[1] Siegel R, Desantis C, Jemal A.Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2014,64(2):104-117.
[2] Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al.Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008[J]. Int J Cancer,2010,127(12):2893-2917.
[3] 顾晋, 汪建平, 孙燕, 等. 中国结直肠癌诊疗规范(2017年版)[J]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版),2018,12(1):3-23.
[4] Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, et al.Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2017,67(3):104-117.
[5] Brenner H, Chang-Claude J, Jansen L, et al.Reduced risk of colorectal cancer up to 10 years after screening, surveillance, or diagnostic colonoscopy[J]. Gastroentero-logy,2014,146(3):709-717.
[6] Walker DP, Rogier DJ. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First Edition-Annotations of colorectal lesions[J]. Endoscopy,2012,44(Suppl 3):SE131-SE139.
[7] Shaukat A, Mongin SJ, Geisser MS, et al.Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2013,369(12):1106-1114.
[8] Kaminski MF, Regula J, Kraszewska E, et al.Quality indicators for colonoscopy and the risk of interval cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2010,362(19):1795-1803.
[9] Binefa G, Rodríguez-Moranta F, Teule A, et al.Colorectal cancer: From prevention to personalized medicine[J]. World J Gastroenterol,2014,20(22):6786-6808.
[10] Chen CC, Yang SH, Lin JK, et al.Is it reasonable to add preoperative serum level of CEA and CA19-9 to staging for colorectal cancer?[J]. J Surg Res,2005,124(2):169-174.
[11] Othman M, Agüero R, Lin HC.Alterations in intestinal microbial flora and human disease[J]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol,2008,24(1):11-16.
[12] Sansonetti PJ, Medzhitov R.Learning tolerance while fighting ignorance[J]. Cell,2009,138(3):416-420.
[13] Vymetalkova V, Cervena K, Bartu L, et al. Circulating cell-free DNA and colorectal cancer: a systematic review[J]. Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(11). pii: E3356.
[14] Danese E, Minicozzi AM, Benati M, et al.Epigenetic alteration: new insights moving from tissue to plasma-the example of PCDH10 promoter methylation in colorectal cancer[J]. Br J Cancer,2013,109(3):807-813.
[15] 王瑞娴, 徐建红. 基因组DNA甲基化及组蛋白甲基化[J]. 遗传,2014,36(3):191-199.
[16] Matrisciano F, Panaccione I, Dong E, et al.Epigenetics: from basic biology to chromatin-modifying drugs and new potential clinical applications[M]// Nina K, Epigenetic Methods in Neuroscience Research. New York: Humana Press,2016:3-18.
[17] Fearon ER, Vogelstein B.A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis[J]. Cell,1990,61(5):759-767.
[18] Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, et al.Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development[J]. N Engl J Med,1988,319(9):525-532.
[19] Kuipers EJ.Colorectal cancer[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers,2015,1:15065.
[20] Weitz J, Koch M, Debus J, et al.Colorectal cancer[J]. Lancet,2004,365(9454):153-165.
[21] Haydon AM, Jass JR.Emerging pathways in colorectal-cancer development[J]. Lancet Oncol,2002,3(2):83-88.
[22] Yiu AJ, Yiu CY.Biomarkers in colorectal cancer[J]. Co-lorectal Dis,2016,36(3):1093-1102.
[23] Gervaz P, Cerottini JP, Bouzourene H, et al.Comparison of microsatellite instability and chromosomal instability in predicting survival of patients with T3N0 colorectal cancer[J]. Surgery,2002,131(2):190-197.
[24] Gervaz P, Bucher P, Morel P.Two colons-two cancers: Paradigm shift and clinical implications[J]. J Surg Oncol,2004,88(4):261-266.
[25] Pinto AE, Chaves P, Fidalgo P, et al.Flow cytometric DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction correlate with histopathologic indicators of tumor behavior in colorectal carcinoma[J]. Dis Colon Rectum,1997,40(4):411-419.
[26] Goel A, Nagasaka T, Arnold CN, et al.The CpG island methylator phenotype and chromosomal instability are inversely correlated in sporadic colorectal cancer[J]. Gastroenterology,2007,132(1):127-138.
[27] Migheli F, Migliore L.Epigenetics of colorectal cancer[J]. Clin Genet,2012,81(4):312-318.
[28] Herman JG, Baylin SB.Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation[J]. N Engl J Med,2003,349(21):2042-2054.
[29] Puccini A, Berger MD, Naseem M, et al.Colorectal cancer: Epigenetic alterations and their clinical implications[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer,2017,1868(2):439-448.
[30] Herman JG, Graff JR, Myöhänen S, et al.Methylation-specific PCR: A novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1996,93(18):9821-9826.
[31] Kristensen LS, Mikeska T, Krypuy M, et al.Sensitive melting analysis after real time- methylation specific PCR (SMART-MSP): high-throughput and probe-free quantitative DNA methylation detection[J]. Nucleic Acids Res,2008,36(7):e42.
[32] Li M, Chen WD, Papadopoulos N, et al.Sensitive digital quantification of DNA methylation in clinical samples[J]. Nat Biotechnol,2009,27(9):858-863.
[33] Leary RJ, Sausen M, Kinde I, et al. Detection of chromosomal alterations in the circulation of cancer patients with whole-genome sequencing[J]. Sci Transl Med,2012, 4(162):162ra154.
[34] Grützmann R, Molnar B, Pilarsky C, et al.Sensitive detection of colorectal cancer in peripheral blood by septin 9 DNA methylation assay[J]. PLoS One,2008,3(11):e3759.
[35] Church TR, Wandell M, Loftonday C, et al.Prospective evaluation of methylated SEPT9 in plasma for detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer[J]. Gut,2014,63(2):317-325.
[36] Fu B, Yan P, Zhang S, et al.Cell-free circulating methylated SEPT9 for noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of colorectal cancer[J]. Dis Markers,2018,2018:6437104.
[37] Ladefoged RS, Bygum KH, Gotschalck SK, et al.Hypermethylated DNA, a circulating biomarker for colorectal cancer detection[J]. PLoS One,2017,12(7):e0180809.
[38] Ahlquist DA, Taylor WR, Mahoney DW, et al.The stool DNA test is more accurate than the plasma septin 9 test in detecting colorectal neoplasia[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2012,10(3):272-277.
[39] Symonds EL, Pedersen SK, Murray DH, et al.Circulating tumour DNA for monitoring colorectal cancer-a prospective cohort study to assess relationship to tissue methylation, cancer characteristics and surgical resection[J]. Clin Epigenetics,2018,10:63.
[40] Carmona FJ, Azuara D, Berenguerllergo A, et al.DNA methylation biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis of co-lorectal cancer[J]. Cancer Prev Res (Phila),2013,6(7):656-665.
[41] Cassinotti E, Melson J, Liggett T, et al.DNA methylation patterns in blood of patients with colorectal cancer and adenomatous colorectal polyps[J]. Int J Cancer,2012,131(5):1153-1157
[42] Schwarzenbach H, Stoehlmacher J, Pantel K, et al.Detection and monitoring of cell-free DNA in blood of patients with colorectal cancer[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci,2008, 1137(1):190-196.
[43] Jung M, Klotzek S, Lewandowski M, et al.Changes in concentration of DNA in serum and plasma during sto-rage of blood samples[J]. Clin Chem,2003,49(1):1028-1029.
