Optoelectronic Synapses Based on MXene/Violet Phosphorus van der Waals Heterojunctions for Visual-Olfactory Crossmodal Perception

doi:10.1007/s40820-024-01330-7

Abstract

Abstract:

The crossmodal interaction of different senses, which is an important basis for learning and memory in the human brain, is highly desired to be mimicked at the device level for developing neuromorphic crossmodal perception, but related researches are scarce. Here, we demonstrate an optoelectronic synapse for vision-olfactory crossmodal perception based on MXene/violet phosphorus (VP) van der Waals heterojunctions. Benefiting from the efficient separation and transport of photogenerated carriers facilitated by conductive MXene, the photoelectric responsivity of VP is dramatically enhanced by 7 orders of magnitude, reaching up to 7.7 A W⁻¹. Excited by ultraviolet light, multiple synaptic functions, including excitatory postsynaptic currents, paired-pulse facilitation, short/long-term plasticity and “learning-experience” behavior, were demonstrated with a low power consumption. Furthermore, the proposed optoelectronic synapse exhibits distinct synaptic behaviors in different gas environments, enabling it to simulate the interaction of visual and olfactory information for crossmodal perception. This work demonstrates the great potential of VP in optoelectronics and provides a promising platform for applications such as virtual reality and neurorobotics.

Key words: Violet phosphorus, MXene, Van der Waals heterojunctions, Optoelectronic synapses, Crossmodal perception

Hailong Ma, Huajing Fang, Xinxing Xie, Yanming Liu, He Tian, Yang Chai. Optoelectronic Synapses Based on MXene/Violet Phosphorus van der Waals Heterojunctions for Visual-Olfactory Crossmodal Perception[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 104-.

Hailong Ma, Huajing Fang, Xinxing Xie, Yanming Liu, He Tian, Yang Chai. [J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 104-.

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URL: https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/10.1007/s40820-024-01330-7

https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/Y2024/V16/I1/104

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 a Schematic illustration of the device configuration. b Schematic diagram of complex carrier dynamics processes such as separation, hopping transport, trapping and recombination of photogenerated carriers in MXene/VP heterojunctions network. c Schematic diagram of the MXene/VP van der Waals heterojunction. d Atomic structure of VP and lone-pair electrons of P atom. e Output characteristics of the visual-olfactory crossmodal optoelectronic synapse. f Optical microscope image of the device. g SEM image of the MXene/VP hybrid film. h TEM image of a single MXene/VP heterojunction

Fig. 2 UPS spectra of a VP and b MXene. c Band structure diagram of MXene and VP before and after forming heterojunction. d The AFM image of the MXene/VP heterojunction. e KPFM image corresponding to d. f PL spectra of the pure VP and MXene/VP hybrid film upon excitation at 532 nm

Fig. 3 a Optical absorption spectrum of the VP nanosheets dispersion, inset is the calculated band gap of VP. b I-V curves of the MXene/VP heterojunction device under different light powers at 360 nm. c Photocurrent and responsivity, as well as d D^*and EQE of the MXene/VP heterojunction device under different light power densities. e Time-resolved photoelectric response of the MXene/VP heterojunction device at 360 nm. f Rise and decay times of the MXene/VP heterojunction device

Fig. 4 a Schematic diagram of biological neurons and synapses. b EPSC of the MXene/VP optoelectronic synapse triggered by a light pulse (360 nm, duration of 1 s). c EPSC triggered by a pair of light pulses with an interval time of Δt. d PPF index as a function of the interval time of light pulse pairs. The transition from STP to LTP by increasing the light e pulse intensity and f pulse width

Fig. 5 a The transition from STP to LTP by increasing the number of light pulses. b The “learning-experience” behavior of the MXene/VP optoelectronic synapse. c The energy consumption of the MXene/VP optoelectronic synapse. d Normalized EPSC mapping images with a “XJTU” letter pattern under increasing light pulse numbers (vertical axis) and decay time (horizontal axis). The inset is the image forgetting process fitted with the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Fig. 6 a Schematic diagram of crossmodal interaction between vision and olfaction in the human perceptual system. b ΔEPSCs triggered by 10 successive light pulses in environments with different gas atmospheres. c ΔEPSCs triggered by 10 successive light pulses in environments with different RH. The d recognition and e forgetting process of the letter “X” pattern in environments with different RH

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