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01 April 2025, Volume 21 Issue 2 Previous Issue   

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The strategy and technical points of harvesting outer muscle-sparing pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps HUANG Xiang, ZHANG Tianyi, SONG Dajiang, et al 2025, 21 (2):  113.  Abstract ( 39 )   PDF (15552KB) ( 11 )   Objective　To explore the strategy and technical points of harvesting outer muscle-sparing pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous （ms-TRAM） flaps to improve the blood safety. Methods　 From June 2020 to March 2023， 47 female patients with breast cancer were treated with different forms of ms-TRAM flaps to complete unilateral autologous breast reconstruction. Specifically， there were 31 cases of immediate breast reconstruction， 3 cases of immediate delayed breast reconstruction， and 13 cases of delayed breast reconstruction. There are three specific forms of skin flaps included： unilateral outer ms-TRAM flaps combined with traditional pedicled rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps （16 sides）， unilateral ms-TRAM flaps combined with free rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps transplantation （14 cases），and bilateral outer ms-TRAM flaps （17 cases）. Intraoperative fluorescence contrast was used to assess the inferior vascular pedicle carried by ms-TRAM flaps preserving the lateral rectus abdominis muscle when the flap was poorly vascularized. Results　 A total of 24 patients with lateral rectus abdominis muscle preserved had malvascularity， and 21 of them had additional anastomosis of subabdominal vascular pedicle carried by ms-TRAM flaps retaining lateral rectus abdominis muscle， preserving all the flaps successfully survived without obvious complications. The other 3 cases were not treated with special treatments， including 2 cases of partial necrosis， which healed after resection of the necrotic part and conservative dressing change， and 1 case was remedied with pedicle latissimus dorsi flap. After 12-36 months of follow-up， with an average of 23.9 months， the shape of the reconstructed breast was acceptable， the texture was satisfactory， and the basic symmetry was presented. Only linear scars were left in the donor area and the breast recipient area， and the abdominal wall function was not significantly affected. Conclusion　ms-TRAM with preservation of the lateral rectus abdominis muscle is limited by anatomical defects and unstable vascularization， and additional anastomosis of the subabdominal vascular pedicle pressurizes the flap to ensure safe vascularization. Related Articles | Metrics

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DSA observations of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius arteries and their use in flap grafting ZHANG Haiyu, ZHONG Haiyan, CHEN Yong, et al 2025, 21 (2):  119.  Abstract ( 32 )   PDF (7846KB) ( 5 )   Objective　To observe the course and branches of the medial and lateral sural arteries using digital subtraction angiography（ DSA） and to guide the application of perforator flaps from these arteries in repairing wounds in the middle and upper segments of the lower leg. Methods　A total of 10 patients with deep defects in the middle and upper segment of lower leg who received medial or lateral sural artery perforator flap transplantation were included in this study from September 2021 to September 2023. Preoperative DSA was performed to assess the course and branching patterns of the medial and lateral sural arteries. Additionally， handheld Doppler ultrasonography was utilized to precisely locate the perforators. The flaps were designed based on the location and size of the wound. The donor sites were either directly sutured or repaired by skin grafting. Postoperative follow-up was conducted to evaluate the recovery of limb function. Results　DSA revealed that the medial and lateral sural arteries descended from the popliteal artery， entering the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle， respectively. Based on the number of descending branches， the arteries were classified into four types： Type I （one main vessel trunk with no branches， 7 cases）， type IIA（ the main vessel formed 2 branches above the knee joint， 3 cases）， type IIB（ the main vessel formed 2 branches below the knee joint， 4 cases）， and type Ⅲ（ the main vessel formed ≥3 branches， 6 cases）. The diameters of the medial and lateral sural arteries at their origin were （1.59±0.6） mm and （1.47±0.58） mm， respectively. Handheld Doppler ultrasonography detected 1 to 4 perforators， with a mean of 2. All medial and lateral sural  artery perforator flaps survived successfully. Follow-up showed that the color， texture， and appearance of the flap was satisfactory and that the function of the affected limbs were restored. Conclusion　DSA can provide clear visualization of the course and branching patterns of the medial and lateral sural arteries. Combined with handheld Doppler ultrasonography detection for perforators， it can effectively guide the preoperative design and intraoperative dissection of perforator flaps supplied by these arteries. Medical and lateral sural perforator flaps can achieve favorable outcomes in wound repair of the middle and upper segments of the lower leg. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical observation of early rehabilitation training after free flap repair of foot and ankle soft tissue defects LI Xiaobing, LIU Hongjun, YANG Chao, et al 2025, 21 (2):  125.  Abstract ( 32 )   PDF (6186KB) ( 12 )   Objective　To explore the clinical effect of early rehabilitation training of foot and ankle joint after repairing soft tissue defect with free flap. Methods　A total of 32 patients with foot and ankle soft tissue defects who were treated in our department from January 2018 to January 2022 were selected. The control group included 15 patients who did not receive rehabilitation treatment after free flap transplantation. The observation group consisted of 17 patients who received early rehabilitation training after free flap transplantation. The tissue defect wound of all patients involved ankle joint skin， accompanied by tendon and bone exposure. The area of the patient’s wound after debridement was 7.0 cm×3.0 cm~25.0 cm× 23.0 cm， and the femoral anterolateral free flap was transplanted to repair the wound. The area of skin flap was 9.0 cm×4.0 cm~ 27.0 cm×15.0 cm. The survival of the flap， the healing time of the wound after flap transplantation and the occurrence of complications were recorded. The patients in the observation group began the rehabilitation training of the affected foot 4 days  after operation until they were discharged from hospital. AOFAS scoring system of American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Association was used to evaluate the function of foot and ankle before operation， 3 weeks after operation and 6 months after operation. Barthel index was used to evaluate the activity of daily living （ADL） of patients before operation， 3 weeks after operation and 6 months after operation. At the same time， patient satisfaction was recorded 6 months after operation. Results　All the 32 flaps survived， while 2 cases in the observation group and 2 cases in the control group had partial tissue necrosis at the edge of the flap， and recovered after dressing change. The wound healing time of the observation group was （16.35±2.83） days， which was less than that of the control group （18.67±3.22） days（ P<0.05）. All patients had good skin flap texture and appearance， and no secondary scar and joint release surgery was performed. No skin ulcers， amputations or deaths occurred during follow-up. There was no significant difference in AOFAS score and ADL score between the observation group and the control group before operation（ P>0.05）. At 3 weeks and 6 months after surgery， AOFAS score and ADL score of foot and ankle function in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group（ P<0.05）. The satisfaction of patients in observation group was slightly higher than that in control group， and the difference was not statistically significant （Z=-0.937， P>0.05）. Conclusion　 The intervention of early rehabilitation training after free skin flap transplantation for soft tissue injury of foot and ankle can significantly improve the joint function of foot and ankle， improve the patients' self-care ability in daily life， and have long-term effects Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect observation on the characteristic treatment of traditional Chinese medicine surgery in lower limb erysipelas SHENG Xuehua, LI Song, ZHOU Liqing, et al 2025, 21 (2):  130.  Abstract ( 44 )   PDF (3756KB) ( 10 )   Objective　 To explore the characteristic curative effect of erysipelas in lower limbs in traditional Chinese medicine surgery. Methods　The cases of erysipelas in lower limbs were collected in outpatient department， and treated by TCM surgical characteristics and nursing in different stages， and the improvement of clinical symptoms was compared. Results　 The special treatment of traditional Chinese medicine surgery can alleviate the clinical symptoms of erysipelas in lower limbs， and the total effective rate is over 97.14% after one week's observation. Conclusion　The characteristic therapy of traditional Chinese medicine surgery can improve the clinical symptoms of erysipelas in lower limbs， which is worth popularizing in clinic. Related Articles | Metrics

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The perioperative nursing of breast reconstruction using profunda artery perforator（ PAP） flap ZHOU Xiaoping, DI Meihua, HE Minmin 2025, 21 (2):  134.  Abstract ( 30 )   PDF (1040KB) ( 5 )   Objective　 To explore the perioperative nursing care for patients undergoing breast reconstruction with profunda artery perforator （PAP） flap. Methods　Sixteen patients who underwent breast reconstruction with PAP flap were provided with preoperative psychological care， dietary preparation， postoperative dietary care， and local wound care. Clinical nursing points were summarized. Results　The patients recovered well after surgery， were satisfied with the surgical outcomes， and were discharged smoothly. Conclusion　Close observation of the dynamic changes in the patient's condition， along with sufficient， standardized， and effective nursing are important guarantees for the success of the surgery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the causes of expansion failure in skin soft tissue expansion surgery and their nursing countermeasures YANG Lan, WU Ying, JIANG Xue, et al 2025, 21 (2):  138.  Abstract ( 43 )   PDF (1008KB) ( 9 )   Objective　 To identify the causes of expansion failure during skin soft tissue expansion surgery within a retrospective cohort， and propose effective nursing strategies to reduce the failure rate and improve patient outcomes. Methods　A retrospective analysis was conducted on 58 cases receiving skin soft tissue expansion surgery in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery from November 2022 to January 2024. The number of cases of expansion failure and its failure reasons were counted， and the improvement measures were put forward based on clinical nursing experience. Results　Out of 95 expansion attempts， 83 cases were successful， and 12 cases failed. The main causes of failure expansion included leakage of the expander（ 8 cases）， syringe leakage（ 2 cases）， flap necrosis（ 1 case）， and flap infection（ 1 case）. Among those expansion cases that exceeded the rated volume by more than 2 times， the proportion of expansion failure was about 10.6%， which was not statistically significant compared with the total expansion failure rate（ 12/95， 12.6%， P>0.05）， indicating that excess expansion did not increase the risk of expansion failure. Conclusion　Expansion failure in skin soft tissue expansion surgery is mainly related to leakage of equipment， flap infection and necrosis. In view of these reasons， nursing measures such as strengthening aseptic operation， appropriately selecting needles and injection techniques， and closely monitoring the blood supply of the flap could significantly reduce the occurrence of failure expansion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experience in the treatment of 6 cases of acute necrotizing fasciitis LI Qinglin 2025, 21 (2):  142.  Abstract ( 36 )   PDF (7719KB) ( 13 )   Objective　 To summarize the treatment experience of acute necrotizing fasciitis and provide reference for clinical practice. Methods　A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of six patients with acute necrotizing fasciitis from June 2021 to October 2024. The changes in wound characteristics， abnormal laboratory indicators， surgical methods and frequency， treatment of complications， length of hospital stay， and follow-up of wounds after discharge were analyzed. Results　After admission， all the 6 patients had fever， elevated hemogram， and excessive inflammatory indexes of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. One patient had extensive redness， swelling， and pain in the right thigh skin， with high skin temperature， tenderness， and obvious fluctuant sensation. In addition， five patients had skin ulceration and necrosis accompanied by exudate， and the surrounding skin was red， swollen， hot， and painful. Five patients had a history of type 2 diabetes， two patients had stage IV pressure sores in the ischial tuberosity （one was bilateral）， and one patient had grayblack erosion and necrosis of the second and third toes of the right foot. After admission， all patients received empirical anti infective treatment by intravenous drip of antibiotics， and actively regulated blood glucose. After 2-6 days， all patients received wound debridement and vacuum sealing drainage， and then adjusted the anti infective treatment of antibiotics according to the results of wound bacterial culture. All patients had anemia， electrolyte disorder， hypoproteinemia and  abnormal coagulation function， and were given corresponding symptomatic treatment. Two cases were complicated with pleural effusion， and one case received closed thoracic drainage. All patients were treated with debridement and vacuum sealing drainage， and the method of“ conservative debridement of superficial fascia and thorough debridement of deep fascia” was adopted. Among them， 1 case underwent 6 times of debridement and vacuum sealing drainage， 3 cases underwent 1 time， 1 case underwent 2 times， and 1 case reached the repair standard of granulation tissue bright red and no inflammatory reaction after 3 times. Five patients’ wounds were closed by direct suture， one patient received skin graft closure and toe amputation， and the patient with sciatic nodule pressure ulcer received gluteus maximus myocutaneous flap repair at the same time. After debridement and vacuum sealing drainage， the inflammatory indexes of all patients decreased significantly， the body temperature gradually returned to normal， and the abnormal laboratory indexes gradually tended to be normal. The hospital stay was 24-91 days. No recurrence of necrotizing fasciitis was found during the follow-up of 3-40 months after discharge. Conclusion　 The treatment of acute necrotizing fasciitis needs to consider many factors. Active anti infection treatment， blood glucose control and correction of abnormal laboratory indicators to maintain the balance of the body’s internal environment are the basis of treatment. Early conservative debridement of superficial fascia and thorough debridement of deep fascia combined with vacuum sealing drainage are very important to control the progress of the disease， which can retain the skin tissue on the surface of necrotic fascia to the greatest extent. After the granulation tissue of the wound is fresh and has no inflammatory reaction， the wound can be effectively cured by direct suture or skin grafting. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in mesenchymal stem cells secretome for the treatment of chronic wounds WANG Jiaxin, DUAN Yuren, WANG Xiaobing 2025, 21 (2):  148.  Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (1108KB) ( 7 )   Mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） are widely used in the field of repair and regeneration because of their numerous biological effects. However， MSC cell therapy for chronic wounds has a number of drawbacks， including a limited ability to homing living cells， a lower survival rate， and the possibility of malignant differentiation. Recent advances have been made in the study of MSCs secretome， and cell-free therapy based on MSC secretome is considered to be a novel strategy for enhancing MSC bioavailability to treat chronic wounds. In this paper， the benefits of MSC secretome therapy， the mechanism by which the secretome acts on the wound， preconditioning methods to improve the secretome therapeutic potential were all discussed， and the research status of MSCs conditioned medium and MSCs extracellular vesicles was summarized， laying the groundwork for future clinical trials. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of estrogen and wound healing WU Weimin, XIA Ming, WEN Lixia 2025, 21 (2):  157.  Abstract ( 44 )   PDF (1037KB) ( 5 )   Studies have shown that estrogen plays a role in the four healing stages of hemostasis， inflammation， proliferation， and remodeling. It can regulate immune cells， fibroblasts， keratinocytes and other cells involved in healing through a variety of signaling pathways， reduce inflammatory response， promote cell proliferation and migration， regulate collagen synthesis and degradation， and accelerate wound healing. Topical application of estrogen or similar compounds has shown the potential to promote wound healing in animal experiments， but more research is needed to verify its efficacy and safety in clinical practice. The regulatory mechanism of estrogen on wound healing is complex， which needs further research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Single-cell sequencing of spontaneous regressed giant congenital melanocytic nevus（ GCMN） JIN Jiamin, LAI Bohan, GU Jieyu, et al 2025, 21 (2):  162.  Abstract ( 40 )   PDF (6029KB) ( 6 )   Objective　To explore the cellular turnover and biological mechanisms underlying the spontaneous regression of giant congenital melanocytic nevus（ GCMN）. Methods　10× single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on normal skin， depigmented nevus， and non-regressed nevus from patients with spontaneous regressed GCMN. Raw data were first used to quantify gene expression， followed by dimensionality reduction， clustering， cell population identification， and visualization. Cell populations were annotated based on differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， and pathway enrichment and visualization of DEGs were carried out. Finally， histological staining was performed for validation. Results　 In GCMN， melanocytes constituted the largest proportion. During the regression process， the number of melanocytes decreased， while keratinocytes and fibroblasts increased. Immune cells exhibited a coexistence of both immune activation and suppression. In regressed tissues， melanocytes also expressed keratinocyte marker genes， while fibroblasts were enriched in pathways related to proliferation and extracellular matrix. Immunofluorescence staining revealed cells co-expressing SOX10 and Keratin， and pseudotime analysis indicated a transition of melanocytes into keratinocytes. Conclusion　The regression of GCMN is a longterm chronic inflammatory process， during which melanocytes undergo transformation and detach from the epidermal layer. Fibroblasts contribute to tissue repair and reconstruction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the mechanism of tolvaptan inhibiting melanogenesis in B16F10 cells XU Jiacheng, CEN Qingqing, ZHU Cuicui, et al 2025, 21 (2):  172.  Abstract ( 33 )   PDF (1529KB) ( 8 )   Objective　 To investigate the effects and mechanism of tolvaptan on melanogenesis. Methods　 This study used B16F10 cells as a model. The effects of tolvaptan on cell viability and melanin content were evaluated through cell viability assays and melanin content quantification. The effect of tolvaptan on tyrosinase （TYR） activity was observed by tyrosinase activity detection. Western blot analysis was employed to investigate the impact of tolvaptan on the expression levels of TYR family proteins and other key proteins involved in melanogenesis. Results　Cell viability assays and melanin content quantification demonstrated that tolvaptan significantly reduced intracellular melanin levels without compromising cellular viability. Tyrosinase activity assays revealed no inhibitory effect of tolvaptan on TYR catalytic function. Western blot analysis indicated that tolvaptan downregulated the protein expression of TYR family members， microphthalmia-associated transcription factor （MITF）， cAMP-responsive element-binding protein （CREB）， and melanocortin 1 receptor （MC1R）. Conclusion　Tolvaptan can inhibit melanogenesis， and the molecular mechanism may be achieved through the MC1R/cAMP signaling pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

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Observation of the therapeutic effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy combined with ultrasound in ameliorating scar 　indentation and adhesion LI Xin, XUE Yaxin, XU Jia, et al 2025, 21 (2):  178.  Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (4989KB) ( 6 )   Objective　To observe the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy （ESWT） combined with ultrasound on the improvement of scar indentation and adhesion. Methods　A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 46 patients with scar depression and adhesion who were treated at our department from January 2023 to December 2023. All patients had dynamic depression of the scar after wound healing and underwent conservative scar rehabilitation treatment at our department. According to whether ESWT was received or not， the patients were divided into control group and experimental group. The control group was treated with traditional ultrasound to improve scar adhesion， and the experimental group was treated with ESWT on the basis of ultrasound therapy. The patients’ scar skin images and thickness data were collected using a 14 MHz high-frequency ultrasound before and after treatment for 2 weeks， 4 weeks， 8 weeks， respectively. The Shore hardness meter was used to evaluate the hardness of the scars in each group， and the patients’ satisfaction with the treatment was recorded， along with any adverse events. Results　After 2 weeks， 4 weeks， and 8 weeks of treatment， the Bultrasound showed that the anterior-posterior diameter （scar thickness） of the control group and the experimental group decreased， and the change in the experimental group was more obvious （P<0.05）. After 2 weeks， 4 weeks， and 8 weeks of treatment， the hardness measured by the hardness meter in both groups showed a decrease in hardness， and the hardness of the scar in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group at each time point （P<0.05）. After 2 months of treatment， the satisfaction score of experimental group was significantly higher than that of control group（ P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hematoma and pain between the two groups （P>0.05）. Conclusion　 ESWT treatment can effectively reduce scar thickness and improve scar hardness on the basis of ultrasound treatment， and significantly improve the treatment satisfaction of patients and their families， which is worthy of promotion in the clinical treatment of scar depression and adhesion.  Related Articles | Metrics

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A surgical approach to correct the congenitally mild to moderate blepharoptosis MA Qiangliang, HOU Mengmeng, LIU Fei, et al 2025, 21 (2):  183.  Abstract ( 36 )   PDF (6801KB) ( 3 )   Objective　 To introduce a surgical method that not only for desirable correction of congenitally mild to moderate blepharoptosis but also achieve good-looking palpebral creases with a minimal scar. Methods　 To dissect and resect the levator aponeurosis-Müller's muscle complex， reposition the septal fat， and sandwich the complex top and septal fat into orbicularis oculi muscles with soft-soft linkage to correct blepharoptosis and form palpebral creases. Outcomes were evaluated by position change in the upper eyelid margin and double eyelid appearances pre- and post- operation. The overall subjective aesthetics in the eyes were evaluated by eyes symmetry， double eyelid appearances and incisional scar. Results　 A total of 54 patients（ 72 ptotic eyelids） were included in this study. Distance between palpebral superior margin and superior cornea edge was improved in both mild and moderate ptotic eyelids when compared their pre- and post- surgeries （P<0.05）. 86.12% eyelids achieved good correction. Satisfying symmetries between two eyes in the same patient were observed in 90.74% patients. Aesthetic outcomes in 94.44% patients were subjectively graded as good or moderate. Conclusion　The method proposed in this paper is a desirable method for correction of the congenital mild to moderate blepharoptosis as well as formation of natural and beautiful double eyelids.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Carving knife in biological 3D printing： Research and application of sacrificial ink LI Jing, GUO Ke 2025, 21 (2):  188.  Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (1026KB) ( 9 )   The core of bio-3D printing technology lies in the development and optimization of bio-ink. For a long time， researchers have been looking for bio-inks that can balance printability and cell function. However， traditional bio-inks often have limitations in meeting this balance， limiting the complexity and scale of printable structures. In recent years， the emergence of sacrifice inks has brought a major breakthrough in this field， allowing bio-inks that were originally not very suitable for printing to accurately construct larger and more complex structures. This ink is unique in that it is used to support and position the bio-ink， but is removed after printing is complete， not as part of the final printed structure， and the mild nature of the state transition and removal conditions allows for minimal damage to cell viability and print structure when the ink is“ sacrificed”. By the application of sacrifice inks， bioprinting technology can not only produce more realistic and complex tissue structures， but also is expected to provide broader application prospects for clinical treatment and regenerative medicine in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in animal models of critical-sized bone defects of long bones in evaluation of biodegradable metals LIU Kai, AIHEMAITIJIANG Yusufu 2025, 21 (2):  193.  Abstract ( 39 )   PDF (1030KB) ( 11 )   With increasing attention to biodegradable alloys for bone repair with good biocompatibility， mechanical properties， and osteogenic activity， the establishment of reproducible and practical animal models to evaluate their comprehensive performance plays an essential role before clinical application. Animal models such as rodents， rabbits， dogs， sheep， and pigs have been established to assess the availability and comparability of biodegradable alloys for bone repair， since their similar physiological and mechanical environment to the human body. Considering the differences in the size， quantity， implantation time， and biological response of biodegradable alloys for bone repair， low cost， easy access， tolerance to housing， and simple postoperative care and intervention procedure are important prerequisites for ideal animal models of critical-sized bone defects of long bone， to receive an adequate sample size in a short period. Therefore， the physiological characteristics， bone defect length， and repeatability of bone defect animal models using rodents， rabbits， dogs， sheep， and pigs were reviewed， to provide a reference for the study of biodegradable alloys. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biological characteristics and applications of mesenchymal stem cell membranes WANG Yuhuan, QIAN Shutong, HU Zheyuan, et al 2025, 21 (2):  198.  Abstract ( 44 )   PDF (2156KB) ( 6 )   Mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） have been widely applied in cell therapy due to their multipotent differentiation capabilities， homing properties， and immunoregulatory functions. MSC membranes and their derivatives retain the membrane composition and biological characteristics of the source cells， and have gradually become a new focus of drug delivery research. MSC membranes can not only target diseased tissues but also modulate host immune responses through immunoregulatory molecules， thereby assisting in therapy. They demonstrate excellent targeting ability and biocompatibility in the treatment of diseases such as inflammation and tumors. However， the specific composition and corresponding functions of MSC membranes still require further investigation， and challenges remain in large-scale production and preservation for clinical applications. In this paper， the biological characteristics of MSC membranes and their applications in drug delivery and disease treatment were summarized， and the potential of engineering modifications to enhance targeting efficiency and therapeutic potential was discussed， providing a reference for the development of novel cell membrane therapies and carrier systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the age-related changes in facial skin in Chinese women LU Nan, HUANG Tao, SONG Jiao, et al 2025, 21 (2):  205.  Abstract ( 40 )   PDF (1033KB) ( 8 )   Skin is the largest organ in the human body and serves as the boundary between the internal and external environments. The aging process of facial skin is influenced by various factors， such as exposure to sunlight， environmental pollution， and lifestyle habits. Over time， facial skin exhibits typical signs of aging， including wrinkles， sagging， roughness， pigmentation， uneven skin tone， dryness， and decreased elasticity. With the rapid development of the economy and people's pursuit of a high-quality life， the quest for face rejuvenation has gained increasing attention. In this paper， research progress of age-related changes in facial skin among Chinese women was reviewed to offer theoretical support for the development of skincare products and the treatment practices of dermatologists. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of case⁃based learning assisted by digitization in the clinical teaching of oral and cranio-maxillofacial deformities NIE Ping, YANG Zhi, YU Liyuan, et al 2025, 21 (2):  211.  Abstract ( 35 )   PDF (1914KB) ( 7 )   Objective　 To evaluate the application effect of case-based learning assisted by digitization in clinical teaching of oral and cranio-maxillofacial deformities. Methods　A total of 40 students from College of Stomatology， Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were randomly divided into control group （n=20） and experimental group （n=20）. Students in control group received traditional teaching method with theoretical lectures， while students in experimental group received CBL assisted by digitization teaching method on the basis of traditional theoretical lectures. Theoretical knowledge， practical comprehensive ability assessment scores， and questionnaire survey of two teaching methods were evaluated. Results　 In terms of theoretical scores and clinical practice assessments， the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group， with a statistically significant difference（ P<0.05）. The students' experience ratings in control group and experimental group were 6.1±0.64 and 8.5±0.76， respectively， with a statistically significant difference（ P<0.05）. Questionnaire surveys showed that CBL assisted by digitization teaching method had received more positive feedback from students in terms of lively， interesting， and satisfactory courses， compared to traditional teaching method. Conclusion　The  application of CBL assisted by digitization teaching method is helpful to improve students' mastery of theoretical knowledge and increase their learning interest， and is an effective teaching method for improving and enhancing the practical application of oral clinical teaching. Related Articles | Metrics