本文采用“关系从句磨蚀量表”,在175名中国大学毕业生中开展了关系从句磨蚀顺序的调查,并基于文献梳理构建的习得顺序对比,探讨了关系从句的磨蚀规律。所得基本结论如下:(1)不同母语的一语和二语习得者,其关系从句的习得顺序均具有明显的相似性,表现为:先行词宾语-关系词主语类关系从句最早习得,其次是先行词宾语-关系词宾语类和先行词主语-关系词主语类关系从句,最晚习得的是先行词主语-关系词宾语类。(2)英语作为二语的关系从句磨蚀,符合雅柯布逊回归假设的理论预期,即早习得的,晚磨蚀。
“An Inventory Measuring Attrition Sequence of Relative Clauses” was employed,by recruiting investigate 175 Chinese college graduates, to explore the attrition rules of relative clauses by comparing with acquisition sequence from the previous studies. The following conclusions were derived: (1) Both L1 and L2 learners of different mother tongues share a similar acquisition sequence of relative clauses, that is, the relative clauses of Object(antecedent) Subject(relative pronoun) are acquired first, followed by those of Object(antecedent) Object(relative pronoun) and Subject(antecedent) Subject(relative pronoun).The last acquired are those of Subject(antecedent) Object(relative pronoun). (2) The attrition sequence of English as a second language mirrors their acquisition sequence, and this discovery agrees with Jakobson's Regression Hypothesis,that is, first acquired, last attrited.
Abdolmanafi, S. & Z. Rahmani. 2012. An investigation of the learnability of relative clauses by EFL learners[J]. World Journal of English Language 2(3):29-38.
Bates, E.1999. Processing complex sentences: A cross-linguistic study[J]. Language and Cognitive Processes 14: 69-123.
Betancort, M., M. Carreiras & P. Sturt. 2009. The processing of subject and object relative clauses in Spanish: An eye-tracking study[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62(10): 1915-1929.
Cook, V. 1973. The comparison of language development in native children and foreign adults[J]. International Journal of Applied Linguistics11:13-28.
de Villiers, R., H. Flusberg, K. Hakuta & M. Cohen. 1979. Children's comprehension of relative clauses [J]. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 8: 499-518.
Enjavinezhad, M. & S. Paramasivam. 2014. Inter-language syntax of L2 Persian speakers: The case of resumptive pronouns in English relative clauses[J]. International Journal of Education and Research 2(10):277-289.
Gao, Qingqiang. 2014. Chinese EFL learners' acquisition of English relative clauses [J]. Inter national Journal of English Linguistics 4 (3): 82-88.
Gass, S. 1982. From theory to practice[A]. In M. Hynes & W. Rutherford (eds.). ON TESOL '81: Selected Paper from the Fifteenth Annual Conference of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages[C]. Washington: TESOL. 129-139.
Gibson, E., T. Desmet, D. Grodner, D. Watson & K. Ko. 2005. Reading relative clauses in English[J]. Cognitive Linguistics 16(2): 313–353.
Hamilton, R. 1994. Is implicational generalization unidirectional and maximal? Evidence from relativization instruction in a second language [J]. Language Learning 44:123-157.
Ioup, G. & A. Kruse. 1977. Interference vs, structural complexity in second language acquisition: Language universals as a basis for sequencing [A]. In H. Brown, C. Yorio & R. Crymes (eds.). On TESOL' 77-Teaching and Learning English as a Second Language: Trends in Research an Practice[C]. Washington: TESOL.159-617.
Ito, A. 1999. A Study of Test-type Related Variability of Interlanguage Performance among Japanese EFL Learners: A Focus on Relative Clause Tests[D]. Hiroshima: Hiroshima University.
Jaesuk S. 2011. EFL Korean learners' use of relative clauses in both context-fee and context-rich situations[J]. English Teaching 66(2): 189-210.
Keenan, E. & B. Comrie. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar[J]. Linguistic Inquiry 8: 63-99.
Kidd, E. & E. Bavin. 2002. English-speaking children's comprehension of relative clauses: Evidence for general-cognitive and language-specific constraints on development [J]. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 31(6): 599-617.
Kuno, S. 1974. The position of relative clauses and conjunctions [J]. Linguistic Inquiry 5:117-136.
Mac Whinney, B. & C. Pleh. 1988. The processing of relative clauses in Hungarian [J]. Cognition 29: 95-141.
Marefat, H. & R. Rahmany. 2009. Acquisition of English relative clauses by Persian EFL learners[J]. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 5(2):21-48.
Phoocharoensil, S. 2010. Language universals and learning strategies in L2 relative clause acquisition[J]. The International Journal of Learning 17(2): 95-107.
Romaine, S. 1984. Relative clauses in child language, pidgins, and creoles[J]. Australian Journal of Linguistics 4:257-281.
Schumann, H. 1980. The acquisition of English relative clauses by second language learners[A]. In R. Scarcella & S. Krashen (eds.). Research in Second Language Acquisition: Selected Papers from the Los Angeles Second Language Acquisition Research Forum[C]. Rowley: Newbury House. 31-118.
Seliger, H. 1989. Deterioration and creativity in childhood bilingualism[A]. In K. Hyltenstam & L. Obler (eds.). Bilingualism across the Lifespan: Aspects of Acquisition, Maturity and Deterioration[C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 173-184.
Sheldon, A. 1974. On the role of parallel function in the acquisition of relative clauses in English[J]. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13 (3): 272-281.
Smith, M. 1974. Relative clause formation between 29-36 months: A preliminary report[J]. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 8:104-110.
Takashima, H. 2000. Another look at the order of difficulty of relative clauses from corpus linguistic-statistical procedures, analysis and results[J]. International Review of Applied Linguistics 38: 313-329.
Tavakolian, S. 1981. The Conjoined-clause analysis of relative clauses[A]. In S. Tavakolian(ed.). Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory[C]. Cambridge/MA: MIT Press. 167-187.
Tomiyama, M. 1999. The first stage of second language attrition: A case study of a Japanese returnee [A]. In L. Hansen (ed.). Second Language Attrition in Japanese Context[C]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.59-79.
蔡金亭、吴一安.2006.从英语关系从句的习得看可及性层级假设[J].现代外语 (1): 382-391.
戴运财、胡慧玲、章晓雯.2008.从学习者英语关系从句的习得看关系从句习得的理论假设[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报 (5):71-78.
蒋平、蔡慧.2009. 中国学生英语关系从句的习得顺序及其认知启示[J]. 外语教学 (3):47-51.
蒋秀玲、彭金定.2007. AH假设对中国学生习得英语关系从句预测性的实证研究[J].中南大学学报(社会科学版)13(3):356-361.
李金满.2008.中国学习者英语关系从句使用行为研究[J]. 现代外语(4): 406-416.
汤春晓、许家金.2011.中国高中生英语关系从句习得顺序研究:定量定性综合研究视角[J]. 外语教学与研究(1):96-111.
王改燕.2006.英语关系子句的习得研究[J]. 外语教学(2): 51-54.
肖云南、吕杰.2005. 中国学生对英语关系从句习得的实证研究[J].外语教学与研究(4):259-264.
