As above described, the PPC effect were observed in MXene/VP heterojunction device, which enables the device to function as an optoelectronic synapse to mimic visual perception and memory, with multiple characteristics of biological synapses such as excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), short-term plasticity (STP), long-term plasticity (LTP) and “learning-experience” behavior.
Figure 4a schematically illustrates the biological synapse. Synapse acts as a communication site that transmits electrical or chemical signals between two neurons [
45]. In our proof-of-concept MXene/VP optoelectronic synapse, UV light pulses are regarded as presynaptic stimulus and channel current as synaptic weight. An applied presynaptic spike (light pulse) can trigger an EPSC in the MXene/VP heterojunction channel at a small bias of 1 mV, as shown in
Fig. 4b. The current decays rapidly and then slowly over time when the light is turned off, and is still 2.4% higher than the initial value after 100 s. This phenomenon is consistent with the decay process of postsynaptic potential in biological synapses [
46]. When two consecutive presynaptic spikes are applied, the amplitude of the postsynaptic current will increase continuously, and the rate of increase (A
2/A
1) is defined as PPF, as shown in
Fig. 4c. PPF is a typical manifestation of STP, which is closely related to the temporal recognition and decoding of visual signals in biological systems [
22]. PPF strongly depends on the time interval (Δ
t) between two presynaptic spikes, so we measured the PPF index (PPF index = A
2/A
1 × 100%) at different time intervals. As shown in
Fig. 4d, the PPF index decreases from 135 to 112% as Δt increases from 0.1 to 10 s after applying light pulse pairs with a duration of 1 s. This is consistent with the fact that there is more recombination of the trapped carriers within the longer Δ
t. The decay curve of the PPF exponent with Δ
t matches well with the double exponential function shown in
Fig. 4d, with relaxation times
τ1 and
τ2 of 1.19 and 18.73 s, respectively, comparable in scale to those of a biological synapse [
47,
48].