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Table of Content

    13 October 2025, Volume 21 Issue 5 Previous Issue   
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    Principle and technology: Treatment strategies for severe blepharoptosis
    YANG Feng, SHEN Yrui, YANG Jun
    2025, 21 (5):  419. 
    Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1114KB) ( 8 )  
    hallenge. The frontalis muscle and levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LPS) are the two major sources of
    force for upper eyelid elevation. Centering on these two power sources, in the field of severe blepharoptosis treatment,surgical procedures such as frontalis muscle and its fascia suspension, frontalis muscle suspension with materials (synthetic or autologous/allogeneic materials), levator aponeurosis-Müller’s muscle complex advancement and shortening (or combined with partial tarsectomy), and conjoint fascial sheath (CFS) surgery have long been adopted by clinicians. However, there have always been controversies regarding their respective advantages and disadvantages as well as their indications. Different surgeons often make different choices based on their varying clinical experience and perspectives. It is precisely this divergence in the logic of different choices that leads to inconsistent decisions in specific clinical treatments, and results in uncertain and unstable treatment outcomes. To make the optimal choice and achieve the best results according to the characteristics of each clinical case, it is essential to understand the pathogenesis, be familiar with the anatomical physiology, clarify the characteristics and target indications of various surgical procedures, optimize the technical process of each procedure, and sort out the logic for surgical procedure selection.
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    Correction of severe blepharoptosis using tarsectomy combined with bridge technique
    SHEN Yrui, WANG Liqian, YU Wenjie, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  425. 
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (3671KB) ( 9 )  
    Objective To propose and verify the effectiveness of a new surgical method for correcting severe blepharoptosis that integrates both functional and aesthetic rehabilitation. Methods A total of 115 patients (149 eyes) with severe blepharoptosis were treated using the bridge technique (physiological levator aponeurosis complex repositioning)
    combined with tarsectomy, and were followed up to evaluate the postoperative outcomes and complications. During the operation, after separating the levator aponeurosis-Müller muscle complex from the tarsus, part of the complex and tarsus were resected, and a three-layer suture technique was used to physiologically reconstruct the levator palpebrae superioris motor system. Postoperative evaluation included the margin reflex distance 1(MRD1), the position and morphology of the upper eyelid, the symmetry of double eyelids, and the incidence of complications. Results Among the 149 eyes, except for 5 eyes, all achieved good or moderate results, with the eyelids lifted to a normal level and natural appearance. Some cases showed incomplete eyelid closure in the early postoperative period, and no exposure keratitis occurred. Conclusion The bridge technique combined with tarsectomy can be effectively used for the correction of severe blepharoptosis, achieving satisfactory cosmetic and functional reconstruction.
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    Efficacy of a modified conjoint fascial sheath suspension technique with tri-plane dissection and double omega suture for severe blepharoptosis correction
    XI Wenwen, HE Ziqing, CHEN Jie, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  430. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (7233KB) ( 7 )  
     Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a modified conjoint fascial sheath (CFS) suspension
    technique incorporating tri-plane dissection and double omega suture for the correction of severe blepharoptosis, and to establish a standardized surgical protocol. Methods In this retrospective cohort study,151 patients (177 eyes) with severe blepharoptosis treated between August 2023 and December 2024 were enrolled. Participants were divided into two groups, a conventional CFS suspension group (75 patients,85 eyes) and a modified CFS group (76 patients,92 eyes) that underwent tri-plane dissection combined with double omega suture technique. Surgical efficacy, eyelid retraction, lagophthalmos, complication rates, and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Results The modified technique demonstrated significantly higher overall correction efficacy (96.74% vs 87.06%;χ² = 5.697,P=0.017), lower complication rate (χ²=4.247,P=0.039), and complete avoidance of conjunctival prolapse. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the modified group (93.42% vs 81.33%;χ² =5.008,P=0.0252). Conclusion The modified CFS technique utilizing tri-plane dissection and double omega suture represents a safe, effective, and standardized approach for severe blepharoptosis correction. This innovative method enhances surgical outcomes through refined anatomical dissection, biomechanical optimization, and suture technique innovation, demonstrating significant clinical applicability.
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    Check ligament suspension for correction of severe congenital blepharoptosis
    CANG Zhengqiang, HAO Dongyue, SUN Liming, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  436. 
    Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (5600KB) ( 5 )  
    Objective To explore the surgical effect of Check ligament suspension in the treatment of severe congenital
    ptosis. Methods This was a single institution retrospective study that included patients who underwent check ligament suspension for severe congenital blepharoptosis from June of 2022 to December of 2023. Preoperative data collected included age, sex, margin reflex distance 1 (MRD1), levator function, and lagophthalmos. Postoperative evaluation including correction result, eyelid closure function was performed at the last follow-up. Results A total of 86 patients (125 eyes) were included in this study. There was a significant improvement between the post- and pre-operative MRD1(P<0.001), and 115 eyes showed successful correction. Postoperatively, the mean residual lagophthalmos was (0.58±0.57) mm, and 119 eyes showed excellent or good eyelid closure function. Conclusion Check ligament suspension can achieve good correction effect in the treatment of severe congenital ptosis with few complications, such as insufficient correction, residual lagophthalmos, and conjunctival prolapse.
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    The experience of using the fan-shaped frontalis flap to correct congenital severe ptosis
    DING Feixue, ZHU Huiming, WANG Zi
    2025, 21 (5):  441. 
    Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (8537KB) ( 7 )  
    Objective To evaluate the surgical outcomes of fan-shaped frontalis fascial flap suspension for correcting congenital severe blepharoptosis. Methods A retrospective review was conducted on patients with congenital severe blepharoptosis treated with fan-shaped frontalis fascial flap suspension between January 2021 and February 2022. Results Ninety-nine patients (43 bilateral,56 unilateral;142 eyes) aged 3-15 years were followed for 6-48 months. Ninety patients achieved satisfactory results without requiring secondary surgery. Among these,30 patients exhibited immediate postoperative lagophthalmos, which resolved spontaneously within 6 months. Nine patients (3 bilateral,6 unilateral;9 eyes total) with undercorrection underwent successful secondary surgery after 6 months. Five patients developed superior fornix prolapse within 2 weeks postoperatively, which resolved with ointment application and pressure dressing. At follow-up (6 months to 4 years), all patients with simple congenital severe blepharoptosis showed upper eyelid margins ≥1 mm above the pupillary superior margin (MRD1>2 mm). All 6 patients with blepharophimosis syndrome exhibited upper eyelid descent to the pupillary superior margin (MRD1=2 mm) but maintained normal visual development without requiring secondary surgery. Two patients with Marcus Gunn syndrome achieved complete ptosis correction with significant reduction in jaw-winking. All patients demonstrated upper eyelid lag on down-gaze. Although mild nocturnal lagophthalmos persisted in 10 patients, all had positive Bell's phenomenon and none developed exposure keratitis. No complications such as entropion, ectropion, late exposure keratitis, or long-term sequelae were observed. Conclusion The single-eyelid crease incision approach for fan shaped frontalis fascial flap suspension provides direct surgical access without additional incisions or synthetic materials, eliminating risks of rejection. This technique is safe and effective for congenital severe blepharoptosis, including cases of Marcus Gunn syndrome and blepharophimosis syndrome.
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    Surgical correction strategy and outcome analysis of blepharoptosis in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
    QIN Bibxuan, ZHANG Ju, HOU Zhijia, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  447. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (5466KB) ( 6 )  
    Objective To explore the surgical correction strategy and outcome of blepharoptosis in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Methods It was a retrospective case series study. The clinical records of 8 OPMD patients treated by
    the same oculoplastic surgeon between January 2015 and December 2023 were analyzed. In the 8 patients,5 were male and 3 were female. The range of age was 55-64 years. All of the participants received massive levator resection for the correction of blepharoptosis. The preoperative and postoperative degree of change in upper eyelid height was measured. Paired sample t test was used to compare the preoperative and postoperative data. Results Postoperative follow up for patient was conducted for 6-73 months. All patients achieved satisfactory eyelid height within 6 months postoperatively. Mild blepharoptosis recurred in2 patient three and five years after surgery. The rest cases showed no recurrence. At 6 months postoperatively, the palpebral fissure height increased by (3.25±1.00) mm, and the MRD1 increased by (3.13±1.03) mm. The differences between the preoperative and postoperative data were significant (t=13.000,P=0.000;t=12.199,P=0.000). Transient mild corneal epithelial defects occurred in 6 patients due to incomplete closure, which resolved by intensified ocular surface management. Conclusion Massive levator resection is an effective method for the correction of blepharoptosis in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, with good aesthetic outcome, low recurrence rate and few complications
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    A continuous and high-efficiency method for culturing human skin fibroblasts
    HU Jinhong, LIU Pengchao, LIANG Yakun, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  452. 
    Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (3297KB) ( 8 )  
    Objective To enhance the isolation efficiency of human skin fibroblasts (hSFs), minimize tissue explant
    consumption, and shorten the cell culture period. Methods HSFs were isolated using a modified explant culture method (15-min room-temperature trypsin digestion followed by explant culture). After passaging, adherent cells were further expanded using a repeated plating technique (re-seeding tissue explants into new culture dishes). Cells isolated via the modified explant method were designated hSFs-1, while those obtained from the 3rd and 5th replating cycles were termed hSFs-3 and hSFs-5, respectively. Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 assays for hSFs-1, hSFs-3, and hSFs-5. Vimentin expression was evaluated via immunofluorescence, and its protein levels were quantified by Western blot. Cells at passage 1,2,3, and 5 were labeled P1, P2, P3, and P5. Cytokeratin 5(CK5) expression in P1, P2, P3, and P5 cells was analyzed by Western blot. Results hSFs were successfully isolated from tissue explants and subcultured. The repeated adherence method yielded additional hSFs with no significant differences in proliferation capacity among hSFs-1, hSFs-3, and hSFs-5(P>0.05). Vimentin expression was consistent across all groups (P>0.05). Immunofluorescence confirmed the spindle- or star-shaped morphology of hSFs and their universal Vimentin positivity. Notably, CK5 protein levels significantly decreased in P3 and P5 cells (P<0.05). Conclusion After using the modified explant culture method, subsequent application of the repeated plating technique enabled continuous cultivation of hSFs. No significant differences were observed  in cell morphology, proliferative capacity, or protein expression between cells isolated by the repeated plating technique and the modified explant culture method. After 3-5 passages, the fibroblasts were significantly purified.
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    Application of Wharton's jelly-derived electrospun artificial vascular grafts in vascular reconstruction research
    SUN Dingguo, XU Yong
    2025, 21 (5):  458. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (9976KB) ( 8 )  
    Objective To explore the feasibility of preparing electrospun artificial vascular grafts using Wharton's jelly
    (WJ) for promoting vascular reconstruction. Methods Fresh umbilical cords were voluntarily donated, and WJ was isolated and decellularized with parallel trypsinization. The decellularized WJ was then mixed with polycaprolactone (PCL) and electrospun to prepare WJ/PCL electrospun artificial vascular scaffolds. PCL electrospun artificial vascular scaffolds were prepared using the same method as a control. Liquid displacement method was used to determine the porosity, static contact angle test was used to detect hydrophilicity, BCA protein assay kit was used to evaluate protein adsorption, and weighing method was used to determine in vitro degradation performance. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cocultured for 7 days, and cell viability was assessed using live/dead cell staining and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Subcutaneous immune response assessment was conducted in rabbits (immuno fluorescence staining for CD45 and CD163). Ten New Zealand white rabbits were used to prepare a 1 cm defect in the left carotid artery. PCL and WJ/PCL electrospun  artificial blood vessels were used for repair (n=5 each). Doppler ultrasound and gross observation were performed 1 month postoperatively to assess vessel lumen diameter and patency. Biomechanical properties, and histology (Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining), as well as immunohistochemistry staining [smooth muscle cells (SMCs), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and endothelial cells (CD31)] were used for evaluating vascular structure. Results The experiment successfully prepared tubular PCL and WJ/PCL electrospun artificial vascular scaffolds. Compared to PCL electrospun artificial vascular scaffolds, the WJ/PCL scaffolds exhibited better hydrophilicity, protein adsorption, in vitro degradation rate, and cell compatibility (P<0.05), with lower immune response (P<0.05). Animal experiments showed that 1 month postoperatively, compared to the PCL group, the WJ/PCL group had higher carotid artery patency rate and larger lumen diameter (P<0.05). Gross observation showed a whiter repaired segment of vascular vessel tissue. Biomechanical evaluation showed higher ultimate tensile stress and fracture elongation. There was no severe granulation tissue hyperplasia, and more homogeneous and mature fibrous connective tissue was observed. The expression of SMCs,α-SMA, and CD31 was increased, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion The WJ/PCL electrospun artificial vascular scaffolds prepared based on WJ effectively promotes the repair of rabbit carotid artery defects.
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    Analysis of adverse reactions and related risk factors of superficial X-ray radiotherapy after keloid surgery
    YUAN Chen, ZHU Shan, LI Zhenzhen, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  467. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (3544KB) ( 8 )  
    Objective To observe and analyze the adverse reactions and related risk factors of superficial X-ray radiotherapy after keloid surgery. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who received superficial Xray radiotherapy after keloid surgery from November 2019 to October 2020. General information of the patients was collected. Through the follow-up records at 1 and 6 months after the surgery, local adverse reactions were evaluated, the incidence of adverse reactions was statistically analyzed, and the risk factors related to the incidence of common adverse reactions were analyzed. Results A total of 76 patients were collected, including 96 keloids. The most common adverse reaction was pigmentation (80.2%), followed by telangiectasia (16.7%). The location of keloids is a risk factor for the incidence and severity of pigmentation, while telangiectasia has no significant correlation with various factors. Conclusion Pigmentation is the most common adverse reaction associated with superficial X-ray radiotherapy after keloid surgery, and its incidence and severity may vary depending on the treatment location. Adequate communication with patients can significantly improve treatment satisfaction.
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    The effect of manual lymphatic drainage combined with modified intramural adhesive on perineal lymphedema after gynecological cancer surgery
    WEI Wenjun, HUANG Xiaobin, ZHAO Lijie, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  474. 
    Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (2488KB) ( 8 )  
    Objective To observe the application effects of manual lymphatic drainage combined with modified intramural
    adhesive in patients with perineal lymphedema after gynecological cancer surgery. Methods From July 2023 to June 2024, a total of 90 patients with perineal lymphedema due to radical resection of pelvic malignant tumor were selected as the study objects, and the patients were randomly divided into three groups (A, B and C) according to random number table method, with 30 cases in each group. Group A was given manual lymphatic drainage intervention, group B was given intramuscular effect patch intervention, and group C was given manual lymphatic drainage combined with improved intramuscular effect patch intervention. The daily living ability (ADL score), pain and edema remission rate, and subjective sensory index were observed in the three groups. Results After treatment, the ADL score, pain and edema relief rate, and subjective satisfaction rate in group C were significantly higher than those in group A and group B (P<0.05). The one-month follow-up after the operation showed that the treatment effect was ideal and there was no recurrence in any case. Conclusion In patients with perineal lymphedema after gynecological cancer surgery, manipulative lymphatic drainage combined with modified intramuscular adhesive can effectively improve the patients' daily living ability, pain and edema degree, and subjective satisfaction rate, and achieve the purpose of rapid swelling reduction. This treatment method is worthy of promotion and application.
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    Clinical effects of tangential excision and skin grafting combined with vacuum sealing drainage and nano-silver medical antibacterial dressing in the treatment of patients with deep burns
    WU Shouchen, WANG Dapeng, SUI Yongmin
    2025, 21 (5):  479. 
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (1076KB) ( 5 )  
    Objective To observe the clinical effects of tangential excision and skin grafting combined with vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) and nano silver medical antibacterial dressing in treating deep burn patients. Methods From October 2021 to October 2023,106 deep burn patients were randomly divided into two groups using a random number table method. The control group consisted of 53 patients who underwent tangential excision and skin grafting combined with VSD, while the research group consisted of 53 patients who underwent tangential excision and skin grafting combined with VSD and nano silver medical antibacterial dressings. The two groups were compared in terms of condition of healing, recovery indicators, pain inducing factors, inflammatory indicators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) , matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9), infection indicators, complications, and antibiotic usage. Results The healing of the research group was superior to that of the control group (P<0.05). The wound healing time and hospital stay of the research group were shorter than those of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin E2, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor- α(TNF- α), MMP-9, white blood cell count, neutrophil ratio, procalcitonin, and heparin-binding protein in the research group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), and all were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, the VEGF, platelet count, and blood calcium in the research group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and all were higher than those before  treatment (P<0.05). The infection rate of the research group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), while the scar hyperplasia rate, the skin graft displacement rate, and the incidence of blood accumulation and fluid in the wound area were not statistically different from those of the control group (P<0.05). The antibiotic usage rate of the research group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); the antibiotic usage time of the research group was shorter than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The combination of tangential excision and skin grafting with VSD and nano silver medical antibacterial dressings
    can promote wound healing, shorten hospitalization time, regulate pain factors, inflammatory indicators, VEGF, MMP-9 and infection indicators, reduce infection, lower the antibiotic usage rate and shorten the antibiotic usage time.
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    Application of quality control circles in improving the early ambulation implementation rate after total hip arthroplasty
    WU Beiying, YANG Lin, WANG Caifeng, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  486. 
    Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1649KB) ( 6 )  
    Objective To explore the effectiveness of the application of quality control circle activities in improving the rate of postoperative early ambulation in patients with total hip arthroplasty. Methods By establishing the morning circle,applying the ten steps of quality control circle, the reasons for poor execution of early ambulation after total hip arthroplasty were analyzed through the current situation investigation. Three measures were implemented to address the real causes: making and applying 3D printed hip models for visual rehabilitation guidance, improving rehabilitation activity aids, and applying a 5G smart care bedside interactive system to push out multiform health education materials. The effects were then evaluated. Results After the quality control circle activity, the execution rate of postoperative early ambulation in total hip arthroplasty patients increased from 56.7% to 87.3%, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The target achievement rate was 114.2%. Conclusion The application of figurative presentation of 3D printed models, improvement of rehabilitation aids, and multi-target optimization of health education can help improve the rate of postoperative early ambulation in total hip arthroplasty patients. The quality control circle activity can stimulate the innovative thinking ability of orthopedic nurses and promote evidence translation.
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    Study on the current situation of depression and coping styles of patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma combined with multiple body trauma during hospitalization
    CHEN Liqin, LIU Yi, SHI Yi, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  491. 
    Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (1031KB) ( 5 )  
    Objective To explore the correlation between depression and coping style in patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma combined with multiple body trauma during hospitalization. Methods A total of 60 patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma combined with systemic multiple trauma were included in this research. The general information questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9) and Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) were used to investigate the coping style and depression status of patients, and the correlation between them was analyzed. Results The score of PHQ-9 was (10.87±5.157) in 60 patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma combined with systemic multiple injuries. Education level, marital status and the number of multiple injuries had influence on the score of depression in patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma (P<0.05). The scores of positive coping style and negative coping style were (17.20±6.747) and (12.05±2.908) respectively. The Pearson coefficient of positive coping style and PHQ-9 was -0.687, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The Pearson coefficient of negative coping style and PHQ-9 was 0.344, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion There is a certain incidence of depression in patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma combined with systemic multiple trauma, which is related to their coping style after trauma. Clinical intervention measures should be taken to improve their coping style and reduce the incidence of depression.
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    Research on the mechanism and application of mechanical stimulation in tendon injury repair
    LUO Yuqin, FANG Shuo
    2025, 21 (5):  495. 
    Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (1077KB) ( 6 )  
    Tendon injury is a common problem in the fields of sports medicine, joint orthopedics and plastic surgery. Its
    repair process is complex and prone to incomplete functional recovery, involving the participation of multiple cells and the interaction between various molecules. Due to the lack of vascular supply and less metabolic activity of tendons, their regenerative capacity is limited. Therefore, tendon injury repair is currently a formidable challenge in the medical field. In recent years, mechanical force stimulation, as an important physical intervention method, has been widely studied and applied in the repair of tendon injuries. During the process of tendon injury repair, mechanical force stimulation can promote the regeneration and functional recovery of tendons through multiple mechanisms of action, such as regulating cell behavior, influencing inflammatory responses, improving tissue structure, and promoting angiogenesis. In this paper, the mechanism and application research of mechanical stimulation in tendon injury repair were reviewed.
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    Research progress of bioactive glass in diabetic skin wound healing
    DAI Yueling, MA Yujin
    2025, 21 (5):  502. 
    Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1074KB) ( 8 )  
    Diabetic refractory cutaneous wounds, as one of the most severe complications of diabetes mellitus, present
    complex pathogenesis primarily attributed to persistent hyperglycemia, micro-circulatory dysfunction, infection, and dysregulated inflammatory responses. Characterized by prolonged non-healing properties, these wounds not only significantly impair patients’ quality of life but also pose a major therapeutic challenge in current diabetes management. In recent years, bioactive glass has garnered increasing attention in soft tissue repair applications due to its unique bio-compatibility, proangiogenic properties, and antimicrobial efficacy. In this paper, recent advances in the application of bioactive glasses with different morphologies for diabetic wound treatment were reviewed, aiming to provide novel insights for optimizing therapeutic strategies for diabetic wound healing.
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    Research progress of mutations in the signaling pathway of PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum disorders and related targeted therapy
    WANG Junbin, LI Mengjie, MA Ruoyan, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  508. 
    Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1095KB) ( 7 )  
    PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) disorders are rare diseases with vascular malformations and segmental overgrowth of certain body parts. These disorders, collectively referred to as the PROS spectrum, are all caused by mutations in the PIK3CA gene during embryonic development. These mutations lead to alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in diverse phenotypic manifestations. In this paper, the specific loci of PROS mutations and the clinical applications and efficacy of various inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were reviewed, and the various ongoing clinical trials and their future perspectives were discussed, in order to promote the development of innovative therapies and the implementation of more precise treatment strategies.
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    Effect of ADSC on breast reconstruction capsular contracture and relevant research progress
    LI Jingyan, YIN Jian
    2025, 21 (5):  514. 
    Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1043KB) ( 7 )  
    Capsular contracture is the most common complication of implant- based breast reconstruction, resulting in pain, poor cosmetic results, and reoperations. With the deepening of the understanding and research of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) in adipose tissue, their multi-directional differentiation potential and paracrine effect have received certain attention in the field of breast reconstruction. In this paper, the characteristics of ADSC and their basic and clinical research progress in breast reconstruction capsular contracture were reviewed. In the future, studies on a larger scale are needed to confirm its therapeutic and preventive effects on implant-based breast reconstruction capsular contracture and its long-term safety.
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    Construction and exploration of a clinical-oriented stratified teaching axis for digital orthopedics
    QIAO Han, ZHANG Kai, ZHANG Jingwei, et al
    2025, 21 (5):  519. 
    Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (3370KB) ( 8 )  
    The clinical demands of orthopedic education have provided the impetus for the transformation of digital teaching approach. As an important aspect in the current medical education reform, digital teaching approach requires the construction of clinically oriented orthopedic teaching axis, which further integrates with clinical practice. Meanwhile, a stratified teaching method should be adopted for medical student at different stages, which offers them the targeted and refined medical training strategy. Herein, the Department of Orthopedics in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital was took as a vivid example, which summarized the experience from three angles, namely teaching framework, teaching practice, and teaching outcomes. The teaching reform efforts in digital orthopedic education were systematically reviewed, and an in-depth analysis about the enhancement of teaching quality and innovational translation capabilities for students at various orthopedic training stages was conducted. In the future, combining the department strengths with educational quality requirements, the ongoing goal of orthopedic education reform is to meet the high demands for operational skills and clinical thinking in orthopedic specialties. Therefore, this will contribute to the cultivation of more high-quality, versatile medical professionals.
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