Journal of Diagnostics Concepts & Practice >

2025 , Vol. 24 >Issue 03: 268 - 278

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16150/j.1671-2870.2025.03.005

Original article

Global and Chinese burden of chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2021

  • SHI Manman ,
  • MA Yuhua ,
  • ZHENG Jinxin ,
  • KE Yanrong ,
  • WANG Yuxin ,
  • LIU Jian ,
  • WANG Weiming
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  • 1. Department of Nephrology, Kunshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Kunshan 215300, China
    2. Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
    3. School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.

Received date: 2025-01-28

  Accepted date: 2025-06-09

  Online published: 2025-06-25

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Abstract

Objective To assess the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused by type 2 diabetes (T2D) (CKD-T2D) among populations of different ages, genders, regions, and socio-demographic index (SDI) levels globally and in China from 1990 to 2021. Methods Based on data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of CKD-T2D in 204 countries and regions were analyzed, with absolute numbers and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated. Results From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of CKD-T2D increased significantly. In 2021, there were 2 012 024 (95%UI: 1 857 800-2 154 288) new cases, marking a 167.2% (95%UI: 153.5%-182.6%) increase from 1990. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) reached 23.07 per 100 000 (95%UI: 21.40-24.72), an increase of 21.0% (15.0%-27.5%) since 1990. Regional analysis showed that North Africa and the Middle East had the highest ASIR (42.802 per 100 000). Compared to 1990, China's CKD-T2D incidence rose significantly to 354,157 cases (95%UI: 321 265-382 784), with crude incidence increasing by 177.6% (95%UI: 154.8%- 205.5%) and ASIR rising slightly by 7.8% [95%UI: (-0.1%) to 17.8%]. For other indicators, crude rates increased whereas age-standardized rates declined. In 2021, CKD-T2D incidence was highest among people aged 65-74 worldwide [364 163 new cases in ages 65-69 (95%UI: 272 571-475 468) and 366 045 in ages 70-74 (95%UI: 286 728-459 891)], with males bearing a higher burden than females [65-69: males 187 097 (95%UI: 140 064-243 571), females 177 066 (95%UI: 132 338-231 769); 70-74: males 187 216 (95%UI: 146 377-234 997), females 178 830 (95%UI: 140 938-224 801)]. SDI stratification indicated that from 1990 to 2021, high-SDI regions had the highest ASIR with a continuous upward trend, while low-SDI regions had the highest mortality rates with limited improvement. Hyperglycemia, obesity, high-calorie diets, and hypertension were the main risk factors for CKD-T2D. Conclusion CKD-T2D remains a major public health issue, with a particularly high disease burden among elderly males and in low- and middle-income countries. While crude rates have risen in China, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and DALYs have declined.

Key words： Chronic kidney disease; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Global burden of disease; Age-standardized rate; Disability-adjusted life year

Cite this article

SHI Manman , MA Yuhua , ZHENG Jinxin , KE Yanrong , WANG Yuxin , LIU Jian , WANG Weiming . Global and Chinese burden of chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2021[J]. Journal of Diagnostics Concepts & Practice, 2025 , 24(03) : 268 -278 . DOI: 10.16150/j.1671-2870.2025.03.005

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