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01 June 2026, Volume 22 Issue 3 Previous Issue   

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Advances in the application of collagenase-based enzymatic debridement for chronic wound managemen TAO Kai 2026, 22 (3):  241.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1045KB) ( 4 )   Chronic wounds have emerged as a global public health concern， characterized by prolonged disease course， poor prognosis， and significant patient healthcare burden. Debridement， as a critical step in wound bed preparation， directly determines therapeutic outcomes. Enzymatic debridement refers to the selective application of enzymatic agents to necrotic tissue for targeted debridement. Among these， collagenase-based preparations are the most widely used and evidencesupported enzymatic debridement agents in clinical practice. They selectively degrade necrotic collagen without damaging healthy tissue， while also exerting multiple effects such as anti-inflammatory action， modulation of the wound microenvironment， promotion of granulation tissue formation， and enhancement of epithelialization. This article systematically reviews the historical development of enzymatic debridement， summarizes the mechanisms of collagenasebased preparations， and evaluates their clinical applications in burn wounds， diabetic foot ulcers， pressure ulcers， and vascular occlusive wounds. Furthermore， it provides insights based on the latest guidelines and research advancements to support standardized clinical practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tibial transverse transport combined with collagenase therapy for refractory diabetic foot ulcers LIU Ning, SONG Yang, CUI Xintao, et al 2026, 22 (3):  245.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (3433KB) ( 12 )   Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of tibial transverse transport （TTT） combined with collagenase in the treatment of refractory diabetic foot ulcers. Methods  A retrospective analysis was conducted on 40 patients with refractory diabetic foot ulcers who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted between September 2021 and September 2023. The 40 patients were divided into two groups： the collagenase group（ 22 patients） received treatment with TTT combined with collagenase ointment， while the non-collagenase group （18 patients） received TTT treatment alone. The clinical efficacy， follow-up results and auxiliary examination findings were compared between the two groups. Results The hospitalization time， antibiotic usage time， wound dressing frequency， and the reduction rate of wound area upon discharge in the collagenase group were all better than those in the non-collagenase group（ P<0.05）. During the follow-up period， the wound healing time in the collagenase group was shorter than that in the non-collagenase group （P<0.05）. One week after surgery and one month after surgery， the WBC， CRP， and ESR in the collagenase group were all better than those in the noncollagenase group（ P<0.05）. Conclusion The combination of TTT technology and collagenase for the treatment of refractory diabetic foot ulcers can improve distal limb blood supply while ensuring thorough debridement， thereby shortening treatment duration and reducing recurrence rates. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application and efficacy analysis of facial artery perforator myomucosal flap in the repair of soft tissue defects of the anterior buccal mucosa and oral commissure YI Liang, SONG Dajiang, ZHOU Bo, et al 2026, 22 (3):  252.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2952KB) ( 4 )   Objective To investigate the optimization of clinical application techniques， anatomical advantages and longterm functional efficacy of the facial artery perforator myomucosal flap （FAPMF） in the repair of soft tissue defects in the anterior buccal mucosa and oral commissure regions， with a focus on analyzing its unique value in complex recurrent cases and scenarios requiring oral commissure reconstruction. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 10 patients with soft tissue defects of the anterior buccal mucosa and oral commissure who underwent FAPMF repair from January 2025 to December 2025. Among them， 7 were male and 3 were female， aged 38 to 68 years with a mean age of 51.4 years. The etiologies included 8 cases of resection for recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma after surgery and 2 cases of oral commissure laceration caused by trauma， 5 cases had a history of radiotherapy. The defect size ranged from 2.0 cm×2.0 cm to 3.0 cm×3.0 cm. Preoperative dual localization of perforator vessels by computed tomography angiography （CTA） and highfrequency ultrasound was routinely performed. The surgical strategy focused on technical optimization： the“ bilobed flap plasty for oral commissure reconstruction” was implemented for oral commissure defects； For patients with poor tissue bed conditions after radiotherapy， the“ perforator augmentation” technique were adopted. Postoperative follow-up was conducted to observe flap survival rate， complications， mouth opening degree and aesthetic satisfaction （Visual analogue scale， VAS score）. Results All 10 surgeries were successfully completed without conversion to free flap repair. The FAPMF harvest time was 30 to 55 minutes with a mean of 41.2 minutes； The total surgical time was 95 to 165 minutes with a mean of 128.4 minutes. The intraoperative blood loss was 40 to 120 mL with a mean of 72.5 mL. All flaps survived postoperatively， and transient venous congestion occurred in 1 case， which was relieved after partial suture removal and local management. All donor sites were directly closed by primary suture and achieved primary healing. At 6 months postoperatively， the mouth opening degree was（ 36.45±1.54） mm， and the mean VAS score of patients for mucosal color matching and oral commissure morphology satisfaction was 9.0 points. Conclusion FAPMF is an ideal choice for repairing small and medium-sized defects of the anterior buccal mucosa and oral commissure due to its texture highly matching with oral mucosa， reliable perforator blood supply and flexible rotation arc. Through the optimal application of preoperative precise localization， intraoperative perforator augmentation and oral commissure plasty techniques， the repair risk of post-radiotherapy patients can be significantly reduced， and dual reconstruction of function and aesthetics can be achieved. It is especially suitable for complex cases with poor recipient vessel conditions or the need to preserve major facial blood vessels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical efficacy of type Ⅱb free anterolateral thigh chimeric flap for reconstruction of complex wounds LIU Zhiyuan, LI Hai, WU Xiangkui, et al 2026, 22 (3):  256.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2378KB) ( 3 )   Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Zunyi type Ⅱb free anterolateral thigh chimeric flap in repairing complex wounds. Methods  A retrospective cohort study was conducted， including 22 patients with complex wounds admitted between June 2021 and June 2024. All patients underwent repair and reconstruction using the Zunyi type Ⅱ b free anterolateral thigh chimeric flap. The flap was designed based on a single vascular pedicle with multiple perforator branches in a lobulated pattern and was customized according to the shape and number of wounds. The chimeric flap could combine skin with one or more tissue types， including fascia lata， muscle， and sensory nerve. The primary outcome measures included flap survival rate， complication rate， donor site morbidity， and long-term functional outcomes. Results Among the 22 patients， 7 underwent repair with flap+fascia lata， 8 with flap+muscle， and 7 with flap+sensory nerve. The overall flap survival rate was high. Only one patient developed vascular crisis on the night after surgery， and the flap survived after emergency exploration， resulting in an actual survival rate of 100% （22/22）. No donor site complications occurred in any patient. During a follow-up period of 6 to 24 months （median 11.5 months）， no adverse events such as ulcer recurrence， wound infection， or lobulated flap necrosis were observed. All patients achieved satisfactory outcomes in wound repair and functional reconstruction. Conclusion  The Zunyi type Ⅱ b free anterolateral thigh chimeric flap provides a reliable and flexible surgical option for complex wound repair. By integrating multiple tissue types into a single vascular pedicle and enabling lobulated design to simultaneously cover multiple or irregular wounds， this technique achieves effective tissue coverage， functional reconstruction， and long-term durability. These findings support the further clinical application of the Zunyi classification in repair and reconstruction strategies for complex wounds. Related Articles | Metrics

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HAMA/PEGDA/GelMA hydrogel loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes promotes the repair of full-thickness skin wounds GUO Cairu, WANG Haojie, MA Xiangyu, et al 2026, 22 (3):  261.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (4996KB) ( 3 )   Objective To prepare HAMA/PEGDA/GelMA hydrogel materials loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes （hADMSC-Exo） and explore their effect on the repair of full-thickness skin defects. Methods  hADMSC-Exo were extracted and identified by electron microscopy， particle size， and Western Blot. Composite hydrogel materials were constructed by photo-crosslinking. Their microstructure was detected by electron microscopy， and the exosome release characteristics were observed by extraction method. The extract of composite hydrogels was co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells（ hUVECs） to observe exosome uptake and cell migration. A mouse full-thickness skin defect model was established. On the 12th day after surgery， HE and Masson histological staining were used to evaluate the role in wound repair. Results  The composite hydrogel materials were successfully prepared. hADMSC-Exo could be slowly released and taken up by hUVECs， and significantly promoted cell migration （P<0.05）. Animal experiment results showed that on the 12th day， compared with the negative control group， the HAMA/PEGDA/GelMA+Exo group had a higher wound closure rate， better collagen deposition. Conclusion HAMA/PEGDA/GelMA composite hydrogels loaded with hADMSCExo can significantly accelerate the healing of full-thickness skin defects. The mechanism may be related to regulating the inflammatory response， promoting angiogenesis and collagen deposition， which provides experimental basis and a new strategy for the development of new wound coverage dressings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multidisciplinary treatment of limb contracture secondary to venous malformation CAI Ren, HAN Yifeng, FAN Xindong, et al 2026, 22 (3):  269.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (4853KB) ( 6 )   Objective To summarize the application of multidisciplinary treatment in the limb contracture secondary to venous malformation. Methods  From March 2024 to December 2024， the Interventional Ortho-Plastic Surgery Group admitted 15 patients with limb contracture secondary to venous malformation into the retrospective monocentric research， including 6 males and 9 females， aged from 9-27 years， with an average age of 17.8 years. Among them， there were 6 cases of wrist flexion deformity， 1 case of knee flexion deformity， 1 case of ankle dorsiflexion deformity， and 7 cases of equinus. All patients were treated with multidisciplinary treatment in our center. Microsurgical intratumorally resection technology were used to perform venous malformation resection， and then Ilizarov technique was used to perform external fixation and pinning in the anatomical safe area. The external fixator adapted to the patient's limb was installed and fixed， and then traction control was implemented to continuously and slowly correct limb contracture. At the same time， the resected lesion tissue was tested by the targeted next generation sequencing， and feasibility of oral targeted medication was evaluated according to the sequencing results combined with clinical manifestation. Results All 15 patients included did not experience nerve damage， abnormal bleeding， peripheral circulation disorder， obvious needle tract infection or deep vein thrombosis during the whole procedure. The patients were followed up for 2 to 6 months， with an average follow-up time of 3.7 months. All contracted limb deformities were satisfactorily corrected. Range of motion was corrected by 64%-100%， with an average percentage of 80.5%. Conclusion  The multidisciplinary treatment of limb contracture secondary to venous malformations was composed of microsurgical intratumoral dissection and resection of lesions， targeted medicine under the guidance of next-generation sequencing， and Ilizarov technique external fixation， which is proven safe and effective. Related Articles | Metrics

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RRehabilitation efficacy of a combined correction strategy for finger flexion deformity in children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita：A retrospective controlled study YU Qinyuan, WANG Bin, JIN Yanjun, et al 2026, 22 (3):  277.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (4475KB) ( 4 )   Objective To evaluate the rehabilitation efficacy of a combined correction strategy for finger flexion deformity in children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita （AMC）. Methods  This retrospective controlled study included 40 children aged 6 months to 2 years with AMC-associated finger flexion deformity treated between June 2022 and June 2024. The average follow-up period was 24 weeks. Twenty children who received combined correction strategy intervention were set as the experimental group， and 20 children whose families voluntarily gave up rehabilitation intervention were set as the control group. The intervention consisted of individualized orthotic management， manual stretching therapy， functional training， and family participation with regular follow-up. Outcomes were assessed at 6， 12， 18， and 24 weeks. Total active motion（ TAM）， fine motor performance， and parental satisfaction were compared between groups. Results No significant between-group differences were observed at baseline in TAM or fine motor scores （P>0.05）. At week 6， TAM in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group（ P<0.05）. However， at weeks 12， 18， and 24， TAM was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group （P<0.001）. Fine motor scores were significantly higher in the intervention group at all follow-up time points（ P<0.05 or P<0.001）. At 24 weeks， parental satisfaction was also significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group （P<0.001）. Conclusion The combined correction strategy may improve joint mobility， fine motor function， and parents’ satisfaction in children with AMC-related finger flexion deformity. This strategy has a good clinical application effect and is worthy of promotion and application in clinical rehabilitation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the therapeutic effect and infection related factors of artificial dermis combined with autologous split-thickness skin transplantation for the treatment of severe burn scar contracture YUAN Li, TIAN Junxia, JIN Siyu, et al 2026, 22 (3):  283.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1306KB) ( 5 )   Objective  To explore the efficacy of artificial dermis combined with autologous split-thickness skin transplantation in the treatment of severe burn scar contracture and to analyze the factors related to infection. Methods From January 2022 to February 2025， 120 patients with severe post­burn scar contracture treated in Burn Department of our hospital were enrolled. They were randomly divided into a control group （treated with autologous split­thickness skin grafting） and an observation group（ treated with artificial dermis combined with autologous split­thickness skin grafting）. Outcomes including skin graft survival rate， wound healing rate， adverse events， activities of daily living， scar status， and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Based on the occurrence of postoperative infection， patients were further classified into an infection group （n=13） and a non­infection group （n=107）， and the distribution characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed. Baseline data were collected and compared between the two groups. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for postoperative infection in severely burned patients， and a nomogram prediction model was constructed based on the results. The discrimination， calibration， and clinical utility of the model were evaluated using ROC curve， calibration curve， and decision curve analyses， respectively， to comprehensively assess its predictive performance. Results The observation group demonstrated superior outcomes compared to the control group in terms of skin graft survival rate， wound healing rate， ADL scores， VSS scores and BSHS-B scores， along with a lower incidence of adverse events（ P<0.05）. The postoperative infection rate was 10.83%， with Gram­negative bacteria being predominant （53.84%）. Logistic regression analysis identified age， length of hospital stay， and preoperative WBC count as independent risk factors for postoperative infection in severe burn patients. The nomogram prediction model showed an AUC of 0.883（ 95% CI： 0.767-0.999） on ROC analysis， with a sensitivity of 0.872 and specificity of 0.620. The Hosmer­Lemeshow goodness­of­fit test yielded χ² =12.95， P=0.114. Conclusion  The combination of artificial dermis with autologous split­thickness skin grafting promotes wound healing and improves functional and quality­of­life outcomes. Age， length of hospital stay， and preoperative WBC count are independent risk factors for postoperative infection. The nomogram model constructed based on these factors provides a quantitative tool for clinical risk assessment and intervention planning. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical observation of single-plane anatomical dissection of the levator palpebrae superioris complex combined with conjoint fascial sheath suspension for correction of severe ptosis HE Jianlin, WANG Xiaoxiao, ZHANG Binbin, et al 2026, 22 (3):  291.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2411KB) ( 6 )   Objective  To evaluate the clinical efficacy of single-plane anatomical dissection of the levator palpebrae superioris complex combined with conjoint fascial sheath （CFS） suspension in the correction of severe ptosis. Methods  A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 20 patients（ 22 eyes） with severe congenital ptosis from June 2020 to September 2024. The study included 12 males （14 eyes） and 8 females （8 eyes）， aged 11-35 years， with a mean age of 17.5 years. All patients received single-plane anatomical dissection of the levator palpebrae superioris complex combined with CFS suspension. At 6 months and 1 year after surgery， margin reflex distance 1（ MRD1）， defined as the distance from the midpoint of the upper eyelid margin to the corneal light reflex， was measured to evaluate surgical outcomes. Postoperative complications were also recorded. Results  Postoperatively， 16 eyes were classified as cured， with a cure rate of 72.7%； 4 eyes （18.1%） were improved ； and 2 eyes（ 9.2%） were ineffective . The MRD1 value at 6 months after the operation was（ 3.38±0.36） mm， and the MRD1 value at 1 year after the operation was （2.68±0.54） mm. One patient developed exposure keratitis due to improper postoperative care and recovered after symptomatic treatments. No other serious complications were observed. Conclusion Singleplane anatomical dissection of the levator palpebrae superioris complex combined with CFS suspension for the treatment of severe congenital ptosis has the advantages of less trauma， excellent efficacy and higher safety， and has certain clinical application value. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experience of postoperative management for Asian patients undergone facelif QIAN Jia, GU Jieyu, DUAN Ran, et al 2026, 22 (3):  295.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2005KB) ( 5 )   Objective To propose a standardized process for comprehensive management after wrinkle surgery， and to investigate the timing of hair washing post-surgery and its effect on overall postoperative complications and patient comfort. Methods  A review was conducted on 66 patients who underwent facial wrinkle surgery from December 2020 to August 2024， and the comprehensive management process for patients after wrinkle surgery was summarized. Simultaneously， patients were randomly divided into three groups： Pre-drain removal hair washing group （washing hair within 3 days postsurgery）， post-drain removal hair washing group（ washing hair between 3 to 7 days post-surgery）， and post-suture removal hair washing group （washing hair after 7 days post-surgery）. The incidences of wound redness and swelling， scar hyperplasia， and the postoperative comfort level of patients in the three groups were all collected. Results  The comprehensive management processes for patients after wrinkle surgery， including postoperative dressing methods， hair washing techniques， nursing care， positioning， follow-up procedures， postoperative diet， medication， and scar care， were all recorded in detail. In the three groups with different hair washing timings， there were no significant differences in the incidence of wound redness， swelling， or scar hyperplasia. However， in the first three days post-surgery， the pre-drain removal hair washing group reported the highest level of comfort. Conclusion  Based on the results of the randomized controlled study， hair can be washed before the removal of the drainage tube after facial wrinkle surgery. The ultimate effect of facial wrinkle surgery is related to comprehensive postoperative management， and the level of patient comfort significantly determines overall satisfaction with the treatment process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the application of low-temperature impact therapy after facial bone contouring surgery MA Liping, ZHOU Yanchun, BIAN Weiwei, et al 2026, 22 (3):  300.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2335KB) ( 5 )   Objective To explore the effect of low-temperature impact therapy in relieving postoperative swelling after facial bone contouring. Methods A total of 12 patients with an average age of（ 21.75±3.39） years who underwent bilateral mandibular angle ostectomy from October to November 2022， were included in this study. A split-mouth design was adopted， and the experimental side was determined by random sequence method， and the opposite side was used as the control side. All patients received routine postoperative care， and the experimental side received additional low-temperature impact therapy. The facial structure was recorded by a 3-dimensional laser scanner pre- and postoperatively. Geomagic Studio was used for alignment， visualization， and quantification of the swelling. The largest deviation value was adopted to assess the overall swelling. The 24-hour blood drainage volume and the incidence of postoperative complications were recorded. Results No skin necrosis or other complications occurred in all patients. The maximum swelling degree of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group on the 2nd， 3rd and 7th day after surgery， the difference was significant（ P<0.05）. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of drainage volume. Conclusion Low-temperature impact therapy is safe and effective in relieving postoperative swelling， which provides an effective auxiliary way of usual care after facial bone contouring. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular genetic analysis and phenotypic characterization of proximal symphalangism caused by novel heterozygous variants in the NOG gene：A report of two cases WANG Hongrui, WANG Yang, LI Xian 2026, 22 (3):  303.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (3765KB) ( 5 )   Objective  To investigate the clinical phenotypic characteristics and molecular genetic mechanisms of proximal symphalangism（ SYM1）， to analyze the potential pathogenic mechanisms of novel heterozygous variants in the NOG gene， and to expand its mutational spectrum. Methods  Two pediatric patients clinically diagnosed with SYM1 were enrolled. Their clinical data and family histories were collected. Whole-exome sequencing（ WES） was performed to identify candidate variants， followed by Sanger sequencing for familial co-segregation analysis. The pathogenicity of the identified variants was evaluated through population databases， in silico prediction tools， and cross-species conservation analysis， and classified according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics （ACMG）. Results Both patients presented with proximal interphalangeal joint fusion in the hands and feet， with one case additionally exhibiting talipes varus deformity. WES identified two previously unreported de novo heterozygous variants in the NOG gene： c.106G>A （p.Ala36Thr） and c.609_610delinsTT （p.Arg204Trp）. These variants were absent from population databases and were not detected in the parents， consistent with de novo occurrence. Multiple predictive tools suggested potential pathogenicity， and the affected residues were highly conserved across species. According to ACMG criteria， the variants were classified as “likely pathogenic” and“ pathogenic”， respectively. Conclusion This study reports two novel heterozygous variants in the NOG gene and establishes their association with SYM1， thereby further expanding the mutational spectrum of this gene. The findings highlight the critical role of the NOG/BMP signaling pathway in joint differentiation and tissue remodeling， providing a theoretical basis for molecular diagnosis and personalized treatment of related congenital malformations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pedicled anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap transfer for repair of large soft tissue defect in the gluteosacral region：A case report XU Weicheng, LIANG Zunhong, LIN Shishuai, et al 2026, 22 (3):  308.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2593KB) ( 7 )   A 17-year-old male patient sustained extensive avulsion injury of the gluteosacral and other regions with large soft tissue defects following traffic accident， complicated by hemorrhagic shock， open fractures of the pelvis and left femur， wound infection， and sciatic nerve exposure， with skin defect involving approximately 20% of total body surface area. Upon admission， an emergency green channel was established and multidisciplinary consultation was conducted. Wound debridement， vacuum sealing drainage， fracture reduction and fixation， and ileostomy were performed. After satisfactory granulation tissue formation was achieved in the wound， a 35 cm×18 cm pedicled anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap based on the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery was harvested and transferred in a retrograde manner for reconstruction of the primary defect， with split-thickness skin grafting performed at the donor site. Postoperative survival of both the flap and skin graft was satisfactory. Six-month follow-up examination demonstrated favorable sensory recovery and contour of the flap， with muscle strength graded as 5 and essentially normal function of the affected lower extremity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of organ-on-a-chip technology in the research of tumor brain metastasis#br# ZHENG Chengxi, DAI Lefei, WANG Shijun, et al 2026, 22 (3):  311.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1126KB) ( 6 )   In recent years， organ-on-a-chip technology has attracted increasing attention in the field of neurological disease research， particularly for its unique advantages in simulating the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier （BBB）. This technology uses microfluidic platforms to arrange key cell types， such as brain microvascular endothelial cells， pericytes， and astrocytes， in an orderly manner， enabling a highly biomimetic reconstruction of the BBB microenvironment in vitro. Compared with traditional Transwell models， organ-on-a-chip systems offer superior controllability and dynamic monitoring capabilities， making them suitable for drug permeability assessment and mechanistic studies. In the context of brain metastasis， these chips allow for the observation of tumor cell transmigration across the BBB and the analysis of their interactions with intracerebral cells， thereby supporting drug screening and therapeutic strategy optimization. This review introduces the fundamental structure and functions of the BBB， summarizes the technical principles， design strategies， and current challenges in BBB chip modeling， and highlights representative applications in brain metastasis research， providing new technological tools and insights for advancing precise diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical applications and critical quality attributes analysis of chondroitin sulfate based biomaterials KE Linnan, WEI Xiaojuan, MU Ruihong 2026, 22 (3):  319.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1331KB) ( 3 )   Chondroitin sulfate（ CS） is a major component of the extracellular matrix in living organisms and one of the naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans commonly used in clinical practices. It is an anionic glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid （GlcA） and N-acetylgalactosamine （GalNAc）. The hydroxyl groups at different carbon positions on the sugar backbone are typically modified by sulfate groups， and the sulfation patterns vary significantly depending on the tissue sources. This structural diversity underlies the broad applicability of CS across various clinical fields， while also posing challenges for quality control and regulation. Studies have shown that CS has been widely employed in diverse biomedical application fields， such as drug-controlled release systems， tissue repair and regeneration， ophthalmic viscoelastic devices， mucosal protective agents， and artificial skin substitutes. China is a major producer and exporter of CS raw materials. However， systematic research on the development and regulation of CS-based medical devices remains limited. There is a pressing need to establish comprehensive evaluation standards and regulatory frameworks to facilitate the translation of CS-based biomaterials from research to practical application. This article， for the first time， systematically outlines the critical quality attributes （CQAs） of CS-based biomaterials， aiming to provide guidance for innovative R&D， process parameter optimization， quality control， and regulatory oversight of such products. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances in the applications of recombinant humanized collagen type Ⅲ ZHOU Xiaoting, HAN Ying, WEI Cong, et al 2026, 22 (3):  324.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1109KB) ( 14 )   Recombinant humanized collagen is a full-length or partial amino acid sequence fragment encoded by a specific type of human collagen gene prepared by DNA recombination technology， or a combination containing human collagen functional fragments. Type Ⅲ collagen is a triple helix protein consisting of three identical α1 chains， encoded by the COL3A1 gene. Recombinant Ⅲ type humanized collagen（ RHC Ⅲ） has shown great potential for application in medical devices due to its good biological compatibility， cell adhesion， and functions of promoting new cell formation and cell growth. This article mainly focuses on the research and application status of RHC Ⅲ in the fields of tissue regeneration， medical cosmetology， immunotherapy， etc.， and makes prospects for the future development and application prospects of recombinant collagen. Related Articles | Metrics

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Creation and teaching application of artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis system for facial aesthetics JIANG Ruimin, LIU Ting, ZHANG Han, et al 2026, 22 (3):  330.  Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (6464KB) ( 3 )   Objective  To evaluate the application effect of a virtual simulation-assisted diagnosis system for facial aesthetics， based on medical artificial intelligence（ AI）， in the standardized training of clinical medicine students. Methods A total of 264 graduating clinical medicine students were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group（ n=132） and a control group（ n=132）. The experimental group received training using a hierarchical training system based on the AI platform （including 20 hours for anatomical cognition， 50 hours for virtual injection， and 30 hours for complication management）， while the control group received traditional teaching. Teaching outcomes were assessed through written examinations and operational skill assessments. Additionally， 172 trainees from 16 beauty institutions in Northeast Sichuan were surveyed to evaluate the platform's standardized education effectiveness and user experience. Results The assessment pass rate of the experimental group was 81.82%（ 108/132）， significantly higher than that of the control group（ 43.94%， 58/ 132）， with a statistically significant difference（ P<0.001）. Feedback from the beauty institutions indicated that 72.67%（ 125/ 172） of the trainees affirmed the platform's standardized education effectiveness， and 80.23% （138/172） expressed satisfaction with the overall user experience. Conclusion  The AI-based virtual simulation-assisted diagnosis system for facial aesthetics can effectively enhance the standardized diagnosis and treatment skills of clinical medicine students in the field of medical aesthetics. It demonstrates outstanding value in teaching and application， particularly in assisting diagnosis， risk avoidance， and personalized treatment planning. Related Articles | Metrics