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Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) demands high efficiency, reliability, and low power consumption for wide-area communication. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology was invented, allowing widespread distributed device connectivity through optimised network upgrades and cost reductions. The Reliable User Datagram Protocol (RUDP) is an enhancement of traditional UDP, enabling low latency communication and reliable assurance, with its KCP protocol widely adopted due to its lightweight and flexibility. To meet the transmission requirements of narrowband IoT in complex distributed scenarios, this paper optimised the KCP protocol transmission logic and designed publish-subscribe and request-response modes to satisfy application layer requirements. It introduced heartbeat detection and election mechanisms to enhance system stability and fault tolerance.
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Received: 10 September 2024
Published: 23 May 2025
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2025, Vol. 8 
