Abstract:

surgery has become increasingly widespread， and the evaluation of their safety and effectiveness has become the core focus of regulatory and research and development. Conventional biological assessments remain predominantly reliant on animal testing. However， substantial anatomical and physiological disparities between animal and human skin compromise translational accuracy. In response， three-dimensional （3D） skin models-offering enhanced physiological relevance， experimental reproducibility， and ethical acceptability-have emerged as promising in vitro alternatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fabrication strategies， tissue architecture， and current progress of 3D skin models in the context of injectable filler evaluation. Emphasis is placed on their potential to assess biocompatibility and functional performance， as well as a comparative analysis of the inherent limitations of animal models. Moreover， key challenges associated with 3D skin models are critically examined， including structural incompleteness， restricted cellular heterogeneity， evaluation compatibility， and administration methodologies. Looking ahead， the integration of tissue engineering， bioprinting， and microfluidic technologies is anticipated to drive the standardization and in telligent evolution of these models ultimately advancing the scientific robustness and translational utility of in vitro testing systems for aesthetic biomaterials.

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