The refinement of thyroid surgery has become a standardized requirement and a symbol of improved technical level in thyroid surgery. Endoscopic equipment magnifies the surgical field of view in high definition, making it more conducive to perform the surgery meticulously. Here we explored the key points of refined surgery based on the technical points of endoscopic thyroid surgery. We also focused on the establishment of endoscopic operation space, exposure of thyroid tumors, and protection of key organs and tissues. With regard to the establishment of endoscopic operation space, the separation of subcutaneous layer should show the view of “red sky and yellow ground”, which means the gap between the platysma muscle and the deep layer of the superficial fascia. The subcutaneous dissection area should be present as “long tunnel, small cavity”, and the shape from the bilateral sternoclavicular joints to the bilateral areola, which seems like the fan-shape with “thin neck and wide bottom”. With regard to the exposure of thyroid tumors, the key technical points include the dissociating and traction of anterior cervical muscles. Three spaces [the median space (the white line space of the neck), the inner space (the space between the thyroid surgical capsule and the anterior cervical muscles) and the outer space (the space between the anterior cervical muscles and the sternocleidomastoid muscle)] need to be fully dissociated. Furthermore, the assistant with special sutures or hooks to fully dissociate the anterior cervical space and the use of a reasonable grasping method as well as a suitable energy platform to prevent thyroid bleeding. With regard to the protection of key organs and tissues, nerve monitoring technology helps to find and locate the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In addition, careful manipulation at the entrance to the larynx is the key to avoid the damage of recurrent laryngeal nerve. Lymph negative imaging techno-logy helps to identify the parathyroid gland. Accurate identification of the anatomical type of the parathyroid gland and meticulous dissection of the intermembrane space of the parathyroid gland is benefit to protect the blood supply of the parathyroid gland in situ. To achieve the refinement and minimally invasive surgery, it is necessary to improve the surgical instruments and materials. What is more important, surgeons should update their surgical concepts, be well acquainted with anatomical relationships and constantly improve surgical techniques.