本研究系统梳理了对比修辞领域内对汉语基本篇章模式“起承转合”的研究,发现学界内对“起承转合”结构的认知本身也呈现了起承转合式的发展脉络,即从最初西方学者眼中的“异类”并对中国学生英语写作产生负面影响到与英语最小篇章模式的异形同构。最后,为了更加系统地进行英汉篇章模式对比研究,作者指出基于自建小型语料库和不同体裁的研究是必要的。
This paper systematically reviews the studies of “qi-cheng-zhuan-he” within the field of contrastive rhetoric, finding that the insights so far obtained have experienced a spiral progression. The typical Chinese textual pattern was initially rejected by western scholars as being dramatically different from “directness” in English, thus having negatively affected the English writing of Chinese students. However, as more recent research findings indicate, “qi-cheng-zhuan-he” has been found to be similar to the deep structure of problem-solution pattern in English. Finally, it is pointed out that description of the pattern based on self-built corpus and across genres is necessary before systematic contrastive study is conducted.
Cai, G. 1993. Beyond Bad Writing: Teaching English Composition to Chinese ESL Students [R]. San Diego, CA: Annual Convention of the Conference on College Composition and Communication.
Cahill, D. 2009. Contrastive Rhetoric: Orientalism and the Chinese Second Language Writer [M]. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
Chen, W. C. 2007. Some literature review on the comparison of the Chinese Qi-Cheng-Zhuan-He writing model and the western problem-solution schema [J]. WHAMPOA-An Interdisciplinary Journal 52: 137-48.
Connor, U. 1996. Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-cultural Aspects of Second Language Writing [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Connor, U. 2002. New directions in contrastive rhetoric [J]. TESOL Quarterly (4): 493-510.
Fagan, E. R. & P. Cheong. 1987. Contrastive rhetoric: Pedagogical implications for the ESL teacher in Singapore [J]. RELC: A Journal of Language Teaching and Research in Southeast Asia 18(1): 19-31.
Hoey, M. 1983. On the Surface of Discourse [M]. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Kaplan, R. B. 1966. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education [J]. Language Learning 16: 1-20.
Kirkpatrick, A. 1997. Traditional Chinese text structures and their influence on the writing in Chinese and English of contemporary mainland Chinese students [J]. Journal of Second Language Writing 6(3): 223-44.
Liu, Y. 1996. To capture the essence of Chinese rhetoric: An anatomy of a paradigm in comparative rhetoric [J]. Rhetoric Review 14(2): 318-35.
Malcolm, I. & H. Pan. 1989. Argumentation patterns in contemporary Chinese: Implications for English teaching [A]. In V. Bickley (ed.). Language Teaching and Learning Styles across Cultures [C]. Hong Kong: Institute of Language Education. 321-33.
Matsuda, P. K. 1997. Contrastive rhetoric in context: A dynamic model of L2 writing [J]. Journal of Second Language Writing 6 (1): 45-60.
McCarthy, M. 1991/2002. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press./Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Mohan, B. A. & W. A.-Y. Lo. 1985. Academic writing and Chinese students: Transfer and developmental factors [J]. TESOL Quarterly 19(3): 515-34.
Scollon, R. & S. Scollon. 1997. Point of view and citation: Fourteen Chinese and English versions of the “same” news story [J]. Text (17): 83-125.
Tsao, F.-F. 1983. Linguistics and written discourse in particular languages: English and Mandarin [J]. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (3): 99-117.
You, X. 2005. Conflation of rhetorical traditions: The formation of modern Chinese writing instruction [J]. Rhetoric Review (2): 150-69.
Yang, Y. C. & Z. Yang. 2010. Problem-solution in English vs. Qi-Cheng-Zhuan-He in Chinese: Are they compatible discourse patterns? [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics (5): 65-77.
蔡基刚.2003.英汉写作修辞对比(第二版)[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.
黄强.2010.论起承转合[J].晋阳学刊(3):124-29.
霍四通.2009.篇章层面的汉英对比修辞研究三题[A].陈汝东.修辞学论文集[C].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社.
姜望琪.2010.中国语言研究传统与语篇语义学[J].北京科技大学学报(社会科学版)(2):97-102.
蒋寅.1998.起承转合:机械结构论的消长——兼论八股文法与诗学的关系[J].文学遗产(3):65-75.
金春岚.2013.“起承转合”与西方语篇模式理论[J].当代修辞学(2):68-74.
金克木.1994.八股新论[A].启功、张中行、金克木.说八股[C].北京:中华书局.
聂仁发.2009.汉语语篇研究回顾与展望[J].宁波大学学报(人文科学版)22(3):40-45.
马洵.2001.起承转合的典范——赏析林肯的葛底斯堡演说[J].天津外国语学院学报8(3):46-48.
启功.1997.有关文言文中的一些现象——困难和设想[A].汉语现象论丛[C].北京:中华书局.
王凯符.1991.八股文概说[M].北京:中国和平出版社.
吴应天.1989.文章结构学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.
吴正岚.2003.宋代诗歌章法理论与和“起承转合”的形成[J].南京大学学报(哲学.人文科学.社会科学)40(2):114-20.
