Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice >
Reinfection of COVID-19 and response
Received date: 2023-09-19
Online published: 2024-04-28
The global situation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection remains concerning. As the viruses continue to evolve, the risk of reinfection has markedly increased. COVID-19 vaccination history, previous infection history, antibody titers, age and immune escape can all affect the occurrence of reinfection. Scientific rehabilitation training can help to alleviate post-acute COVID-19 sequalae, and vaccination remains a crucial measure of infection prevention. In the paper, we discussed the current epidemic situation of COVID-19, epidemiology of reinfection and its’ related factors, and strategies to provide reference for epidemic prevention and control.
Key words: COVID-19; Reinfection; COVID-19 vaccines; Epidemiology
JIE Zhijun , SHA Jiafeng , ZHANG Meng . Reinfection of COVID-19 and response[J]. Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice, 2024 , 19(01) : 25 -31 . DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.01.05
[1] | WHO. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard[EB/OL]. 2023. https://covid19.who.int/. |
[2] | WHO. COVID-19 epidemiological update - 24 November 2023[EB/OL]. 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-epidemiological-update---24-november-2023 |
[3] | Klaassen F, Chitwood MH, Cohen T, et al. Changes in population immunity against infection and severe disease from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 omicron variants in the United States between December 2021 and November 2022[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2023, 77(3): 355-361. |
[4] | Bastard J, Taisne B, Figoni J, et al. Impact of the Omicron variant on SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in France, March 2021 to February 2022[J]. Euro Surveill, 2022, 27(13):2200247. |
[5] | Guedes AR, Oliveira MS, Tavares BM, et al. Reinfection rate in a cohort of healthcare workers over 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic[J]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1): 712. |
[6] | Eythorsson E, Runolfsdottir HL, Ingvarsson RF, et al. Rate of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection during an Omicron wave in iceland[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(8):e2225320. |
[7] | 戴映雪, 王瑶, 杜训波, 等. 成都市新冠病毒既往感染者重复感染Omicron变异株情况分析[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2023, 39(4): 442-447. |
[8] | Lin M, Cao K, Xu F, et al. A follow-up study on the recovery and reinfection of Omicron COVID-19 patients in Shanghai, China[J]. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2023, 12(2):2261559. |
[9] | Yu W, Guo Y, Hu T, et al. Incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, a multicenter cohort study in Shanghai, China[J]. J Med Virol, 2023, 95(8):e28997. |
[10] | Wang Y, Liang J, Yang H, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 reinfection during the epidemic period in Yangzhou city, Jiangsu province[J]. Front Public Health, 2023, 11:1256768. |
[11] | Kissler SM, Hay JA, Fauver JR, et al. Viral kinetics of sequential SARS-CoV-2 infections[EB/J]. medRxiv, 2023. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.23286775v1. |
[12] | Hadley E, Yoo YJ, Patel S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is preceded by unique biomarkers and related to initial infection timing and severity[EB/J]. medRxiv [Preprint], 2023.https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.03.22284042. |
[13] | Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Bertollini R. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections as compared with primary infections[J]. N Engl J Med, 2021, 385(26):2487-2489. |
[14] | Mensah AA, Lacy J, Stowe J, et al. Disease severity during SARS-COV-2 reinfection[J]. J Infect, 2022, 84(4):542-550. |
[15] | Bowe B, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection[J]. Nat Med, 2022, 28(11):2398-2405. |
[16] | Cavanaugh AM, Spicer KB, Thoroughman D, et al. Reduced risk of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 vaccination - Kentucky, May-June 2021[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2021, 70(32):1081-1083. |
[17] | Gazit S, Shlezinger R, Perez G, et al. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in persons with naturally acquired immunity with and without subsequent receipt of a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2022, 175(5):674-681. |
[18] | Hammerman A, Sergienko R, Friger M, et al. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine after recovery from COVID-19[J]. N Engl J Med, 2022, 386(13):1221-1229. |
[19] | Ye C, Zhang G, Zhang A, et al. The Omicron variant reinfection risk among individuals with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection within one year in Shanghai, China[J]. Vaccines (Basel), 2023, 11(7):1146. |
[20] | Cerqueira-Silva T, Andrews JR, Boaventura VS, et al. Effectiveness of CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S among individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2022, 22(6):791-801. |
[21] | COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection protection against re-infection[J]. Lancet, 2023, 401(10379): 833-842. |
[22] | Powell AA, Kirsebom F, Stowe J, et al. Protection against symptomatic infection with delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) BA.1 and BA.2 SARS-CoV-2 variants after previous infection and vaccination in adolescents in England, August, 2021-March, 2022[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2023, 23(4):435-444. |
[23] | Tan CY, Chiew CJ, Pang D, et al. Protective immunity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines against medically attended symptomatic omicron BA.4, BA.5, and XBB reinfections in Singapore[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2023, 23(7): 799-805. |
[24] | Lumley SF, O'Donnell D, Stoesser NE, et al. Antibody status and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers[J]. New Engl J Med, 2021, 384(6): 533-540. |
[25] | Finch E, Lowe R, Fischinger S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies protect against reinfection for at least 6 months in a multicentre seroepidemiological workplace cohort[J]. PLoS Biol, 2022, 20(2):e3001531. |
[26] | Michlmayr D, Hansen CH, Gubbels SM, et al. Observed protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection following a primary infection[J]. Lancet Reg Health Eur, 2022, 20:100452. |
[27] | Collier DA, Ferreira IATM, Kotagiri P, et al. Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2[J]. Nature, 2021, 596(7872):417-422. |
[28] | Mazagatos C, Monge S, Olmedo C, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths in elderly long-term care facility residents, Spain, weeks 53 2020 to 13 2021[J]. Euro Surveill, 2021, 26(24):2100452. |
[29] | Palacios-Pedrero Má, Jansen JM, Blume C, et al. Signs of immunosenescence correlate with poor outcome of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in older adults[J]. Nat Aging, 2022, 2(10): 896-905. |
[30] | Li M, Peng H, Duan G, et al. Older age and depressive state are risk factors for re-positivity with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant[J]. Front Public Health, 2022, 10:1014470. |
[31] | Hansen CH, Michlmayr D, Gubbels SM, et al. Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020[J]. Lancet, 2021, 397(10280):1204-1212. |
[32] | 张戈, 张安冉, 贾逸林, 等. 上海市浦东新区新冠病毒重复感染情况分析[EB/J]. 上海预防医学, 2023. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=smPsKIJgVaAYWg3fyvJbRxd88NUnMspFJv9V6LXB6zr56O7fU8X9zY_z9gu0Ik51p3j_gyp3zac8piy_F_GNfPIjzWO2LFZzmAOYZGc1hudgNqVcywJPPuGjKAxFH_7YyCFtLrc86OE=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS. |
[33] | Washington State Department of Health. Reported COVID-19 reinfections in Washington State[EB/OL]. 2022. https://doh.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2022-02/421-024-ReportedReinfections.pdf. |
[34] | Ferguson N, Ghani A, Cori A, et al. Growth, population distribution and immune escape of Omicron in England[EB/OL]. 2021. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/mrc-gida/2021-12-16-COVID19-Report-49.pdf. |
[35] | Chen X, Xu Y, Xie Y, et al. Protective effect of plasma neutralization from prior SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection against BA.5 subvariant symptomatic reinfection[J]. Lancet Reg Health West Pac, 2023, 33:100758. |
[36] | 陆婉莹, 陈鑫华, 郑楠, 等. 新型冠状病毒原型株有症状感染者中和抗体水平对奥密克戎亚型BA.1、BA.4和BA.5的保护概率预测[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2023, 103(18): 1429-1434. |
[37] | Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, et al. Protective effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection against Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants[J]. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(17):1620-1622. |
[38] | Chemaitelly H, Tang P, Coyle P, et al. Protection against reinfection with the Omicron BA.2.75 subvariant[J]. N Engl J Med, 2023, 388(7):665-667. |
[39] | Chen JJ, Li LB, Peng HH, et al. Neutralization against XBB.1 and XBB.1.5 after Omicron subvariants breakthrough infection or reinfection[J]. Lancet Reg Health West Pac, 2023, 33:100759. |
[40] | Paliani U, Cardona A, Gili A, et al. Impact of rehabilitation treatment during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection[EB/J]. Eur J Intern Med, 2023. https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(23)00415-6/abstract. |
[41] | de Araújo Furtado PL, do Socorro Brasileiro-Santos M, de Mello BLC, et al. The effect of telerehabilitation on physical fitness and depression/anxiety in post-COVID-19 patients[J]. Int J Telerehabil, 2023, 15(1):e6560. |
[42] | WHO. Support for rehabilitation: self-management after COVID-19-related illness, second edition 2021[EB/OL]. 2021. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/344472. |
[43] | 国务院联防联控机制综合组. 《近期重点人群新冠病毒疫苗接种工作方案》解读[EB/OL]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/zhengcwj/202307/d5968788cfee4caf8087955d470fd306.shtml. |
[44] | Tan ST, Kwan AT, Rodríguez-Barraquer I, et al. Infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections and reinfections during the Omicron wave[J]. Nat Med, 2023, 29(2):358-365. |
[45] | Cromer D, Juno JA, Khoury D, et al. Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2021, 21(6): 395-404. |
/
〈 |
|
〉 |