Linguistic Inquiry 17: 75-94.
Xu, L. J. 1995. Definiteness effects on Chinese word order [J]. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 24: 29-48.
Xu, L. J. 1999. A special use of the third person singular pronoun [J]. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 28: 3-22.
巴桑卓玛.1990.巴塘藏语动词屈折形态的分析化[J].民族语文(5):76-79.
戴庆厦.1981.载瓦语使动范畴的形态变化[J].民族语文():36-41.
方环海、赵晓敏.2008.从名词性小句看汉语的“不定式”结构[J].汉语学报(2):23-30.
高本汉.1920/2010.汉语的本质和历史(聂鸿飞译)[M].北京:商务印书馆.
顾阳.2007.时态、时制理论与汉语时间参照[J].语言科学(4):22-38.
郭杰、贺阳.2012.现代汉语小句限定性衰减研究[J].语言文字应用(1):1.
郭杰.2013.国外限定与非限定的演化与发展[J].当代语言学(3):43-48.
胡建华.1997.英、汉语空语类的分类、分布与所指比较研究[J].外国语(5):38-44.
黄布凡.1981.古藏语动词的形态[J].民族语文(3):1-13.
黄衍.1992.汉语的空语类[J].中国语文(5):383-93.
江荻.1992.藏语动词屈折现象的统计分析[J].民族语文(4):47-50.
金鹏.1983.藏语动词表三时的屈折形态简化的两种途径[J].语言研究(1):169-78.
金鹏.1988.藏语动词屈折形态向粘着形态的转变[J].中国藏学(1):131-39.
黎锦熙.1924/2007.新著国语文法[M].北京:商务印书馆./长沙:湖南教育出版社.
李京廉、刘娟.2005.汉语的限定与非限定研究[J].汉语学习(1):19-24.
李汝亚.2003.述谓标引规则与主宾不对称现象[J].外国语(1):22-29.
李旭练.2008.都安壮语的屈折形态[J].民族语文(2):65-67.
李宇明.1997.汉语语法“本位”论评——兼评邢福义“小句中枢说”[J].世界汉语教学(1):16-23.
李云兵.2006.苗瑶语的非分析形态及其类型学意义[J].民族语文(2):31-41.
刘丹青.2008.语法调查研究手册[M].上海:上海教育出版社.
刘丹青.2010.汉语是一种动词型语言——试说动词型语言和名词型语言的类型差异[J].世界汉语教学(1):3-17.
刘若云.2003.惠州话词内屈折变化形式刍议[J].语言研究(2):110-14.
刘若云、赵新.2007.汉语方言声调屈折的功能[J].方言(3):226-31.
吕叔湘.1947/2005.中国人学英语[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社.
马建忠.1898/1998.马氏文通[M].北京:商务印书馆.
潘悟云.1991.上古汉语使动词的屈折形式[J].温州师范学院学报(2):48-57.
瞿霭堂.1985.藏语动词屈折形态的结构及其演变[J].民族语文(1):1-15.
石毓智.1995.时间的一维性对介词衍生的影响[J].中国语文(1):1-9.
石毓智.2001.汉语的限定动词和非限定动词之别[J].世界汉语教学(2):23-27.
宋玉柱.2000.可不可以设立动名词[J].汉语学习(4):22.
索南尖措.2013.藏语动词的黏着性及屈折性变化研究[J].西藏大学学报(1):70-75.
谭馥.1995.汉语中周遍性的表达以及限定动词和非限定动词的区别[A].第四届国际汉语教学讨论会论文选[C].北京:北京语言学院出版社.329-32.
王艾录.1992.祁县方言动词结果体的内部屈折[J].语言研究(1):26-30.
王冬梅.2001.现代汉语动名互转的认知研究[D].中国社会科学院博士学位论文.
王冬梅.2010.现代汉语动名互转的认知研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社.
王力.1954.中国语法理论[M].北京:中华书局.
邢欣.2004.现代汉语兼语式[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社.
徐杰.2006.句子的中心与助动词占据的谓头语法位置[J].汉语学报(3):51-61.
杨亦鸣、蔡冰.2011.汉语动词的屈折机制与限定性问题[J].世界汉语教学(2):159-74.
张志毅.1987.汉语屈折变化的简化与消失[J].语文研究(3):26-28.
朱德熙.1985.语法答问[M].北京:商务印书馆.
