骨髓增生异常综合征（myelodysplastic syndrome，MDS）是血液系统中较为常见的一组髓系恶性克隆性疾病。不同分型的MDS患者，其临床表现及自然病程各异，加上历史上不同分型系统及版本的迭代，对其诊断、分型及治疗方案选择造成了一定困扰。美国国立综合癌症网络（National Comprehensive Cancer Network，NCCN）于2022年9月发布了2023年第1版NCCN的MDS临床实践指南。该指南是基于高级别循证医学证据和最新研究进展而制定的MDS临床实践标准，其受到全球临床医师的广泛关注。目前，我国许多临床医师对MDS的认识不足，与国际MDS诊断及治疗水平间仍存在一定的差距。本文将对该指南发布内容进行解读，并与既往相关指南比较。

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a diverse and common group of myeloid malignant clonal diseases in the hematologic system, with different classification and grouping, clinical manifestations and natural course, and the iteration of different classification systems and versions in history, resulting distress in the correct diagnosis, classification and treatment options. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) released the first version （2023） of Clinical Practice Guidelines for MDS in September 2022. The guideline is based on the clinical practice and standards of high-level evidence and the latest research progress, and its attracts wide attention from clinicians worldwide. Currently, many clinicians in China have insufficient understanding of MDS, and there is still a certain gap with the international diagnosis and treatment level of MDS. This paper interprets the content of the new guidelines, and compares it with the previous guidelines, in order to provide a reference for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of MDS at the current stage in China.