结核病是影响人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染/艾滋病（acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS）患者预后和生存质量的主要合并感染之一。HIV感染/AIDS合并结核病的临床特征与单纯结核病存在一定差异,其诊断和治疗更为困难。病原学诊断是目前临床上确诊结核病的主要依据,基于DNA和RNA技术的核酸检测方法,如利福平耐药结核分枝杆菌实时荧光定量核酸扩增检测技术（Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/Rifampicin,Xpert MTB/RIF） 及其新一代技术Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra等,因其高灵敏度和特异度已越来越多地被用于HIV感染/AIDS患者中结核病的早期诊断。当前,许多研究希望通过多组学研究发现新的诊断标志物,虽然目前转录组、蛋白组的研究已经发现了某些具有潜在价值的生物标志物,但其临床实用价值尚待进一步的研究和证实。HIV感染/AIDS合并结核病的治疗包括抗结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB）治疗和抗逆转录病毒治疗（anti-retroviral therapy,ART）两方面。原则上,其治疗与单纯感染者的治疗相同,但由于HIV与MTB 2种病原体间的相互影响以及治疗药物间存在的相互作用,合并感染患者的治疗更为复杂。共感染诊治的复杂性导致其治疗的结局仍有待进一步改善。

Tuberculosis is one of the major co-infections that affect the prognosis and quality of life of HIV infection/ AIDS patients. The clinical characteristics of HIV infection/AIDS patients combined with tuberculosis are different from those of patients with tuberculosis alone, and its diagnosis and treatment are more difficult. Etiological diagnosis is the main basis for clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis, and nucleic acid detection methods based on DNA and RNA technology, such as Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, have been used for early diagnosis for HIV infetion/AIDS patients combined with tuberculosis due to their high sensitivity and specificity. At present, many studies hope to find new diagnostic markers through multi-omics research to help to diagnose tuberculosis earlier and faster in patients. Although there are some biomarkers with potential value in the research of transcriptome and proteome, the practical value needs further research and confirmation. The treatments for patients with co-infection include anti-MTB therapy and antiretroviral therapy (ART). In principle, the treatment of co-infection is the same as that of single pathogen infection. However, due to the complex interactions between the two pathogens and among the therapeutic medicines, the treatment of patients with co-infection is more complex. The complexity of the diagnosis and treatment of co-infection leads to the treatment outcome still needing to be further improved. It is particularly important for us to further study the mechanism and impact of HIV infection/MTB interaction and to explore more optimized and accessible clinical diagnosis methods and treatment regimens in future research.