Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules Enabled by Solid-Liquid Two-Step Film Formation

doi:10.1007/s40820-024-01408-2

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Abstract

A considerable efficiency gap exists between large-area perovskite solar modules and small-area perovskite solar cells. The control of forming uniform and large-area film and perovskite crystallization is still the main obstacle restricting the efficiency of PSMs. In this work, we adopted a solid-liquid two-step film formation technique, which involved the evaporation of a lead iodide film and blade coating of an organic ammonium halide solution to prepare perovskite films. This method possesses the advantages of integrating vapor deposition and solution methods, which could apply to substrates with different roughness and avoid using toxic solvents to achieve a more uniform, large-area perovskite film. Furthermore, modification of the NiO_x/perovskite buried interface and introduction of Urea additives were utilized to reduce interface recombination and regulate perovskite crystallization. As a result, a large-area perovskite film possessing larger grains, fewer pinholes, and reduced defects could be achieved. The inverted PSM with an active area of 61.56 cm² (10 × 10 cm² substrate) achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.56% and significantly improved stability. This method suggests an innovative approach to resolving the uniformity issue associated with large-area film fabrication.

Key words： Inverted perovskite solar cells Perovskite solar modules Two-step film formation Crystallization Defect passivation

Received: 26 January 2024 Published: 02 May 2024

Corresponding Authors: Xiaofei Ji, Guoqing Guan, Qiang Fu, Alex K.-Y. Jen

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	Juan Zhang
	Xiaofei Ji
	Xiaoting Wang
	Liujiang Zhang
	Leyu Bi
	Zhenhuang Su
	Xingyu Gao
	Wenjun Zhang
	Lei Shi
	Guoqing Guan
	Abuliti Abudula
	Xiaogang Hao
	Liyou Yang
	Qiang Fu
	Alex K.-Y. Jen
	Linfeng Lu

Cite this article:

Juan Zhang,Xiaofei Ji,Xiaoting Wang, et al. Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules Enabled by Solid-Liquid Two-Step Film Formation[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 190-.

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https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/10.1007/s40820-024-01408-2 OR https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/Y2024/V16/I1/190

Fig. 1 Illustrations of common large-area perovskite deposition methods, including a solution-processing techniques (blade coating, slot die coating, and spray coating), b one-step thermal evaporation, and c two-step thermal evaporation techniques. d The strategy of the perovskite film preparation in this work: solid-liquid two-step film formation combined with target modification

Fig. 2 XPS spectra of a Ni 2p and b O 1s regions of NiOx and NiOx/CsBr film. c, d c-AFM images of c NiOx and d NiOx/CsBr film. The SEM images of PbI2 prepared by e blade coating and f vapor deposition, and g PbI2/CsBr film. h XRD patterns of PbI2 films (deposited by blade coating and vapor) and PbI2/CsBr film. i-k 2D GIWAXS patterns of corresponding PbI2 films. l Normalized integrated intensities of the PbI2 (001) planes are plotted as a function of the azimuthal angle

Fig. 3 a, b 2D GIWAXS patterns of pristine perovskite film (prepared by blade coating and solid-liquid deposition), and c the perovskite film modified with CsBr + Urea. Note that the modified perovskite films were prepared using a solid-liquid strategy. d-f SEM images of corresponding pristine and modified perovskite films. Heat maps of in situ PL for g PVSK/CsBr and h PVSK/CsBr + Urea

Fig. 4 a XRD patterns of perovskite films modified with buried CsBr and vary concentrate Urea. b PL and c TRPL spectra of the PVSK/CsBr and PVSK/CsBr + Urea films. XPS spectra of d N 1s, e O 1s, f Pb 4f, and g I 3d for PVSK/CsBr and PVSK/CsBr + Urea films. The KPFM images of h PVSK/CsBr and i PVSK/CsBr + Urea films

Fig. 5 a Configuration with a cross-section view of a solar module. b Photographs of PSM with a size of 10 × 10 cm2. c Optimized J − V curves of PSCs based on pristine PVSK/CsBr + Urea. d Plots of the PCE versus active area for PSMs with n-i-p and p-i-n type reported in the literature (see Table S3). e PCE distribution of 15 modules based on pristine perovskite, PVSK/CsBr, and PVSK/CsBr + Urea. f XRD patterns of the blade-coating PVSK and PVSK/CsBr + Urea films stored in the glove box at 85 °C. g PCE evolution of the unencapsulated PSMs based on blade-coating PVSK, solid-liquid PVSK, and PVSK/CsBr + Urea stored in the glove box at 85 °C. h PCE evolution of the unencapsulated PSCs based on blade-coating PVSK, solid-liquid PVSK, and PVSK/CsBr + Urea stored in N2 atmosphere under continuous irradiation (1 sun illumination, white light-emitting diode (LED), 100 mW cm−2)

Table 1

Photovoltaic parameters of PSMs based on PVSK (blade coating), PVSK (solid-liquid), PVSK/CsBr, and PVSK/CsBr + Urea

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