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| Analysis of Air Strike’s Patterns Based on Recent Local Conflicts |
| LIAO Xin1，2， ZHU Ying2， YANG Tao1 |
| 1. Unmanned System Research Institute， Northwestern Polytechnical University， Xi’an 710072， Shaanxi， China；
2. Shanghai Electro-Mechanical Engineering Institute， Shanghai 201109， China |
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Abstract To analyze the development patterns of airstrikes, this paper examined recent local conflicts, including the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. The modern battlefield's operational domain is expanded from the physical domain to encompass the information, cognitive, and social domains. In terms of air strike equipment, there is a trend towards differentiation based on stealth technology, focusing on near-space hypersonic and low-altitude, low-speed extremes. Low-altitude dominance has become a focal point of contention. Air strike methods are closely linked to battlefield space, characterized by multi-domain coordination, mixed equipment use, and multiple-wave saturation. The "complexity" led by "scale + intelligence" is a new form of combat effectiveness.
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Received: 10 June 2025
Published: 09 September 2025
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2025, Vol. 8 
