Naturally Crosslinked Biocompatible Carbonaceous Liquid Metal Aqueous Ink Printing Wearable Electronics for Multi-Sensing and Energy Harvesting

doi:10.1007/s40820-024-01362-z

Abstract

Abstract:

Achieving flexible electronics with comfort and durability comparable to traditional textiles is one of the ultimate pursuits of smart wearables. Ink printing is desirable for e-textile development using a simple and inexpensive process. However, fabricating high-performance atop textiles with good dispersity, stability, biocompatibility, and wearability for high-resolution, large-scale manufacturing, and practical applications has remained challenging. Here, water-based multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-decorated liquid metal (LM) inks are proposed with carbonaceous gallium-indium micro-nanostructure. With the assistance of biopolymers, the sodium alginate-encapsulated LM droplets contain high carboxyl groups which non-covalently crosslink with silk sericin-mediated MWCNTs. E-textile can be prepared subsequently via printing technique and natural waterproof triboelectric coating, enabling good flexibility, hydrophilicity, breathability, wearability, biocompatibility, conductivity, stability, and excellent versatility, without any artificial chemicals. The obtained e-textile can be used in various applications with designable patterns and circuits. Multi-sensing applications of recognizing complex human motions, breathing, phonation, and pressure distribution are demonstrated with repeatable and reliable signals. Self-powered and energy-harvesting capabilities are also presented by driving electronic devices and lighting LEDs. As proof of concept, this work provides new opportunities in a scalable and sustainable way to develop novel wearable electronics and smart clothing for future commercial applications.

Key words: Biocompatible, Conductive ink, Biopolymer, E-textile, Carbonaceous liquid metal

King Yan Chung, Bingang Xu, Di Tan, Qingjun Yang, Zihua Li, Hong Fu. Naturally Crosslinked Biocompatible Carbonaceous Liquid Metal Aqueous Ink Printing Wearable Electronics for Multi-Sensing and Energy Harvesting[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 149-.

King Yan Chung, Bingang Xu, Di Tan, Qingjun Yang, Zihua Li, Hong Fu. [J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 149-.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/10.1007/s40820-024-01362-z

https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/Y2024/V16/I1/149

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 a Synthetic roadmap to convert bulk LM to SeLM-SeCNT nanodroplets and the fabrication of water-based SeLM-SeCNT conductive ink for multiple applications. b Hand-written traces with a ballpoint pen filled with the SeLM-SeCNT inks. On various flexible substrates. c Photograph of printed aesthetic e-textiles with exquisite conductive circuit patterns using screen-printing method on different fabric materials and commercial clothing. d SEM image of the printed conductive layer on a textile substrate and the sectional view of the printed e-textile with a resolution of 500 μm

Fig. 2 Characterization of SaLM-SeCNT composite. a Schematic illustration describing the fabrication procedure and schematic representation exhibiting SaLM nanodroplet decorated with carbonaceous shell SeCNT. TEM image showing b the LM nanodroplet with sodium alginate coating and the magnified image showing an EGaIn droplet coated with Sa microgel, c the uniformly dispersed MWCNTs prepared from the Se solution and magnified image showing an MWCNT coated with sericin, and d the SaLM-SeCNT nanoparticles. e FTIR spectra. f Raman spectra and g TGA curves of LM-CNT and SaLM-SeCNTs nanodroplets (ink 0.5, 1, 2, 3)

Fig. 3 Electromechanical and textile properties of the SaLM-SeCNT conductive ink for printed e-textiles. a Conductivity of the SaLM-SeCNT ink with different volume fractions of SaLM-SeCNT. b Conductivity of the SaLM-SeCNT ink with different weight ratios in water solution. c The effect of No. of printing time and printing directions (warp) on the conductivity of the SaLM-SeCNT ink-printed textiles. d The increase (%) of resistance for the printed e-textiles with different textile substrates and SaLM-SeCNT inks (upper x-axis: different weight ratios in water; bottom x-axis: different fractions of SaLM to SeCNT) after being subject to applied strains. e Comparison of resistance changes over multiple stretching cycles with or without WPU-HEC coating. f Mechanical properties of the SaLM-SeCNT ink e-textile at different strain%. g Surface morphologies and SEM images of the SaLM-SeCNT ink e-textile when stretch to a strain of 0%, 50%, 100%, and restored stage, respectively. h Relative resistance of a printed e-textile immersed in DI water and laundry detergent for 24 h. The inset shows the relative resistance after washing and drying. i Air permeability of the original textile, after conductive patterning, and with 2 times to 5 times of WPU-HEC coating. j Relative resistance change of the initially printed e-textile and the printed e-textile with 1000 abrasions

Fig. 4 Strain- and temperature-sensing performance of the SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile. a Typical relative resistance versus strain curve of SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile under different strains. Relative resistance change and gauge factor versus applied strain within strain range of b 0-5% and c 0-100%. Time-dependent relative resistance variations of SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile under various cyclic d strains, e bends, and f compressions. g Comparison of the stability of the relative resistance change before and after several applied mechanical strains. h Variation of the relative resistance change of the printed e-textile in 2000 stretching/ relaxation cycles between 0 and 100% strain. i Load-unloading hysteresis curve of the SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile at the strain of 100%. j Response curve of the SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile with an applied strain of 10% shows a response time of 120 ms. k Normalized relative resistance changes of the SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile upon increasing temperature from 25 to 100 °C. l Repetitive temperature-discrimination ability of the e-textile during repeatedly cooling and heating between 60 °C and 80 °C

Fig. 5 Working mechanism and electrical output performance of the SaLM-SeCNT e-textile TENG. a I_SC, b V_OC, and c Q_SC of the SaLM-SeCNT e-textile TENG under different frequencies (1-5 Hz). d V_OC, of the SaLM-SeCNT e-textile TENG under different loading. e V_OC, of the SaLM-SeCNT e-textile TENG at various tensile strain levels (0-100%) and recovery states. The initial length is 20 mm, and the contact frequency is 3 Hz. f Durability and stability test of the SaLM-SeCNT e-textile TENG under continuous impact for 50,000 cycles. The insets exhibit detailed V_OC cycles. g Schematic diagrams and working mechanism of the SaLM-SeCNT e-textile TENG. h Dependence of the output voltage, output current, and output power density with the various external load resistance

Fig. 6 Sensing applications of wearable SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile for detecting various human motions, breathing, and speaking. a Photographs of hand and elbow attached with SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile. Relative resistance changes of b finger, c elbow, and d neck bending at different angles. e Optical image of sensor assembles on commercial jeans for knee joint sensing. f Corresponding signals of flexing/extending, walking, jogging, jumping, sitting, and squatting. g Photographs of a commercial protective mask with SaLM-SeCNT ink printed inside and h relative resistance changes of the sensor monitoring breath at different frequencies. i Corresponding signal of continuous respiration modes from light to deep breathing by attaching to the abdomen. j Photograph of the SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile attached near the mouth and k responsive of sensor signals in monitoring tiny muscle movements of a smile, sad, shock, and happy. l Photograph of the SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile attached at the throat and m corresponding signals of swallowing and phonation when the wearer spoke: “textile” and “conductive”

Fig. 7 Practical applications of the SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile in energy harvesting, power sourcing, and self-powered sensing. Charging ability of the SaLM-SeCNT printed e-textile TENG a for different capacitor capacities and b at different frequencies from 1 to 5 Hz as a power source supply. c Working circuit of the self-powered system. Demonstration of self-powered electronic devices: d, e digital stopwatch with voltage curves of 10 μF storage capacitors and f, g digital calculator with voltage curves of 22 μF storage capacitors from hand tapping. h, i Photograph of the LED lighting from hand clapping, hand tapping, and one finger tapping. j Photographs and ΔR/R₀ of SaLM-SeCNT printed smart glove with different gestures. l Demonstration of the external connections of the e-textile sensors with wireless detection. m Potentials of the sensors used in health monitoring, rehabilitation, and warming applications. n Schematic diagram of the pressure-sensing system, which includes e-textile patterned with 3 × 3 pixels, multichannel acquisition, and signal processing. o Reliable sensing signals of the patterned e-textile TENG in tapping different pixels in the order of 5, 5, 7, and 3. p Pressure distribution and the relative resistance change of the pattern e-textile sensor in sensing the object in different locations

References 62

1.	C. Tan, Z. Dong, Y. Li, H. Zhao, X. Huang et al., A high performance wearable strain sensor with advanced thermal management for motion monitoring. Nat. Commun. 11, 3530 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17301-6
2.	F. Ershad, A. Thukral, J. Yue, P. Comeaux, Y. Lu et al., Ultra-conformal drawn-on-skin electronics for multifunctional motion artifact-free sensing and point-of-care treatment. Nat. Commun. 11, 3823 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17619-1
3.	Y. Qiao, J. Luo, T. Cui, H. Liu, H. Tang et al., Soft electronics for health monitoring assisted by machine learning. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 66 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1
4.	Y.-T. Kwon, Y.-S. Kim, S. Kwon, M. Mahmood, H.-R. Lim et al., All-printed nanomembrane wireless bioelectronics using a biocompatible solderable graphene for multimodal human-machine interfaces. Nat. Commun. 11, 3450 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17288-0
5.	S. Shen, J. Yi, Z. Sun, Z. Guo, T. He et al., Human machine interface with wearable electronics using biodegradable triboelectric films for calligraphy practice and correction. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 225 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00965-8
6.	R. Xu, M. She, J. Liu, S. Zhao, J. Zhao et al., Skin-friendly and wearable iontronic touch panel for virtual-real handwriting interaction. ACS Nano 17, 8293-8302 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c12612
7.	S. Liu, K. Ma, B. Yang, H. Li, X. Tao, Textile electronics for VR/AR applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2007254 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202007254
8.	H. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Liang, Y. Zhang, Smart fibers and textiles for personal health management. ACS Nano 15, 12497-12508 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c06230
9.	X. Shi, Y. Zuo, P. Zhai, J. Shen, Y. Yang et al., Large-area display textiles integrated with functional systems. Nature 591, 240-245 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03295-8
10.	J. Xiong, J. Chen, P.S. Lee, Functional fibers and fabrics for soft robotics, wearables, and human-robot interface. Adv. Mater. 33, e2002640 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002640
11.	T.L. Andrew, The future of smart textiles: user interfaces and health monitors. Matter 2, 794-795 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.03.011
12.	C. Cheng, J. Zhang, S. Li, Y. Xia, C. Nie et al., A water-processable and bioactive multivalent graphene nanoink for highly flexible bioelectronic films and nanofibers. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705452 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705452
13.	F. Molina-Lopez, T.Z. Gao, U. Kraft, C. Zhu, T. Öhlund et al., Inkjet-printed stretchable and low voltage synaptic transistor array. Nat. Commun. 10, 2676 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10569-3
14.	K. Chen, W. Gao, S. Emaminejad, D. Kiriya, H. Ota et al., Printed carbon nanotube electronics and sensor systems. Adv. Mater. 28, 4397-4414 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504958
15.	X. Qi, H. Zhao, L. Wang, F. Sun, X. Ye et al., Underwater sensing and warming E-textiles with reversible liquid metal electronics. Chem. Eng. J. 437, 135382 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135382
16.	Z. Liu, T. Zhu, J. Wang, Z. Zheng, Y. Li et al., Functionalized fiber-based strain sensors: pathway to next-generation wearable electronics. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 61 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00806-8
17.	R. Xu, M. She, J. Liu, S. Zhao, H. Liu et al., Breathable kirigami-shaped ionotronic e-textile with touch/strain sensing for friendly epidermal electronics. Adv. Fiber Mater. 4, 1525-1534 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-022-00186-z
18.	S. Park, S. Ahn, J. Sun, D. Bhatia, D. Choi et al., Highly bendable and rotational textile structure with prestrained conductive sewing pattern for human joint monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1808369 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808369
19.	W. Wang, A. Yu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Z. Yang et al., Large-scale fabrication of robust textile triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 71, 104605 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104605
20.	S. Hu, J. Han, Z. Shi, K. Chen, N. Xu et al., Biodegradable, super-strong, and conductive cellulose macrofibers for fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 115 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00858-w
21.	X. Meng, C. Cai, B. Luo, T. Liu, Y. Shao et al., Rational design of cellulosic triboelectric materials for self-powered wearable electronics. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 124 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01094-6
22.	M. Li, Z. Li, X. Ye, X. Zhang, L. Qu et al., Tendril-inspired 900% ultrastretching fiber-based Zn-ion batteries for wearable energy textiles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 17110-17117 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02329
23.	M. Li, Z. Li, X. Ye, W. He, L. Qu et al., A smart self-powered rope for water/fire rescue. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2210111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202210111
24.	S.F. Kamarudin, M. Mustapha, J.-K. Kim, Green strategies to printed sensors for healthcare applications. Polym. Rev. 61, 116-156 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2020.1729180
25.	D.S. Saidina, N. Eawwiboonthanakit, M. Mariatti, S. Fontana, C. Hérold, Recent development of graphene-based ink and other conductive material-based inks for flexible electronics. J. Electron. Mater. 48, 3428-3450 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07183-w
26.	J.R. Camargo, L.O. Orzari, D.A.G. Araújo, P.R. de Oliveira, C. Kalinke et al., Development of conductive inks for electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Microchem. J. 164, 105998 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.105998
27.	S. Chen, H.-Z. Wang, R.-Q. Zhao, W. Rao, J. Liu, Liquid metal composites. Matter 2, 1446-1480 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.03.016
28.	Y. Lin, J. Genzer, M.D. Dickey, Attributes, fabrication, and applications of Gallium-based liquid metal particles. Adv. Sci. 7, 2000192 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202000192
29.	L. Teng, S. Ye, S. Handschuh-Wang, X. Zhou, T. Gan et al., Liquid metal-based transient circuits for flexible and recyclable electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1808739 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808739
30.	Y.-H. Wu, Z.-F. Deng, Z.-F. Peng, R.-M. Zheng, S.-Q. Liu et al., A novel strategy for preparing stretchable and reliable biphasic liquid metal. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1903840 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903840
31.	B. Ma, C. Xu, J. Chi, J. Chen, C. Zhao et al., A versatile approach for direct patterning of liquid metal using magnetic field. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1901370 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201901370
32.	L. Zheng, M. Zhu, B. Wu, Z. Li, S. Sun et al., Conductance-stable liquid metal sheath-core microfibers for stretchy smart fabrics and self-powered sensing. Sci. Adv. 7, ebag4041 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg4041
33.	Y. Lin, Y. Liu, J. Genzer, M.D. Dickey, Shape-transformable liquid metal nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Chem. Sci. 8, 3832-3837 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SC00057J
34.	Y. Liu, W. Zhang, H. Wang, Synthesis and application of core-shell liquid metal particles: a perspective of surface engineering. Mater. Horiz. 8, 56-77 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MH01117G
35.	Y. Xin, H. Peng, J. Xu, J. Zhang, Ultrauniform embedded liquid metal in sulfur polymers for recyclable, conductive, and self-healable materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1808989 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808989
36.	X. Li, M. Li, L. Zong, X. Wu, J. You et al., Liquid metal droplets wrapped with polysaccharide microgel as biocompatible aqueous ink for flexible conductive devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1804197 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201804197
37.	S.-Q. Yi, H. Sun, Y.-F. Jin, K.-K. Zou, J. Li et al., CNT-assisted design of stable liquid metal droplets for flexible multifunctional composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 239, 109961 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109961
38.	C. Wang, K. Xia, H. Wang, X. Liang, Z. Yin et al., Advanced carbon for flexible and wearable electronics. Adv. Mater. 31, e1801072 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801072
39.	K. Chiou, S. Byun, J. Kim, J. Huang, Additive-free carbon nanotube dispersions, pastes, gels, and doughs in cresols. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, 5703-5708 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800298115
40.	W. Yu, C. Liu, S. Fan, Advances of CNT-based systems in thermal management. Nano Res. 14, 2471-2490 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3255-1
41.	S. Hussain, Z. Ji, A.J. Taylor, L.M. DeGraff, M. George et al., Multiwalled carbon nanotube functionalization with high molecular weight hyaluronan significantly reduces pulmonary injury. ACS Nano 10, 7675-7688 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b03013
42.	C. Li, S. Bolisetty, K. Chaitanya, J. Adamcik, R. Mezzenga, Tunable carbon nanotube/protein core-shell nanoparticles with NIR- and enzymatic-responsive cytotoxicity. Adv. Mater. 25, 1010-1015 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201203382
43.	X. Liang, H. Li, J. Dou, Q. Wang, W. He et al., Stable and biocompatible carbon nanotube ink mediated by silk protein for printed electronics. Adv. Mater. 32, e2000165 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202000165
44.	R.I. Kunz, R.M. Brancalhão, L.F. Ribeiro, M.R. Natali, Silkworm sericin: properties and biomedical applications. BioMed Res. Int. 2016, 8175701 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8175701
45.	Y. Hu, H. Zhuo, Y. Zhang, H. Lai, J. Yi et al., Graphene oxide encapsulating liquid metal to toughen hydrogel. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2106761 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202106761
46.	L. Lamboni, M. Gauthier, G. Yang, Q. Wang, Silk sericin: a versatile material for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Biotechnol. Adv. 33, 1855-1867 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.014
47.	V. Mouriño, P. Newby, F. Pishbin, J.P. Cattalini, S. Lucangioli et al., Physicochemical, biological and drug-release properties of gallium crosslinked alginate/nanoparticulate bioactive glass composite films. Soft Matter 7, 6705-6712 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C1SM05331K
48.	V. Jost, M. Reinelt, Effect of Ca²⁺ induced crosslinking on the mechanical and barrier properties of cast alginate films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 135, 45754 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45754
49.	I.D. Tevis, L.B. Newcomb, M. Thuo, Synthesis of liquid core-shell particles and solid patchy multicomponent particles by shearing liquids into complex particles (SLICE). Langmuir 30, 14308-14313 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/la5035118
50.	H. Wang, B. Yuan, S. Liang, R. Guo, W. Rao et al., PLUS-M: a porous liquid-metal enabled ubiquitous soft material. Mater. Horiz. 5, 222-229 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7MH00989E
51.	U. Consotium, UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase in 2023. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, D523-D531 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac1052
52.	T.-T. Cao, Y.-Q. Zhang, The potential of silk sericin protein as a serum substitute or an additive in cell culture and cryopreservation. Amino Acids 49, 1029-1039 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-017-2396-3
53.	F. Tian, D. Cui, H. Schwarz, G.G. Estrada, H. Kobayashi, Cytotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes on human fibroblasts. Toxicol. In Vitro 20, 1202-1212 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2006.03.008
54.	X. Li, M. Li, J. Xu, J. You, Z. Yang et al., Evaporation-induced sintering of liquid metal droplets with biological nanofibrils for flexible conductivity and responsive actuation. Nat. Commun. 10, 3514 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11466-5
55.	S. Zachariah, Y.-L. Liu, Nanocomposites of polybenzoxazine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes and polybenzoxazine for anticorrosion application. Compos. Sci. Technol. 194, 108169 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108169
56.	S. Adil, W.S. Kim, T.H. Kim, S. Lee, S.W. Hong et al., Defective, oxygen-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes as an efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for degradation of organic pollutants. J. Hazard. Mater. 396, 122757 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122757
57.	M. Amjadi, M. Sitti, Self-sensing paper actuators based on graphite-carbon nanotube hybrid films. Adv. Sci. 5, 1800239 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800239
58.	X. Qi, Y. Liu, L. Yu, Z. Yu, L. Chen et al., Versatile liquid metal/alginate composite fibers with enhanced flame retardancy and triboelectric performance for smart wearable textiles. Adv. Sci. 10, e2303406 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202303406
59.	A. Mohammadi, M. Barikani, A.H. Doctorsafaei, A.P. Isfahani, E. Shams et al., Aqueous dispersion of polyurethane nanocomposites based on calix[4]arenes modified graphene oxide nanosheets: preparation, characterization, and anti-corrosion properties. Chem. Eng. J. 349, 466-480 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.111
60.	V. Slabov, S. Kopyl, M.P. Soares Dos Santos, A.L. Kholkin, Natural and eco-friendly materials for triboelectric energy harvesting. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 42 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-0373-y
61.	S. Niu, S. Wang, L. Lin, Y. Liu, Y.S. Zhou et al., Theoretical study of contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 3576 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee42571a
62.	Z.L. Wang, On the first principle theory of nanogenerators from Maxwell’s equations. Nano Energy 68, 104272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104272

[1]	DE BENEDETTI Bruno, TECCHIO Paolo, ROLLINO Sara, FOSCHIA Marina, PIGNATELLI Sonia. Sustainability Perspectives When Crop Use Is Implemented in Different Sectors: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach [J]. Journal of shanghai Jiaotong University (Science), 2012, 17(3): 334-336.
[2]	Roohallah Saberi Riseh, Mohadeseh Hassanisaadi, Masoumeh Vatankhah, Rajender S. Varma, Vijay Kumar Thakur. Nano/Micro-Structural Supramolecular Biopolymers: Innovative Networks with the Boundless Potential in Sustainable Agriculture [J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 147-.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export