Review

Salt diet assessment in community residents with salt-sensitive hypertension

  • YUAN Xinyan ,
  • GONG Yanchun
Expand
  • Department of General Practice, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200025,China

Received date: 2023-12-12

  Online published: 2024-09-09

Abstract

Salt sensitivity has been proven to be closely related to the occurrence and development of hypertension, and high salt intake is one of the important risk factors for hypertension in community residents. This article provides a literature review of domestical and international research, introducing the relationship between salt sensitivity and hypertension, the current state of salt intake in the diet of community residents, application and effect of a salt-restricted dietary pattern, the different evaluation method of salt intake, and the application of multiple theoretical models in the assessment of salt intake. The article points out the importance of salt restriction dietary behavior of community residents in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate and evaluate the current status of salt-restricted diets in order to help to form a good habit and promote healthy behaviors among community residents.

Cite this article

YUAN Xinyan , GONG Yanchun . Salt diet assessment in community residents with salt-sensitive hypertension[J]. Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice, 2024 , 19(03) : 197 -200 . DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.03.09

References

[1] World Health Organization. Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer[EB/OL]. 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081062.
[2] 中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会. 盐敏感性高血压管理的中国专家共识[J]. 中华心血管病杂志, 2023, 51(4):364-376.
[3] 杨金花, 罗尧岳, 蒋小剑, 等. 运动行为改变评定量表的汉化及其在我国高血压患者中应用的信度效度检验[J]. 中国护理管理, 2022, 22(1):43-48.
[4] 杨金花, 罗尧岳, 彭丽丽, 等. 高血压患者限盐饮食行为改变评定量表汉化及信效度检验[J]. 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志, 2021, 30(7):653-658.
[5] 中国老年医学学会高血压分会北京高血压防治协会国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心. 中国老年高血压管理指南2023[J]. 中华高血压杂志, 2023, 31(6):508-538.
[6] Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Sette S, et al. Sodium intake and related diseases[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(14):7608.
[7] 张琪, 宋晓鹏, 任茂佳, 等. 低钠饮食对心血管事件影响的研究现状[J]. 中国心血管杂志, 2019, 24(5):477-480.
[8] 中华医学会心血管病学分会高血压学组. 限盐管理控制高血压中国专家指导意见[J]. 中华高血压杂志, 2015, 23(11):1028-1034.
[9] van der Westhuizen B, Schutte AE, Gafane-Matemane LF, et al. Left ventricular mass independently associates with 24-hour sodium excretion in young masked hypertensive adults[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2019, 276:218-223.
[10] Lin Z, Li J, Liu F, et al. Metabolomics signature of blood pressure salt sensitivity and its link to cardiovascular disease[J]. Science China-Life Sciences, 2024.Epub ahead of print.
[11] Rorije NMG, Rademaker E, Schrooten EM, et al. High-salt intake affects sublingual microcirculation and is linked to body weight change in healthy volunteers[J]. J Hypertens, 2019, 37(6):1254-1261.
[12] Yan D, Sun Y, Zhou X, et al. Regulatory effect of gut microbes on blood pressure[J]. Animal Model Exp Med, 2022, 5(6):513-531.
[13] Felizardo RJF, Watanabe IKM, Dardi P, et al. The interplay among gut microbiota, hypertension and kidney diseases[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2019, 141:366-377.
[14] Richards EM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK, et al. The gut, its microbiome, and hypertension[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2017, 19(4):36.
[15] Ma Z, Hummel SL, Sun N, et al. From salt to hypertension, what is missed?[J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2021, 23(12):2033-2041.
[16] Nguyen H, Wismer WV. A comparison of sensory attribute profiles and liking between regular and sodium-reduced food products[J]. Food Res Int, 2019, 123:631-641.
[17] Fong BYF, Chiu WK, Chan WFM, et al. A review study of a green diet and healthy ageing[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021, 18(15):8024.
[18] Chau PH, Ngai HH, Leung AY, et al. Preference of food saltiness and willingness to consume low-sodium content food in a Chinese population[J]. J Nutr Health Aging, 2017, 21(1):3-10.
[19] Ferraris C, Scarlett CJ, Bucher T, et al. Liking of salt is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress[J]. Chem Senses, 2023, 48:bjad038.
[20] Ferraris C, Turner A, Kaur K, et al. Salt taste genotype, dietary habits and biomarkers of health[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(4):1056.
[21] Pilic L, Mavrommatis Y. Genetic predisposition to salt-sensitive normotension and its effects on salt taste perception and intake[J]. Br J Nutr, 2018, 120(7):721-731.
[22] Jang H, Im J, Park K. Adherence to dietary guidelines among diabetes patients: comparison between elderly and non-elderly groups[J]. Clin Nutr Res, 2021, 10(1):14-23.
[23] Ozturk EE, Ozturk ZA. The influence of nutritional status and sleep quality on gustatory function in older adults[J]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2022, 59(1):41.
[24] Nordin S, Razani LJ, Markison S, et al. Age-associated increases in intensity discrimination for taste[J]. Exp Aging Res, 2003, 29(3):371-381.
[25] Xu J, Tang B, Liu M, et al. A town level comprehensive intervention study to reduce salt intake in China[J]. BMJ Open, 2020, 10(1):e032976.
[26] Kwong EJL, Whiting S, Bunge AC, et al. Population-level salt intake in the WHO European Region in 2022[J]. Public Health Nutr, 2023, 26(S1):s6-s19.
[27] Hipgrave DB, Chang S, Li X, et al. Salt and sodium intake in China[J]. JAMA, 2016, 315(7):703-705.
[28] Chen S, Shan LC, Tao W, et al. A survey of Chinese consumers’ knowledge, beliefs and behavioural intentions regarding salt intake and salt reduction[J]. Public Health Nutr, 2020, 23(8):1450-1459.
[29] 张珊, 董建琴, 徐婷玲, 等. 基于SHAKE一揽子计划的减盐防控慢性病措施进展[J]. 中国慢性病预防与控制, 2022, 30(8):626-630.
[30] 张娟, 徐爱强, 施小明, 等. 山东省居民对食盐推荐摄入量的知晓情况及影响因素分析[J]. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2013, 17(6):520-524.
[31] Sun N, Jiang Y, Wang H, et al. Survey on sodium and potassium intake in patients with hypertension in China[J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2021, 23(11):1957-1964.
[32] Liu Y, Chu H, Peng K, et al. Factors associated with the use of a salt substitute in rural China[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2021, 4(12):e2137745.
[33] Seo YH, Osborne RH, Kwak Y, et al. Validity testing of the Korean version of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) and its application in people with chronic diseases[J]. PLoS One, 2024, 19(8):e0308086.
[34] 中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中国康复医学会心脏预防与康复专业委员会, 中国老年学和老年医学会心脏专业委员会, 等. 中国心血管病一级预防指南[J]. 实用心脑肺血管病杂志, 2021, 29(1):44-64.
[35] Xu A, Ma J, Guo X, et al. Association of a province-wide intervention with salt intake and hypertension in Shandong province, China, 2011-2016[J]. JAMA Intern Med, 2020, 180(6):877-886.
[36] Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines[J]. Hypertension, 2020, 75(6):1334-1357.
[37] 国家心血管病中心, 中国医师协会, 中国医师协会高血压专业委员会. 中国高血压临床实践指南[J]. 中华心血管病杂志, 2022, 50(11):1050-1095.
[38] Filippou CD, Tsioufis CP, Thomopoulos CG, et al. Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension[J]. Adv Nutr, 2020, 11(5):1150-1160.
[39] Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(7):590-599.
[40] Huang L, Trieu K, Yoshimura S, et al. Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials[J]. BMJ, 2020, 368:m315.
[41] 田荣荣. 降低饮食盐摄入对慢性肾脏病进展的影响:系统综述和meta分析[D]. 杭州: 浙江中医药大学, 2016.
[42] Cornélio ME, Gallani MC, Godin G, et al. Development and reliability of an instrument to measure psychosocial determinants of salt consumption among hypertensive patients[J]. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem, 2009, 17(5):701-707.
[43] Chenary R, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Bashirian S, et al. Developing and testing an instrument to measure the factors affecting the salt restriction behaviors among women[J]. J Res Health Sci, 2020, 20(3):e00489.
[44] Marolt C, Miller A, Carlozzi NE, et al. Assessing barriers to healthy eating in hospitalized older adults with heart failure[J]. J Card Fail, 2020, 26(3):223-226.
[45] Zhang Y, Zhang H, Li S, et al. Development of a short-form Chinese health literacy scale for low salt consumption (CHLSalt-22) and its validation among hypertensive patients[J]. BMC Nutr, 2022, 8(1):101.
[46] Sharma M, Dai CL, Batra K, et al. Using the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change to explain the correlates of mammography screening among Asian American women[J]. Pharmacy (Basel), 2021, 9(3):126.
[47] Zhang W, Jin Y, Liu N, et al. Predicting physical activity in Chinese pregnant women using multi-theory model[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 19(20):13383.
[48] Dokun-Mowete CA, Sharma M, Beatty F. Using multitheory model to predict low-salt intake among Nigerian adults living with hypertension[J]. Int Q Community Health Educ, 2019, 39(4):245-255.
[49] He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials[J]. BMJ, 2013, 346:f1325.
Outlines

/