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Abstract In intricate and changing atmospheric conditions, turbulence may cause infrared images to appear blurry, distorted, or jittery. These effects significantly impact the performance evaluation of infrared imaging systems. A critical consideration in infrared scene simulation is an area that has garnered increasing attention from researchers in recent years. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a turbulence simulation model for dynamic infrared scenes based on the refractive-index structure constant. First, using measurement data and an infrared radiation transfer model, a three-dimensional, real-time infrared simulation scene was constructed. Then, by modeling variations in the atmospheric refractive index caused by non-uniformities in air density and temperature, the blurring and jitter effects induced by turbulence were simulated, enabling the generation of high-quality, highly realistic turbulence-degraded images. This study introduces an innovative method for simulating turbulence effects in dynamic infrared scenes, offering both theoretical insights and data to support further investigation into how turbulence influences infrared imaging systems and how to potentially mitigate its effects.
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Received: 16 September 2025
Published: 13 January 2026
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2025, Vol. 8 
