Masked priming technique has been widely applied for many years. However, research into the mechanisms of masked priming is very limited. This article systematically investigates masked priming from its origin, major types of priming, the working mechanisms, and the interpretations of the effect by the dominant models, so as to reveal the essence and characteristics of masked priming, and advance its applications in research.
Bodner, G. E. & M. E. J. Masson. 1997. Masked repetition priming of words and nonwords: Evidence for a nonlexical basis for priming [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 37(2):268-293.
Bussche, E., W. Noortgate & B. Reynvoet. 2009. Mechanisms of masked priming: A meta-analysis [J]. Psychological Bulletin 135(3):452-477.
Coltheart, M., K. Rastle., C. Perry., R. Langdon & J. Ziegler. 2001. DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud [J]. Psychological Review 108(1):204-256.
Davis, C. & K. I. Forster. 1994. Masked orthographic priming: The effect of prime-target legibility [J]. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 47(A):673-697.
Dehaene, S., L. Naccache, L. Cohen, D. Le Bihan, J. Mangin, J. Poline & D. Riviere. 2001.Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming [J]. Nature neuroscience 4(7):752-758.
Dehaene, S., L. Naccache, G. Le Clec'H, E. Koechlin, M. Mueller, G. Dehaene-Lambertz, P. F.van de Moortele & D. Le Bihan. 1998. Imaging unconscious semantic priming [J]. Nature 395(6702):597-600.
de Wit, B. & S. Kinoshita. 2014. Relatedness proportion effects in semantic categorization: Reconsidering the automatic spreading activation process [J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 40(6):1733-1744.
de Wit, B. & S. Kinoshita. 2015. The masked semantic priming effect is task dependent: Reconsidering the automatic spreading activation process [J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 41(4):1062-1075.
Evett, L. J. & G. W. Humphries. 1981. The use of abstract graphemic information in lexical access [J]. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33:325-350.
Forster, K.I. 1998. The pros and cons of masked priming [J]. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 27:203-233.
Forster, K.I. 2009. The intervenor effect in masked priming: How does masked priming survive across an intervening word? [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 60:36-49.
Forster, K.I. 2012. A parallel activation model with a sequential twist [A]. In J. Adelman (ed.).Visual Word Recognition. Vol.1, Models and Methods, Orthography and Phonology [C]. Hove: Psychology Press. 52-69.
Forster, K.I. 2013. How many words can we read at once? More intervenor effects in masked priming [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 69:563-573.
Forster, K. I. & C. Davis. 1984. Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access [J].Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10:680-698.
Forster, K.I., K. Mohan & J. Hector. 2003. The mechanics of masked priming [A]. In S. Kinoshita & S. Lupker (eds.). Masked Priming: State of the art [C]. New York: Psychology Press.
Gollan, T.H., K.I. Forster & R. Frost. 1997. Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals [J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23:1122-1139.
Grainger, J. & A. M. Jacobs. 1996. Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model [J]. Psychological Review 103(3):518-565.
Grainger, J. & C. Whitney. 2004. Does the huamn mnid raed wrods as a whole? [J]. Trends in Cognitive Science 8:58-59.
Humphreys, G. W., L. J. Evett., P. T. Quinlan & D. Besner. 1987. Orthographic priming: Qualitative differences between priming from identified and unidentified primes [A]. In M. Coltheart (ed.). Attention and Performance XII [C]. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. 201-219.
Jiang, N. 1999. Testing processing explanations for the asymmetry in masked cross-language priming [J]. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2(1):59-75.
Jiang, N. & K. I. Forster. 2001. Cross-language priming asymmetries in lexical decision and episodic recognition [J]. Journal of Memory and Language 44(1):32-51.
Kouider, S. & S. Dehaene. 2007. Levels of processing during nonconsicous perception: A critical review of visual masking [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 362:857-875.
Marcel, A. J. 1983. Conscious and unconscious perception: experiments on visual masking and word recognition [J]. Cognitive Psychology 15(2):197-237.
Naccache, L. & S. Dehaene. 2001. Unconscious semantic priming extends to novel unseen stimuli [J]. Cognition 80 (3):215-229.
Perea, M. & S. J. Lupker. 2003. Transposed-letter confusability effects in masked form priming [A]. In S. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (eds.). Masked Priming: The State of the Art [C]. New York: Psychology Press. 97-120.
Sidis, B. 1898. The Psychology of Suggestion [M]. New York: Appleton.
Stenberg, G., M. Lindgren, M. Johansson, A. Olsson & I. Rosen. 2000. Semantic processing without conscious identification: Evidence from event-related potentials [J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26:973-1004.
