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, Volume 20 Issue 1   

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CSSIV Guidelines for Vascular Anomalies 2024 Chinese society for the study of vascular anomalies（CSSVA） 2024, 20 (1):  1.  Abstract ( 114 )   PDF (1759KB) ( 208 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of mice dorsal skin-deep second-degree burn model by carbon dioxide fractional laser WANG Xiangying, LU Tingting, LI Kaixiang, et al 2024, 20 (1):  51.  Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (10162KB) ( 23 )   Objective To accurately control the intensity and area of burns by using fractional carbon dioxide laser， and to explore the optimal energy intensity to prepare a model of deep second-degree skin burns. Methods Firstly， two groups ofburn models with different energy intensities were obtained by using 50 mJ and 80 mJ CO2 fractional lasers， and the skinchanges on the surface of the burn site were observed after burn modeling， and photographs were taken at 0，3，7 and 14 daysafter modeling to observe the healing of burns and analyze the wound healing rate. Subsequently， HE staining， Massonstaining， Col Ⅰ and Col Ⅲ immunohistochemical staining were performed on the burn tissues taken at different time points，and the results were analyzed. Results Histological staining of the materials at different time points showed that there weresignificant differences in the depth of laser perforation， hair follicle regeneration and scar formation between the two groups.The immunohistochemical staining results of Col Ⅰ and Col Ⅲ showed that there were also significant differences in collagen regeneration between the two groups. Comprehensive analysis showed that the damage caused by 80 mJ energy intensity to the skin tissue of mice was more consistent with the characteristics of the deep second-degree burn model. Conclusion In this study， a model of deep second-degree burns with obvious obstacles in skin tissue regeneration was successfully constructed on the back of mice by carbon dioxide fractional laser， and the degree of damage was evaluated in detail by histology， immunohistochemistry， etc.， and finally the energy intensity of 80 mJ was screened for the construction of a deep second degree burn model， which is expected to provide a new and favorable tool for studying the pathophysiology of burns and the screening of drugs for skin tissue regeneration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of CX3CR1 on skeletal muscle microfibers，ERK/MAPK signaling pathway and inflammatory response in rats with traumatic osteomyelitis CAO Zhong, LI Chunyan, LU Guangsheng, et a（l 2024, 20 (1):  58.  Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (1857KB) ( 21 )   Objective To explore the effects of CX3CR1 on inflammatory response， skeletal muscle microfibers and ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in rats with traumatic osteomyelitis. Methods Thirty SPF SD male rats were selected and divided into healthy group， model group and CX3CR1 inhibition group according to random number table method， with an average of 10 in each group. Traumatic osteomyelitis model was established in model group and CX3CR1 inhibition group. The healthy group and model group were routinely injected with normal saline intraperitoneally every day， and the CX3CR1 intervention group was treated by injecting CX3CR1 neutralizing antibody into the residual cavity. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin （IL-6， IL-10， IL-1β， TGF-β） were detected by ELISA， skeletal muscle microfibers were detected by X-ray Norden score， and pathological changes were observed by HE staining. Extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2（ERK1/2）， mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPK） protein and mRNA in femur were detected by Western blotting and PCR. Results Compared with the healthy group， the contents of TGF- β， IL-1β， IL-10， IL-6 and other inflammatory factors were increased in the model group （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， the content of inflammatory factors in CX3CR1 inhibitory group was decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the healthy group， the X-ray Norden score of the model group was increased over time （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， X-ray Norden score of CX3CR1 inhibition group was decreased（P<0.05）. HE staining showed that the bone cortex in the healthy group was intact. In the model group， there was a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration， focal abscess， and area necrosis. In the CX3CR1 inhibitory group， the large cortical bone was significantly improved and the inflammatory response was reduced. Compared with healthy group， ERK1/2 and MAPK protein and mRNA in model group were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， the protein and mRNA ofERK1/2 and MAPK in CX3CR1 inhibition group were decreased （P<0.05）. Conclusion Inhibition of CX3CR1 can improvethe disease response in traumatic osteomyelitis rats， which may be related to decreased inflammatory response， ERK/MAPK and improved skeletal muscle microfibers Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in the repair of shoulders，chest and back wounds LI Chenglong, ZHONG Haiyan, CHEN Yong, et a（l 2024, 20 (1):  64.  Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (6977KB) ( 16 )   Objective To explore the application of thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in the repair of shoulders， chest and back skin soft tissue defects. Methods From January 2019 to December 2022， thoracodorsal artery perforator flap was applied to repair skin soft tissue defects of shoulder， chest and back in a total of 8 cases， all of which were caused by tumor resection. Preoperatively， CTA and handheld Doppler ultrasound were applied to confirm the presence， course， branches， and location of the thoracodorsal artery. The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap was designed according to the location and area of the vulnus. The flap carried only a very small piece of muscle in the location where the perforating branch emanated， and the proximal descending branch of the thoracodorsal artery was stripped from the muscle， preserving the transverse branch of the thoracodorsal artery and the thoracodorsal nerve. The transverse branch could be cut if the length of the vascular pedicle was insufficient. The flap was transferred with the pedicle to repair the wound. The donor area was sutured by pulling together. Results The flap survived in all 8 cases， and the incision in the donor area healed well. The patients were followed up for 6 months to 2 years. All patients were satisfied with the appearance of the recipient area， and there was no obvious deformity in the donor area， and the function of the shoulder joint was not significantly affected. Conclusion The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap has a reliable blood supply， a long vascular pedicle， and preserves the function of the latissimus dorsi muscle， which makes it a good choice for repairing wounds adjacent to the shoulders， chest and back. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of debulking surgery on upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer surger HAO Kun, SUN Yuguang, WANG Rengui, et al 2024, 20 (1):  69.  Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (5587KB) ( 18 )   Objective To explore the effect of suction volume reduction surgery in the treatment of upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer surgery with different severity. Methods The clinical data of 42 patients with upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer surgery from January 2020 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed， including 42 women aged （57.19±8.79） years. According to the severity， the patients were divided into non-severe group （n=25） and severe group （n=17） . The clinical characteristics of patients with upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer surgery of different severity were analyzed， and the application effect of suction volume reduction surgery on upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer surgery of different severity was analyzed. Results The average age of the non-severe group was （54.6±8.85） years old， while the average age of the severe group was （61.0±7.39） years old， with a statistically significant difference （P=0.019） . The preoperative BMI of the non-severe group was （26.58±3.64） kg/m2 ， while the BMI of the severe group was （29.11±5.83） kg/m2 ， with no statistically significant difference between the two groups （P=0.091） . In terms of operation mode， lymphedema aspiration was performed for patients with non-severe/severe upper limb lymphedema after operation of breast cancer， while a few patients with extremely severe upper limb lymphedema were treated with lymphedema aspiration combined with pathological tissue resection. Compared with the severe group， the surgery time， injection volume of swelling fluid， suction volume of fat suspension， liposuction volume， and intraoperative bleeding volume in the non-severe group had statistical differences （P<0.01） . The swelling degree of the two groups was improved after operation and 3 months after operation （P<0.01）， and the swelling improvement degree of the non-severe group was significantly better than that of the severe group after operation and 3 months after operation， the difference was statistically significant （P<0.01） . Conclusion  Aspiration volume reduction surgery can significantly improve the degree of limb swelling of upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer surgery of different severity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of differentially expressed proteins of granulomatous mastitis and key cytokine validation ZHOU Yue, YE Meina, DAI Qiuying, et al 2024, 20 (1):  75.  Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (2693KB) ( 25 )   Objective To identify the differentially expressed proteins in patients of granulomatous lobular mastitis（GLM） and screen the biomarkers that related to GLM， then to verify some key molecule according to the results. Methods The lesion tissues and adjacent normal tissues following surgical removal of affected tissues were collected from 3 GLM patients. Then the quantitative proteomics TMT technology was used to detect and quantitatively analyze the differentially expressed proteins， and to conduct functional analysis. Uniprot database and proteome discoverer software were applied to analyze the bioinformatic. The concentrations of key cytokine were analyzed by human antibody array. Results In this study，1 405 differentially expressed proteins were identified including 1 106 upregulated proteins and 299 downregulated proteins in GLM. Gene ontology （GO） annotation and functional cluster analyses showed that these differentially expressed proteins mainly involved in cellular processes， metabolic processes， protein metabolism， biological regulation. KEGG pathway analysis showed these differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in complement activation， immune system， inflammatory response. Cytokine quantitative analysis confirmed the increased expression of IL-1β， MCP2 and IL-6 in GLM tissures. Conclusion Differentially expressed proteins in granulomatous mastitis are involved in related signaling pathways and may be key molecules in the development of granulomatous mastitis. Specific proteins are the potential  biomarkers that deserve further exploration． Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical efficacy of autologous osteochondral transplantation under arthroscopy for localized cartilage injury of the knee joint LI Jiefeng, JIN Yannan, WANG Qingdong, et al 2024, 20 (1):  83.  Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (1152KB) ( 8 )   Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of autologous osteochondral transplantation under arthroscopy for localized cartilage injury of the knee joint and evaluate the efficacy by magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）. Methods From June 2018 to June 2021，100 patients with localized cartilage injury of the knee joint were divided into study group and control group according to random number table method， with 50 cases in each group. The research group underwent arthroscopic autologous bone and cartilage transplantation， while the control group underwent microfracture surgery. The surgical efficacy was evaluated using MRI and the healing time of the knee joint cartilage after operation was recorded. Lysholm knee joint function scoring table and the International Knee Joint Literature Committee （IKDC） scoring table were used to evaluate the changes of knee function before and after operation. The incidence of postoperative complications was analyzed. Results The excellent and good rate of articular cartilage healing in the study group was 98.00%， which was higher than that in the control group 84.00% （P<0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in Lysholm score and IKDC score between the two groups before and 3 months after operation （P>0.05） . At 6，12， and 24 months after operation，the Lysholm score and IKDC score in the study group were higher than those in the control group （P<0.05）. There were no serious postoperative complications between the two groups， and there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of complications （P>0.05）. The healing time of knee joint cartilage in the study group was shorter than that in the control group after operation （P<0.05）. Conclusion Arthroscopic autologous osteochondral transplantation has a significant long-term therapeutic effect on localized cartilage injury in the knee joint， which can effectively improve postoperative knee joint function and shorten the healing time of knee joint cartilage with high safety. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of microsurgical technique plus combined external fixator in distal tibia-fibula fractures with severe soft tissue injury LI Keya, LIU Peng, WANG Shengjie, et al 2024, 20 (1):  87.  Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (1182KB) ( 11 )   Objective To explore the application effect of microsurgical technique plus combined external fixator in the treatment of distal tibia-fibula fracture with severe soft tissue injury. Methods A total of 84 patients with distal tibia-fibula fracture with severe soft tissue injury from January 2021 to June 2022 were selected and divided into two groups according to different treatment methods：41 patients treated with elastic intramedullary nail were included in the control group， and 43 patients treated with microsurgical technique combined with external fixators were included in the observation group. The operation related situation， postoperative efficacy， postoperative complications， X-ray callus score， serum indexes （BMP- 2， VEGF， TGF-β）， ankle function （AOFAS） score， Molander ankle fracture scoring system （OMAS） score were compared between the two groups. Results The time of preoperative preparation， operation， hospitalization， complete weight bearing， wound healing and fracture healing in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group， and the times of wound dressing changes were less than those in the control group （P<0.05）. The X-ray callus score of the observationgroup was higher than that of the control group at 1 and 3 months after surgery （P<0.05） . The levels of serum BMP-2， VEGF and TGF-β in the observation group were higher than those in the control group at 1 month and 3 months after surgery （P<0.05）. Three months after operation， the good and excellent rate of operation， AOFAS and OMAS scores in observation group were higher than those in control group， and the incidence of postoperative complications was lower than that in the control group （P<0.05）. Conclusion Microsurgical technique plus combined external fixator in the treatment of distal tibia-fibula fracture with severe soft tissue injury can effectively fix the fracture， better protect and promote soft tissue repair， promote fracture healing and early limb functional recovery， and reduce the risk of complications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of the treatment of early and middle stage femoral head necrosis with free vascularized fibulagraft combined with distraction of hip joint external frame ZHANG Yulong, WANG Meng 2024, 20 (1):  93.  Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (3094KB) ( 9 )    distraction in the treatment of early and middle stages of osteonecrosis of the femoral head （ONFH）. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 50 patients with early to mid stage ONFH from January 2020 to January 2021. Among them，25 patients received FVFG combined with hip joint external fixation were set up as the treatment group， while  the other 25 patients received simple FVFG transplantation were set up as the control group. The improvement of Harris  score， VAS score， and X-ray grading in each group were observed， and the relevant imaging indications were analyzed. Results Postoperative Harris scores and VAS scores of the two groups were significantly improved， and the difference was  statistically significant （P<0.001）. There were statistically significant differences in Harris scores and VAS scores between  the two groups after treatment （P<0.05）. X-ray grading showed that 96% of patients in the observation group were effective， while 84% of patients in the control group were effective， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. Conclusion FVFG combined with distraction of external frame of hip joint in the treatment of ONFH has a certain effect and  is worthy of clinical promotion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Statistics on difference in length of lower limbs and its influencing factors in children with unilateral developmental dislocation of the hip LI Yaqin, XIE Rui, LI Lun, et al 2024, 20 (1):  97.  Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (3284KB) ( 11 )   de and the affected side in children with unilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip （UDDH）， including leg length discrepancy （LLD）， femoral neck anteversion （FNA） and femoral neck shaft angle （NSA） differences. Methods The clinical imaging data of 120 patients with UDDH who met the inclusion criteria from January 2018 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the Tonnis classification， UDDH is divided into type i， ii， iii， and iv. The standing position pelvic femoral full-length X-ray and pelvic femoral CT were taken， and the following parameters were measured： Femoral length （FL）， greater trochanter femoral length （GTFL）， lesser trochanter femoral length （LTFL）， metaphysis femoral length （MFL）， intertrochanteric distance （ITD）， FNA and NSA. The above parameters of the healthy side and the affected side were compared， and the difference between the healthy and affected sides of each parameter was calculated. The  number of cases in which the healthy side of the above parameters was longer or shorter than the affected side was counted respectively. The differences of imaging parameters between healthy and affected sides were compared among different tonnis types， ages and genders. Results The FNA， NSA， MFL， and LTFL on the affected side were larger than those on the healthy side， and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）； On the contrary， the FL， GTFL， and ITD on the healthy side were larger than those on the affected side， and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05） . In FNA，NSA， LTFL， and MFL， the larger （longer） constituent ratio of the affected side was greater than those of the healthy side，and the longer constitutive ratio of the healthy side was greater than those of the affected side in FL， GTFL， and ITD. According to the multiple linear regression statistics of different models， the difference between the NSA and MFL affected side in mod1 decreased with age （P<0.05）， and also statistically significant in mod2 and mod3（ P<0.05）. In mod4，5，6，The FL difference between the affected side and the healthy side decreased with the increase of the degree of dislocation， which was statistically significant （P<0.05） . The higher the degree of dislocation， the smaller the FL of the affected side than the healthy side. The NSA difference of the affected side and the healthy side decreased with age， and the NSA of the affected side gradually approached that of the healthy side， or even was smaller than that of the healthy side. Regardless of the degree of dislocation， the MFL of the affected side was larger than the MFL of the healthy side， and the FL of the affected side was smaller than the FL of the healthy side as the degree of dislocation increased. Conclusion The FL of the affected side was shorter than that of the healthy side， but the difference was very small and had no actual clinical significance； While the MFL of the affected side was significantly larger than that of the healthy side， indicating that there was indeed LLD in patients with preoperative UDDH. The FNA and NSA of the affected side increased significantly compared with the healthy side， but the increased value was small， and its clinical significance needs further study. The difference of FNA of the affected side did not decrease with age， and the difference of NSA between the affected side and the healthy side negatively correlated with age. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical characteristics of early pain after breast plastic surgery TU Yihua, YANG Lin, LU Yinwen, et al 2024, 20 (1):  104.  Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (1313KB) ( 8 )   Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of pain in the early stage after three types of breast plastic surgery， and to provide basis for optimizing the pain management plan. Methods From November 2021 to August 2022， 72patients who underwent breast augmentation， mammaplasty and breast suspension were included. The pain level （digital pain score， revised facial expression pain assessment method）， site， concomitant symptoms and medication were collected on the 1st，2nd and 3rd day after surgery， and the clinical characteristics of pain were analyzed. Results The pain level showed a downward trend 1-3 days after operation. Patients who underwent breast augmentation had the highest pain levels， and sustained moderate pain levels. The pain sites were mainly under the armpit （68.60%） and above the breast （49%） . The pain sites after breast reduction surgery and breast suspension surgery were mainly at the lower edge of the breast （33.30%）， areola （33.30%）， and lateral breast （26.70%） . The incidence of bilateral breast pain in partial locations was inconsistent. Most patients had no other symptoms. 58.33% of patients used one drug for analgesia on the first day after operation， 37.5% of patients used two or more drugs for analgesia on the second day after operation， and 76.39% did not use drugs on the third day after operation. Conclusion The early pain of patients after breast augmentation deserves attention. The location of pain is mainly related to incision， drainage retention， prosthesis implantation and hematoma. When assessing pain， medical staff should pay attention to the regional characteristics of bilateral breast pain， identify the cause of pain， and detect and prevent hematoma as soon as possible. The choice of analgesics should avoid the overlapping use of drugs with the same mechanism， implement multimodal analgesia， combine non-drug intervention， and jointly manage pain and adverse drug reactions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Postoperative nursing of androgenetic alopecia related autologous hair transplantation DI Meihua, DING Zhenyu 2024, 20 (1):  111.  Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (1133KB) ( 21 )   Objective To explore the effect of postoperative nursing for autogenous hair transplantation patients with androgenetic alopecia. Methods The donor area and recipient area were nursed after autologous hair transplantation in patients with stable androgenetic alopecia. The postoperative complications and recovery in the operative area were observed. Results A total of 398 patients were operated and followed up for 12 months. There were no serious complications occurred. Conclusion The postoperative nursing of androgenetic alopecia related autologous hair transplantation can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications， improve the therapeutic effects of surgery， and the degree of patient acceptance is higher. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deep-learning system assisted staged training for developmental dysplasia of the hip XU Yufan, HU Yuqi, CHEN Hongyu, et al 2024, 20 (1):  114.  Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (5969KB) ( 20 )   Objective To develop a deep learning system for assisted diagnosis of Crowe staging in adult patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip （DDH）， and to analyze the feasibility of the system in assisting clinical medical students to master DDH staging. Methods A training set of 149 X-rays， a test set of 42 cases， and a validation set of 21 cases were included， and the pelvis was segmented， localized image blocks of DDH were extracted， and the gold-standard results were compared with those assessed by medical students and AI-assisted medical students. Results A total of 42 cases， including 30 females and 12 males， aged （69±12） years， were included in the test set， and 67 dysplastic hips were involved （30 on the left and 37 on the right） . The correlation of the AI， medical student， and AI-assisted medical student assessment results with the gold standard was 0.906［ 95% CI（ 0.850， 0.941）］， 0.823［ 95% CI（ 0.726， 0.887）］， 0.886［ 95% CI（0.821， 0.929）］ . The accuracy of AI， medical students and AI-assisted medical students was 0.87， 0.78 and 0.88， the precision was 0.88，0.83 and 0.89， the recall rate was 0.87，0.78 and 0.88， and F1 value was 0.87，0.80 and 0.88， respectively. The results ofthe confusion matrices and conditional probabilities showed that the accuracy of the three groups of type Ⅰ were 0.98，0.88，0.96， and 0.40，0.20，0.40 for type Ⅱ trio， and 0.56，0.67，0.78 for type Ⅲ trio， and 0.88，0.75，0.88 for type Ⅳ trio. Conclusion Deep learning-assisted diagnostic system can effectively improve the medical students' assessment of the DDH patients with various types of DDH， and can be used as a training tool for medical students to learn and master the diagnosis of DDH imaging. Related Articles | Metrics

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Designing biological tissues from the bottom-up using bioprinting technology SHEN Lihong, ZHAN Yichen, JIANG Wenbin, et al 2024, 20 (1):  121.  Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (1217KB) ( 50 )   】 The field of tissue engineering has grown considerably over the decades as the demand for tissues and organs continues to grow. However， recreating functional tissues and organs is still a great challenge. In recent years， a number of researchers have proposed a “bottom-up” tissue engineering strategy to construct physiologically functional tissues. This strategy consists of two key steps： First， the construction of modular tissues， followed by the assembly of tissue modules. Bioprinting technology has been widely used in “bottom-up” tissue construction studies due to its high degree of automation， superior ability in high-precision tissue engineering， and potential for building multi-component tissues. In this review， the technologies applied to modular tissue fabrication and assembly were summarized， with a special focus on the mechanisms and applications of “bottom-up” bioprinting. Finally， the future trends of “bottom-up” tissue engineering were summarized， hoping to provide useful references and inspirations for researchers in this field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthetic biology is driving regenerative medicine innovation：From cell engineering to organ repair TIAN Baoxing, HOU Mengjie, WANG Bin 2024, 20 (1):  129.  Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (1176KB) ( 89 )   With the rapid development of synthetic biology， its combination with regenerative medicine has opened up new pathways for cell engineering and organ repair. Synthetic biology techniques can be used to precisely repair genetic defects， reprogram mature cells into induced pluripotent stem cells， and perform targeted differentiation for regenerative medical treatment of patients' own cells. In addition， synthetic biology can also be applied to design tissue engineering materials and 3D printing artificial organs. Despite the challenges such as biosafety and ethics， the progress in synthetic biology will drive the development of regenerative medicine towards precision and personalized treatment. The convergence of synthetic biology and regenerative medicine will facilitate further improvements and innovations in various core technologies for the advancement of regenerative medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and advances of double network hydrogel in the field of medicine and health ZHANG Canxuan, FENG Yujin, HE Qiyuan, et al 2024, 20 (1):  135.  Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (1234KB) ( 123 )   Double network （DN） hydrogel is a kind of bioadhesive polymers with three-dimensional network structure. The traditional single network hydrogel is strengthened by forming interpenetrating polymer network of rigid network and flexible network， which has high mechanical strength and toughness， and is widely used in the field of medicine and health. In recent years， a variety of new DN hydrogels have emerged continuously， which endows traditional DN hydrogels with more advantages such as rapid gelation and strong tissue adhesion， and further expands the application of DN hydrogels. In this paper， the application and development status of DN hydrogel in the field of medicine and health in recent years were reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of malignant tumor secondary to craniofacial fibrous dysplasia CHENG Wenjie, TANG Xiaojun 2024, 20 (1):  142.  Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1174KB) ( 14 )   Fibrous dysplasia （FD） is a benign disease caused by the replacement of normal bone tissue by abnormal fibrous-bone connective tissue， often occurring in the craniofacial area， with malignancy being one of the most devastating progressions. Its poorly understood risk factors and pathogenesis， potentially fulminant clinical manifestations， and advanced spread make craniofacial fibrous dysplasia malignant a challenge. In this paper， the pathogenesis， clinical manifestations， treatments， and prognosis of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia malignant were reviewed to provide a reference for its clinical diagnosis， treatment， and further research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the contents and methods of preoperative evaluation of autologous costal cartilage transplantation WANG Baohong, CHEN Xia, ZHANG Ruhong 2024, 20 (1):  147.  Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (1153KB) ( 21 )   Autologous costal cartilage is generally used in the reparation and reconstruction of facial deformity because of its favourable biological properties. Nevertheless， the characteristics of costal cartilage can be influenced by certain factors as age， gender and endocrine， which might significantly affect the aesthetics and stability of cartilage framework. Therefore， an accurate preoperative evaluation of cartilage characteristics can be of great help for harvest and carving intraoperatively and the management of complications after surgery. In this paper， the evaluation of length， width， thickness， calcification and honeycombed phenomenon via X-ray， CT and ultrasonography was reviewed， and the future trend of accurate evaluation of costal cartilage properties was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical treatment of nasolabial fold depression· WANG Suyao, WU Di 2024, 20 (1):  151.  Abstract ( 29 )   PDF (1188KB) ( 45 )   Nasolabial depressions are formed due to a complex of sagging and laxity of the cheek skin and subcutaneous fat， muscle overactivity， etc. Overly pronounced nasolabial depressions can create aesthetic problems and become a hot topic of research for facial rejuvenation in recent years . Various treatments have been developed to improve their appearance. In this article， the treatment methods for nasolabial depressions in recent years were reviewed to summarize and compare various improvement options for nasolabial depressions Related Articles | Metrics