隐喻作为人类的基本认知方式,是通向人类思维的窗口,体现于语言、手势、图片等多种模态。本文简要回顾了概念隐喻和语法隐喻的基本理论思路和框架,分析了两者在概念功能及形成机制上的融合,在体现形式上的互补以及语法隐喻作为概念隐喻的内驱力。发现隐喻的“两只眼”——概念隐喻与语法隐喻的这些融合与互补对经验的解释和意义的构建有着重要的作用。
As human being's basic cognitive way, metaphor is a window to human thought. It is realized in language, gesture, pictures and other modes. This paper briefly reviewed the fundamental theoretical thinking as well as framework. Then I analyzed their integration at the level of conceptual functions and generating mechanisms, their complementarities at the level of realization forms and the inner drive of grammatical metaphor for the conceptual metaphor to some extent. It was found that those integration and complementarities of conceptual metaphor and grammatical metaphor, the “two eyes” of metaphor, are of great significance in construing experience and constructing meaning.
Ching, M. K. L., M. C. Halley & R. F. Lunsford. 1980. Linguistic Perspective on Literature [M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Cienki, A. & C. Müller. 2008. Metaphor and Gesture [M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Croft, W. & D. A. Cruse. 2004. Cognitive Linguistics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities [M]. New York: Basic Books.
Forceville C. & E. Urios-Aparisi. 2009. Multimodal Metaphor [M]. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Goatly, A. 2007. Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology [M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning [M]. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1985/1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M]. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1992. How do you mean [A]? In M. Davies & L. Ravelli (eds.). Advances in Systemic Linguistics: Recent Theory and Practice [C]. London & New York: Pinter. 20-37.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1995. Language and the reshaping of human experience [A]. In B. Dendrinos (ed.). Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Critical Discourse Analysis [C]. Athens: University of Athens Press. 1247-76.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1998. Things and relations: Regrammatizing experience as technical knowledge [A]. In J. R. Martin & R. Veel (eds.). Reading Science: Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science [C]. London: Routledge. 185-235.
Halliday, M. A. K. & C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. 1999. Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language-based Approach to Cognition [M]. London & New York: Continuum.
Halliday, M. A. K. & C.M.I.M. Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.) [M]. London: Arnold.
Hawkes, T. 1980. Metaphor [M]. New York: Methuen.
Holme, R. 2003. Grammatical metaphor as a cognitive construct [A]. In A. M. Simon-Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers & L. Ravelli (eds.). Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 391-415.
Koller, V. 2003. Metaphor clusters, metaphor chains: Analyzing the multifunctionality of metaphor in text [J]. Metaphorik. de 5: 115-34.
Koller V. & P. Davidson. 2008. Social exclusion as conceptual and grammatical metaphor: A cross-genre study of British policy-making [J]. Discourse & Society 19(3): 307-31.
Kövecses, Z. 2000. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. 1993. The contemporary theory of metaphor [A]. In A. Ortony (ed.). Metaphor and Thought (2nd ed.) [C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 202-51.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By [M]. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought [M]. New York: Basic Books.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (Vol. 1): Theoretical Prerequisites [M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Linguistics (Vol. 2): Descriptive Application [M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Mandela, N. 1995. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela [M]. London: Abacus.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure [M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Martin, J. R. 2008. Incongruent and proud: De-vilifying ‘nominalization' [J]. Discourse and Society 19(6): 801-10.
McNeill, D. 1992. Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought [M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ornoty, A. (ed.). 1979/1993. Metaphor and Thought [C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ungerer, F. & H. Schmid. 1996. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics [M]. Addison Wesley: Longman.
郭鸿.2008.现代西方符号学纲要[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.
何中清.2013.语法隐喻中的映射和整合[J].当代外语研究(11):9-14.
江桂英、王容花.2013.英语演讲中言语-手势多模态隐喻的融合研究[J].外语研究(5):9-16.
严世清.2003.语法隐喻理论的发展及其理论意义[J].外国语(3):51-57.