Objective: To analyze the risk factors for hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy. Methods: Data of patients after thyroidectomy were collected retrospectively in Luwan Branch Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2015 to December 2017. Demographic and surgical data with perioperative laboratory indexes were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors associated with transient (less than 6 months after surgery) and permanent (6 months after surgery) hypoparathyroidism. Results: We collected 1 381 patients with age (47.8±13.0) years old including 343 (24.84%) males and 1 038 (75.16%) females in this study. There were 456 cases (33.02%) with transient hypoparathyroidism and 21 cases (1.52%) with permanent hypoparathyroidism. Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors associated with transient hypoparathyroidism were female(P<0.001, OR=2.049), bilateral thyroidectomy (P<0.001, OR=2.999), lymph node dissection (P=0.001, OR=1.673), operative time (P=0.043, OR=1.004), maximum diameter of resected thyroid (P=0.040, OR=1.144), preoperative serum calcium (P<0.001, OR=0.018). The risk factors associated with permanent hypoparathyroidism were bilateral thyroidectomy (P<0.046, OR=3.784) and the parathyroid hormone at the first postoperative day (P<0.001, OR=0.064). Conclusions: Female, bilateral thyroidectomy, lymph node dissection, operative time, and preoperative serum calcium were risk factors of transient hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy and bilateral thyroidectomy the risk factor of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Parathyroid hormone at the first postoperative day might predict permanent hypoparathyroidism.