Abstract:

】 The field of tissue engineering has grown considerably over the decades as the demand for tissues and organs

continues to grow. However， recreating functional tissues and organs is still a great challenge. In recent years， a number of

researchers have proposed a “bottom-up” tissue engineering strategy to construct physiologically functional tissues. This

strategy consists of two key steps： First， the construction of modular tissues， followed by the assembly of tissue modules.

Bioprinting technology has been widely used in “bottom-up” tissue construction studies due to its high degree of automation，

superior ability in high-precision tissue engineering， and potential for building multi-component tissues. In this review， the

technologies applied to modular tissue fabrication and assembly were summarized， with a special focus on the mechanisms

and applications of “bottom-up” bioprinting. Finally， the future trends of “bottom-up” tissue engineering were summarized，

hoping to provide useful references and inspirations for researchers in this field.

Key words:

Tissue engineering, Biomanufacturing, Bioprinting, Modular organization, Assembling