语言类型学调查显示,汉语关系从句前置于核心名词的语序(RelN),在基本语序为动词-宾语(VO)的语言中极为罕见,这可能会对母语中缺乏此类语序的学习者构成习得困难。本研究选取来自英语国家、韩国、日本的留学生为考察对象,对比考察他们在汉语中介语语料库中的关系从句使用情况,管窥二语学习者产出汉语关系从句的共性和个性。语料库分析显示:无论是基本语序为VO、关系从句后置的英语国家留学生,还是基本语序为OV、关系从句前置的韩日留学生,他们产出的汉语关系从句模式与建立在自然语言调查基础上的类型学共性概括均有着不同程度的契合,同时也存在局部个体差异。
As shown by typological observations, Chinese relative clause (RC) is prenominal, which is typologically rare in Verb-Object languages. Thus Chinese RC might be a difficult structure to acquire for learners whose first language does not have this type of word order. Based on a comparative corpus analysis of Chinese RCs produced by English, Japanese, and Korean learners, this study investigated the commonalities and differences between the distributions of Chinese RCs produced by the three groups of learners. The learner corpus data show that the distributional patterns of Chinese RCs produced by these second language learners, regardless of their first language, conform in varying degrees to typological generalizations derived from natural language observations as well as some minor disparities.
Bates, E., A. Devescovi & S. D’Amico. 1999. Processing complex sentences: A cross-linguistic study[J]. Language and Cognitive Processes 14(1): 69-123.
Comrie, B. 1989. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology (2nd ed.)[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Comrie, B. 2003. Typology and language acquisition: The case of relative clauses [A]. In A. Giacalone Ramat (ed.). Typology and Second Language Acquisition [C]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 19-37.
Comrie, B. & E. Keenan. 1979. Noun phrase accessibility revisited [J]. Language 55: 649-664.
Dryer, M. S. 1980. The positional tendencies of sentential noun phrases in universal grammar [J]. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 25: 123-195.
Dryer, M. S. 1992. The Greenbergian word order correlations [J]. Language 68: 81-138.
Dryer, M. S. 2011. Relationship between the order of object and verb and the order of relative clause and noun [A]. In M. S. Dryer & M. Haspelmath (eds.). The World Atlas of Language Structures Online [C]. [2012-04-05]. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 96. Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/96.
Eckman, F. R., L. H. Bell & D. Nelson.1988. On the generalization of relative clause instruction in the acquisition of English as a second language [J]. Applied Linguistics 9: 1-20.
Fox, B. A. & S. A. Thompson. 1990. A discourse explanation of the grammar of relative clauses in English conversation [J]. Language 66: 297-316.
Gass, S. 1979. Language transfer and universal grammatical relations[J]. Language Learning 29: 327-44.
Gennari, S. P. & M. C. MacDonald. 2008. Semantic indeterminacy in object relative clauses [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 58: 161-87.
Gennari, S. P. & M. C. MacDonald. 2009. Linking production and comprehension processes: The case of relative clauses [J]. Cognition 111: 1-23.
Gernsbacher, M. A. 1990. Language Comprehension as Structure Building [M]. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Givón, T. 2001. Syntax: A Functional Typological Introduction (Vol. 2) [M]. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Giacalone Ramat, A. (ed.).2003. Typology and Second Language Acquisition [C]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Greenberg, J. H. 1963. Some universals of Language with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements [A]. In Universals of Language [C]. Cambridge: MIT Press. 73-113.
Izumi, S. 2003. Processing difficulty in comprehension and production of relative clauses by learners of English as a second language [J]. Language Learning 53: 285-323.
Keenan, E. & B. Comrie. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and Universal Grammar [J]. Linguistic Inquiry 8: 63-99.
Kidd, E. & E. L. Bavin. 2002. English-speaking children’s comprehension of relative clauses [J]. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 31: 599-615.
Kuno, S. 1974. The position of relative clauses and conjunctions [J]. Linguistic Inquiry 5: 117-36.
Li, J. 2007. An Empirical Study of Chinese EFL Learners’ Behavior on English Relative Clauses: Bridging Typology and SLA [D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
Mak, W. M., W. Vonk & H. Schriefers. 2002. The influence of animacy on relative clause processing [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 47: 50-68.
Mak, W. M., W. Vonk & H. Schriefers. 2006. Animacy in processing relative clauses: The hikers that rocks crush [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 54: 466-90.
Mellow, J. D. 2006. The emergence of second language syntax: A case study of the acquisition of relative clauses [J]. Applied Linguistics 27: 645-70.
Payne, J. R. 1990. Language universals and language types [A]. In N. E. Collinge (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Language [C]. London & New York: Routledge. 281-330.
Pu, M. 2007. The distribution of relative clauses in Chinese discourse [J]. Discourse Processes 43(1): 25-53.
Reali, F. & M. H. Christiansen. 2007. Processing of relative clauses is made easier by frequency of occurrence [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 57(1): 1-23.
Roland, D., G. Mauner, C. O’Meara & H. Yun. 2012. Discourse and relative clauses: Building a more complete model of expectations in language processing [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 66(3): 479-508.
Traxler, M.J., R. K. Morris & R. E. Seely. 2002. Processing subject and object relative clauses: Evidence from eye movements [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 47(1): 69-90.
Traxler, M.J., R. S. Williams, S. A. Blozis & R. K. Morris. 2005. Working memory, aniamcy, and verb class in the processing of relative clauses [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 53(2): 204-24.
Wu, F. 2009. Factors Affecting Relative Clause Processing in Mandarin [D]. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
Wu, F., E. Kaiser & E. Andersen. 2012. Animacy effects in Chinese relative clause processing [J]. Language and Cognitive Processes 27: 1489-1524.
崔希亮.2008.HSK动态作文语料库[DB/OL].http://202.112.195.192:8060/hsk/login.asp/.
李金满.2008.中国学习者英语关系从句使用行为研究[J].现代外语(4):406-14.
李金满、王同顺.2007.当可及性遇到生命度[J].外语教学与研究(3):191-200.
刘丹青.2005.语法调查与研究中的从属小句问题[J].当代语言学(3):193-212.
吴芙芸.2011.基于经验还是基于工作记忆？来自汉语新闻语料库中关系从句生命度格局的证据[J].语言科学(4):396-408.
