评价系统是研究语篇语义层面人际意义表达的三个系统之一,由James Martin教授在20世纪90年代初创立。它不属于词汇语法资源,而属于语篇语义资源,是用来协商情感、判断和鉴赏,增强或减弱以及介入这些评价的资源。本文主要讨论了评价系统产生的缘由、背景及其对系统发展的影响,对比分析了评价系统各个发展时期框架的异同,指出了评价系统的不足之处及其发展趋势。
Semantic rather than lexico-grammatical resources as it is attributed to, APPRAISAL serves to negotiate, engage and graduate resources pertaining to affect, judgement and appreciation. This paper focuses on the theoretical and empirical background of APPRAISAL, along with discussion of the impact of such background upon the system per se; it then contrastively analyses different models of APPRAISAL in its course of revision and development; lastly it presents issues regarding drawbacks of APPRAISAL, together with its recently emerging research topics.
Bakhtin, M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination (C. Emerson & M. Holquist trans.) [M]. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bednarek, M. 2006. Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus [M]. London & New York: Continuum.
Bednarek, M. 2007. Polyphony in appraisal: Typological and topological perspectives [J]. Linguistics and the Human Sciences 3(2): 107-36.
Bednarek, M. 2008. Emotion Talk across Corpora [M]. Houndmills & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bednarek, M. 2009. Language patterns and attitude [J]. Functions of Language 16(2): 165-92.
Bednarek, M. 2010. Corpus linguistics and systemic functional linguistics: Interpersonal meaning, identity and bonding in popular culture [A]. In M. Bednarek & J. R. Martin (eds.). News Discourse on Language [C]. London & New York: Continuum. 219-36.
Bergler, S. 1991. Conveying attitude with reported speech [A]. In J. G. Shanahan, Y. Qu & J. Wiebe (eds.). Computing Attitude and Affect in Text: Theory and Applications [C]. Dordrecht: Springer. 11-22.
Christie, F. & J. R. Martin. 1997. Introduction [A]. In F. Christie & J. R. Martin (eds.). Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School [C]. London: Cassell. 1-2.
Coffins, C. 1997. Constructing and giving value to the past: An investigation into secondary school history [A]. In F. Christie & J. R. Martin (eds.). Genres and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School [C]. London: Cassell. 196-230.
Downes, W. 2000. The language of felt experience: Emotional, evaluative and intuitive [J]. Language and Literature 9: 99-121.
Du Bois, John W. 2007. The stance triangle [A]. In R. Englebretson (ed.). Stance-taking in Discourse: Sub-jectivity, Evaluation, Interaction [C]. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 139-82.
Eggins, S. & D. Slade. 1997. Analysing Casual Conversation [M]. London: Cassell.
Ekman, P. 1999. Basic emotions [J]. Innovations in Social Science Research 10(4): 333-44.
Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and Social Change [M]. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Feez, S., R. Iedema & P. R. R. White. 2010. Media Literacy [M]. Surry Hills: NSW Adult Migrant Education Service.
Fuller, G. 1995. Engaging Cultures: Negotiating Discourse in Popular Science [D]. University of Sydney.
Goffman, E. 1981. Forms of Talk [M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Goodwin, C. 2007. Participation, stance and affect in the organization of activities [J]. Discourse and Society 18(1): 53-73.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1976. Anti-languages [J]. American Anthropologist 78(3): 570-84.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning [M]. London: Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd ed.) [M]. London: Arnold.
Hood, S. & J. R. Martin. 2007. Invoking attitude: The play of graduation in appraising discourse [A]. In R. Hasan, C. Matthiessen & J. J. Webster (eds.). Continuing Discourse on Language: A Functional Perspective. Vol. 2 [C]. London: Equinox. 739-64.
Hunston, S. 2000. Evaluation and the planes of discourses: Status and value in persuasive texts [A]. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (eds.). Evaluation in Text. Autorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse [C]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 176-207.
Hunston, S. & J. Sinclair. 2000. A local grammar of evaluation [A]. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (eds.). Evaluation in Text. Autorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse [C]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 74-101.
Hunston, S. & G. Thompson. 2000. Evaluation in Text. Autorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse [C]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hyland, K. 2005. Stance and engagement: A model of interaction in academic discourse [J]. Discourse Studies 7(2): 173-91.
Iedema, R., S. Feez & P.R.R. White. 1994. Media Literacy (Write it Right Literacy in Industry Research Project—Stage 2) [Z]. Sydney: Metropolitan East Disadvantaged Schools Program.
Korner, H. 2000. Negotiating Authority: The Logogenesis of Dialogue in Common Law Judgments [D]. University of Sydney.
Labov, W. 1992. The Transformation of Experience in Narrative Syntax. Language in the Inner City [M]. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press.
Leech, G. N. & M. Short. 1981. Style in Fiction [M]. London: Longman.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure [M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Martin, J. R. 1996. Evaluating disruption: Symbolising them in junior secondary narrative [A]. In Hasan & Williams (eds.). Literacy in Society [M]. London: Longman. 124-71.
Martin, J. R. 1997. Analysing genre: Functional parameters [A]. In F. Christie & J. R. Martin (eds.). Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School [C]. London: Cassell. 3-39.
Martin, J. R. 2000. Beyond exchange: APPRAISAL in English [A]. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (eds.). Evaluation in Text: Autorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse [C]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 142-75.
Martin, J. R. 2004. Sense and sensibility: Texturing evaluation [A]. In J. Foley (ed.). Language, Education and Discourse [C]. London: Continuum. 270-304.
Martin, J. R. & D. Rose. 2003/2007. Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause [M]. London: Continuum.
Martin, J. R. & P.R.R. White. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English [M]. Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Maton, K. 2013. Knowledge and Knowers: Towards a Realist Sociology of Education [M]. London: Roufledge.
Milton, K. 2005. Meanings, feelings and human ecology [A]. In K. Milton & M. Svasek (eds.). Mixed Emotions. Anthropological Studies of Feeling [C]. Oxford & New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 25-41.
Poynton, C. 1985. Language and Gender: Making the Difference [M]. Geelong, Vic.: Deakin University Press.
Poynton, C. 1990. Address and the Semiotics of Social Relations: A Systemic-functional Account of Address Forms and Practices in Australian English [D]. University of Sydney.Rothery, J. & M. Stenglin. 1994. Exploring Narrative in Video: A Unit of Work for Junior Secondary English (Write it Right Resources for Literacy and Learning) [Z]. Sydney: Metropolitan East Disadvantaged Schools Program.
Rothery, J. & M. Stenglin. 2000. Interpreting literature: The role of appraisal [A]. In L. Unsworth (ed.). Researching Language in Schools and Functional Linguistic Perspectives [C]. London: Cassell. 222-44.
Scollon, R. 1998. Mediated Discourse as Social Interaction [M]. London & New York: Longman.
Simpson, P. 1993. Language, Ideology and Point of View [M]. London: Routledge.
White, P. R. R. 1998. Telling Media Tales: The News Story as Rhetoric [D]. Sydney: University of Sydney.
White, P. R. R. 2001a. Appraisal: An Overview. Maniscript (word processor version) [OL]. www.grammatics.com/appraisal.
White, P. R. R. 2001b. Appraisal Outline. Maniscript (word processor version) [OL]. www.grammatics.com/appraisal.
White, P. R. R. 2003. Beyond modality and hedging: A dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance [J]. Text-Special Edition on Appraisal 23 (3): 259-84.
White, P. R. R. 2004. Subjectivity, evaluation and point of view in media discourse [A]. In C. Coffin (ed.) Applying English Grammar: Functional and Corpus Approaches [C]. London: Arnold. 229-46.
White, P. R. R. 2005. Subjectivity, evaluation and point of view in media discourse [A]. In C. Coffin & K. O’Halloran (eds.). Grammar, Text & Context: A Reader [C]. London & New York: Arnold. 229-57.
White, P. R. R. 2006. Evaluative semantics and ideological positioning in journalistic discourse [A]. In I. Lassen (ed.). Image and Ideology in the Mass Media [C]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 45-73.
White, P. R. R. 2012. Exploring the axiological workings of ‘reporter voice’ news stories: Attribution and attitudinal positioning [J]. Discourse, Context & Media, Special Edition: Analyzing the View from Nowhere: Discursive Approaches to Journalistic Stance 1(2-3): 57-67.
王振华.2001.评价系统及其运作[J].外国语136(6):13-20.
