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02 December 2024, Volume 20 Issue 6 Previous Issue   

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Diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies in the era of precision medicine YANG Xiaonan, ZHANG Ye 2024, 20 (6):  599.  Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (1038KB) ( 9 )   Vascular anomalies are classified into hemangiomas and vascular malformations， representing a group of diseases that include （but not limited to） more than 30 types of hemangiomas， over 60 types of vascular malformations， and more than 20 syndromes related to vascular anomalies. Deepening understanding and improving diagnosis and treatment have always been the focus and difficulty in clinical work. With the continuous advancement of medical science and technology， the diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies are rapidly entering a new medical era-the era of precision medicine. Precision medicine relies on in-depth research of molecular mechanisms， advanced diagnostic technologies， personalized treatment plans and multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment mode， and its clinical expansion and promotion in clinical practice have brought revolutionary changes to the diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies. In this paper， the progress and future development direction of the diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies in the era of precision medicine were reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Automated cephalometric analysis of craniomaxillofacial deformities based on artificial intelligence technologies XU Meng, LUO Zhaoyang, SONG Tao 2024, 20 (6):  605.  Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (5192KB) ( 8 )   Objective To develop a new automatic landmark detection framework for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe craniomaxillofacial （CMF） deformities， addressing the issues of limited data quantity and large morphological differences. Methods This study proposed a method based on a three-dimensional （3D） point cloud deformation model and deep learning networks. First， normal human data was deformed to simulate severe CMF patient data for data augmentation. Then， a coarse-to-fine strategy was adopted， where initial coarse localization of landmarks was performed using a 3D point cloud convolutional neural network （CNN） semantic segmentation model， followed by fine localization using different models based on whether the landmarks are located in bone defect areas. Results The experiments demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed existing technologies in the detection of both normal and defective landmarks. The average errors for normal landmarks and defective landmarks detected under CT scanning were 1.19 mm and 1.13 mm， respectively， and under CBCT scanning were 0.91 mm and 0.94 mm， respectively. Conclusion The new method can effectively improve the accuracy of landmark detection for severe CMF deformities， which is significant for clinical surgical design and patient treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Vascular construction of arteriovenous malformation lesions on the body surface Preoperative evaluation and treatment strategies CHEN Weiwei, JIA Hechen, WANG Guoyong, et a（l 2024, 20 (6):  617.  Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (3754KB) ( 8 )   Objective To explore an accurate and effective examination method for arteriovenous malformation （AVM）vascular construction on the body surface， in order to guide the preoperative evaluation and the selection of treatment.Methods From September 2022 to September 2024， a total of 67 patients with body surface AVM were enrolled. Computed tomography angiography （CTA） was performed before treatment， Philips CT 6000 spiral CT was used for scanning， PHILIPS IntelliSpace Portal workstation was used for image post-processing， maximum density projection （MIP） and surface masking method reconstruction （SSD） were performed. Combined with the original image observation， the corresponding treatment plan was selected according to the vascular construction. Results CTA images of 67 patients with surface AVM showed abnormal blood vessels and their anatomical relationship with surrounding tissues， as well as the condition of adjacent bones. The patients were classified according to the Yakes classification criteria：6 patients showed Yakes type Ⅰ；28 cases showed Yakes type Ⅱa；4 patients showed Yakes type Ⅱb；4 patients showed Yakes type Ⅲa；10 cases showed Yakes type Ⅲb；11 patients showed Yakes type Ⅳ ；4 patients could not be classified into a particular category. Based on the vascular architecture characteristics of the lesion area shown by the patient's CTA images， the corresponding treatment plan was designed， including interstitial injection therapy in 4 cases， surgical treatment in 16 cases， interventional treatment with absolute ethanol in 36 cases and combination therapy in 11 cases. Conclusion CTA examination can obtain accurate and  clear vascular images of AVM lesions on the body surface， which has important clinical guiding significance for preoperative evaluation and treatment plan design Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of sex and age-related differences in lower eyelids morphology：A three-dimensional image digital study based on the Chinese population CHI Yarong, SUN Yixin, JIN Lin, et al 2024, 20 (6):  623.  Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (8367KB) ( 7 )   Objective To provide comprehensive anthropometric data on the lower eyelid region among different age and gender groups of Chinese individuals through three-dimensional imaging analysis. Methods Sixty-two healthy subjects aged 20-35 and 50-65 were recruited to acquire their three-dimensional facial images. Utilizing 27 landmarks， a total of 37 lower eyelid measurement indicators were established， comprising of 21 straight lines，5 curvatures，4 angles，2 areas， and 5 ratios. The age and gender characteristics of the lower eyelid were summarized by comparing the measurement results among different age groups and gender groups. Results Compared to females， longer palpebral fissure， lower tear troughs and lidcheek junction， smaller inner and outer canthal angles， as well as a larger area and proportion of the lower eyelid region were found in males. With aging， there is a gradual reduction in the height of the palpebral fissure and inner canthal angle，accompanied by sagging of the tear trough and lid-cheek junction， enlargement of the lower eyelid area， and swelling of the lower eyelid. Conclusion The proportion of the eyebrow-eye unit occupied by the lower eyelid region is greater in males than in females. In elderly individuals， there is a noticeable sagging of the tear trough and lid-cheek junction， accompanied by swelling of the lower palpebral region. These findings can serve as a valuable reference for cosmetic procedures and oculoplastic surgery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional imaging study of nasal basal depression XU Yang, ZHANG Liyuan, DING Wei, et al 2024, 20 (6):  632.  Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (1755KB) ( 4 )   Objective By comparing the Cone beam CT （CBCT） of bone class Ⅲ and normal occlusion， the difference of bony nasal base between them was compared to provide the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of nasal base depression. Methods From January 2020 to December 2023，40 patients （20 cases of bone class Ⅲ and 20 cases of normal occlusion） were selected， and the CBCT related data were measured and imported into Simplant pro 11.04 software for threedimensional fixed-point pointing， and the differences of nasal base between the two groups were compared. Results There were statistically significant differences in the absolute/relative protrusion of the upper alveolar seat point， the absolute/ relative protrusion of the anterior nasal point， the absolute/relative protrusion of the bilateral paranasal and infraorbital points， the absolute/relative protrusion of the bilateral paranasal points， and the absolute/relative protrusion of the bilateral canine socket between the patients with bone class Ⅲ and the patients with normal combination （P<0.05）. Conclusion CBCT has certain significance in the auxiliary diagnosis of nasal base depression， and after three-dimensional reconstruction measurement， the points A， AN， B3， mid-ParaN-D-IF and ParaN of bony Ⅲ patients are moved back compared with those of normal patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Personalized perioral aesthetics intervention program based on contemporary popular aesthetics WU Siqiao, YU Nanze, LIU Xiaojing, et al 2024, 20 (6):  638.  Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (1459KB) ( 9 )   Objective To explore the contemporary public's preferences and demands for lip aesthetics， and to summarize corresponding aesthetic intervention strategies. Methods This study adopted the form of online questionnaire， collecting 1 000 valid responses between October 2023 and November 2023， to investigate respondents’ preferences for different lip shapes. Furthermore，12 experienced experts were invited to summarize corresponding aesthetic intervention strategies. Results The survey results identified the top five popular lip shapes among contemporary Chinese individuals. Experts discussed and summarized the aesthetic features and treatment plan suggestions of the lip shapes. Conclusion This study summarized the aesthetic preferences of the contemporary public towards lip shapes， providing a reference for precision treatment plans in lip aesthetics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effectiveness of short videos synthesized by large language models combined with human video generation in medical science popularization LI Hantao, QI Xiangdong 2024, 20 (6):  643.  Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (1067KB) ( 4 )   Objective The combination of large language models and human video generation technology has been widely applied in the production of short videos. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of large language models combined with human video generation technology in assisting doctors to create short video content for public education. Methods Doctor lecture videos on four different topics from short video platforms were collected， each topic including one video featuring a virtual digital human doctor and two videos featuring real doctors. After randomly presenting videos of 12 doctors to volunteers， questionnaires were distributed， with each video being assessed by at least 15 volunteers who were unaware whether the videos were generated by digital human technology. The questionnaire included seven aspects： Perceived authenticity， content quality， audio-visual quality， professional level， cordiality， willingness to recommend， and acceptance. Results A total of 198 valid assessment questionnaires were collected， including 66 for virtual digital human videos and 132 for real videos. There were no statistically significant differences in the scores for the seven questions between real and virtual digital human videos， and these differences were not related to gender， income level， or educational background. 29.9% of volunteers believed that discovering the videos were generated by artificial intelligence would affect their trust in the doctors， while 36.95% of volunteers believed that the generation of videos by artificial intelligence would not change their overall perception of the doctors. Conclusion Current human video generation technology is capable of producing indistinguishable educational short videos， effectively assisting in the presentation of video quality and the image of  doctors. It is necessary to strengthen legal regulations and use encryption technology，watermarks， and other digital techniques to protect personal images from unauthorized copy and use， preventing potential ethical risks. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the application of accurate soft tissue measurement in facial aesthetics researc YAN Sijing, YU Nanze, LONG Xiao 2024, 20 (6):  648.  Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (1077KB) ( 10 )   With the rapid advancement of medical aesthetics， precise soft tissue measurement technologies have provided a new possibility for quantitative analysis of facial aesthetics. This review outlined common facial soft tissue measurement methods， highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally， progress in automated measurement technologies， particularly deep learning-based landmark extraction and measurement techniques， has emerged as a reliable and accurate approach to precision soft tissue analysis. This paper provided a comprehensive technical reference for facial aesthetics research and discussed the potential for wider application of automated measurement technologies in this domain. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and research progress of digital technology in breast augmentation with implants YUAN Guohao, ZENG Li, WANG Haibin 2024, 20 (6):  653.  Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1045KB) ( 7 )   Breast augmentation is the second most in-demand cosmetic surgery worldwide. With the rise of precision and minimally invasive concepts， digital technology has evolved， including 3D scanning imaging， digital endoscopy， and a variety of digital photographic examinations that are widely used in breast augmentation. These techniques help operators to accurately assess breast morphology before surgery， precisely control the process during surgery， and accurately and conveniently follow up after surgery， thus maximizing the benefits to patients. In this paper， the application and research progress of digital technology in breast implant augmentation were reviewed in order to provide reference and theoretical basis for clinical surgery and follow-up. Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of artificial intelligence（AI）in rhinoplasty PAN Xingyi, LI Zijun, ZHEN Yonghuan, et al 2024, 20 (6):  659.  Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (1055KB) ( 5 )   With the advancement of medical technology and the improvement of patients' demand for personalized aesthetics， rhinoplasty has become one of the most challenging surgeries in plastic surgery. It requires not only precise anatomical knowledge but also a surgical plan that incorporates the patient's unique facial features and aesthetic expectations. In recent years， the application of artificial intelligence （AI） in the medical field has been booming， with its data analysis capabilities and automation offering new solutions for rhinoplasty. This review aimed to explore the specific applications of AI in rhinoplasty， including how AI can be used for preoperative planning， surgical navigation， and postoperative evaluation. By analyzing the key roles of AI in rhinoplasty， this paper highlighted the importance of AI in enhancing surgical precision， personalized design， and outcome predictability. Additionally， it discussed the potential value of AI in optimizing surgical plans， reducing complication risks， and improving patient satisfaction. Moreover， this paper addressed the limitations of AI in rhinoplasty， particularly its applicability in clinical decision-making and the challenge of insufficient personalization in aesthetic design， and prospected the future improvement direction of the AI technology and its further potential in rhinoplasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on lncRNA H19 promoting osteogenic differentiation of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells WEI Bingyi, XIE Yan, WU Xiaolong, et al 2024, 20 (6):  665.  Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (2904KB) ( 4 )   Objective To observe the effects of lncRNA H19 transfection on the expression of multiple osteogenic and angiogenic factors in human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells （P-MSCs）， and to provide a preliminary research foundation for the synthesis of bone defect fillers with good osteogenic properties in the future. Methods First， miRNAs that regulate a large number of osteogenic and angiogenic factors were screened， and miR-29b-3p， miR-29c-3p， miR-137-3p， and miR-383-5p were identified as the target miRNAs. Further bioinformatics analysis revealed that lncRNA H19 can regulate all of these miRNAs. Subsequently， miR-137-3p and miR-383-5p， which regulate a greater number of osteogenic and angiogenic factors， were selected as the targets of H19. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the  regulatory relationship between H19 and miR-383-5p/miR-137-3p. H19 was cloned into lentivirus and transfected into placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells （PMSCs）. The expression levels of miR-137-3p， miR-383-5p， IBSP， RUNX2， FGF5 and BMP2K were observed. Alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin red staining were used to assess the improved osteogenic potential of H19-transfected P-MSCs. Results Transfection of lncRNA H19 downregulated the expression of miR-137-3p and miR-383-5p in human P-MSCs， and significantly upregulated the expression of RUNX2 and IBSP （P<0.05）， and there were no significant differences in BMP2K and FGF5 expression between groups. Furthermore， osteogenic performance was enhanced in P-MSCs transfected with H19. Conclusion Transfection of lncRNA H19 in human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells can promote the expression of certain osteogenic and angiogenic factors， and improve the osteogenic  performance， which provides a possibility for the development of tissue-engineered bone with good osteogenic properties in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Yes-related protein on the survival rate of fat transplantation and its mechanism LIU Yuxin, SUN Jiaming, YU Li 2024, 20 (6):  672.  Abstract ( 33 )   PDF (8525KB) ( 7 )   Objective To investigate the effect of YAP on fat graft survival and its possible mechanism. Methods 3T3L1 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with YAP siRNA or YAP-overexpression plasmids carried by lentiviral vectors，resulting in the following groups： negative control siRNA （NC）， YAP-si1， YAP-si2， and YAP-si3； lentiviral vector（Vector） and YAP-overexpression （YAP）. Cell proliferation was assessed using EdU staining. Differentiation into adipocyteswas induced， and early and late stages of differentiation were analyzed by Oil Red O staining， with lipid droplet accumulationquantified using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software. Triglyceride content was measured using a triglyceride assay kit， and PCR andWestern blot were used to assess the expression of genes and proteins related to adipocyte differentiation. For in vivo experiments， a subcutaneous fat transplantation model in nude mice was established. A total of 8 mice were randomly divided into NC siRNA group， YAP knockdown （si-YAP） group， adeno-associated virus （AAV） vector group， and YAP overexpression （AAV-YAP） groups， with 2 mice per group. Each mouse received 0.2 mL of fat injection at four different sites， totaling 0.8 mL. Subsequent injections of 0.2 mL of NC siRNA， YAP siRNA， AAV vector， or AAV vector-mediated YAP-overexpression plasmid were administered into the transplanted fat. Fat was collected at 1，2， and 4 weeks post transplantation， and fat weight and volume were measured to evaluate survival rates. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunofluorescence were used to examine fat structure， number of oil droplets， and viable adipocytes. Results In cell experiments， YAP knockdown did not significantly affect proliferation or apoptosis of 3T3-L1 cells compared to controls， but resulted in increased Oil Red O staining area （P<0.05）， higher triglyceride content （P<0.05）， and elevated expression of adipogenic genes and proteins （P<0.05）. Conversely， YAP overexpression led to increased proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells with unchanged apoptosis rates， decreased Oil Red O staining area （P<0.05）， lower triglyceride content （P<0.05）， and reduced expression of adipogenic genes and proteins （P<0.05） compared to the lentiviral vector group. In animal experiments， the si-YAP group exhibited increased fat weight and volume， more intact fat structure， reduced oil droplet number， and more viable adipocytes compared to the NC group. In contrast， the AAV-YAP group had decreased fat weight and volume， less intact fat structure， increased oil droplet number， and fewer viable adipocytes compared to the AAV vector group. Conclusion YAP significantly inhibits the survival rate of transplanted fat. Furthermore， YAP affects 3T3-L1 adipogenesis by modulating the PPARγ pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of artificial dermis in the surgery of recurrent finger/toe mucocele ·ZHAO Weichao, WEI Bin, LIU Jinyang, et al 2024, 20 (6):  682.  Abstract ( 34 )   PDF (10937KB) ( 8 )   Objective To explore the clinical effect of artificial dermis Pelnac in repairing soft tissue defects after resection of recurrent digital/toe mucocele. Methods A total of 32 patients with recurrent digital/toe mucocele who were admitted from May 2015 to January 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Cyst and osteophyte excision and the artificial dermis Pelnac repair were performed. Results All 32 patients were followed up for 3 to 36 months （average 21 months）. The artificial dermis was removed 4 weeks after surgery， and the wound was completely epithelialized 6 to 8 weeks after surgery. The wound healed well without infection or cyst recurrence. After surgery， the sensation and range of motion were scored according to the trial standard of the upper limb function assessment of the Chinese Medical Association of Hand Surgery. The sensory scores were S4 in 28 cases and S3+ in 4 cases. The range of motion score was excellent in 30 cases and good in 2 cases. The average Vancouver scar scale （VSS） score was 1.23. The visual analogue scale （VAS） score was 0. Conclusion The repair of soft tissue defect after finger/toe mucocele resection with artificial dermis Pelnac is simple in repair technique， short in operation time， without collateral damage， significantly reducing cyst recurrence， and has good clinical effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of constructing a decision aid program for breast reconstruction patients based on option grid theory HUANG Ying, BIAN Weiwei 2024, 20 (6):  687.  Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (1149KB) ( 2 )   Objective To construct decision aid program for breast reconstruction patients by option grid theory and evaluate its clinical application. Methods Based on the reference of Ottawa decision support Framework， experts in related fields demonstrated and constructed the basic plan of patient decision assistance through literature search. According to the inclusion criteria， patients who received breast reconstruction surgery after breast cancer surgery from January to December 2023 were selected. Patients admitted from January to June were selected as the control group， and those admitted from July to December were selected as the test group. Before the start of the study， the researcher explained the research purpose， method and possible results to the study subjects. After obtaining the consent of the patients， the researchers filled in the informed consent form， the general situation questionnaire and the decision dilemma scale. The control group adopted the conventional nursing method， and the experimental group added the option grid decision aid on the basis of the conventional nursing to help the patients with decision aid. Three months and one year after surgery， patients were given the decision dilemma scale and the postoperative module of BREAST-Q quantity. Results The total score and three dimension scores of decision dilemma of the experimental group at 3 months and 1 year after surgery were significantly lower than those of the control group （P<0.05）. The postoperative module scores of the patients' BREAST-Q showed that 3 months and 1 year after surgery， the scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group in terms of social and psychological health， physical health， sexual health， breast satisfaction， doctor satisfaction， information satisfaction and medical team satisfaction （P<0.05）. Conclusion The decision assistance scheme for patients undergoing breast reconstructive surgery based on option grid theory can effectively alleviate the decision-making dilemma of patients， improve the health-related quality of life and patient satisfaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on positive psychological qualities， negative emotions， and quality of life in adult patients with port-wine stain WANG Wanyi, HU Jiahua, YU Wenxin, et al 2024, 20 (6):  693.  Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (1036KB) ( 4 )   Objective To understand the current status of positive psychological qualities （hope trait， self-compassion）， anxiety， depression， and quality of life in adult patients with port-wine stain （PWS）， and to provide a basis for implementing psychological interventions from the perspective of positive psychology. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to select 119 adult patients with fresh red nevus who underwent pulsed dye laser treatment from March to June 2023 as the study subjects. The survey tools included a general information questionnaire， Herth Hope Index， Self-Compassion Scale， Depression Screening Scale， Anxiety Screening Scale， and Health Status Questionnaire. Correlation analysis between variables was conducted. Results The average score of hope trait in 119 PWS patients was 30.8±7.7， with 16.0% of patients having low levels of hope trait， and the self-compassion score was 82.4±10.9. 48.7% of patients were positive for depression， and 65.5% of patients were positive for anxiety. The average score of quality of life was 68.3±12.5. There was a significant negative correlation between positive psychological qualities （hope trait， self-compassion） and negative emotions （anxiety， depression）， and a significant positive correlation between positive psychological qualities （hope trait， self-compassion） and quality of life （P<0.05）. Conclusion The positive psychological qualities of adult PWS patients are at a moderate level， with experiencing negative emotions such as anxiety and depression， leading to decreased quality of life. Positive psychological qualities are key factors in improving negative emotions and enhancing quality of life in PWS patients， and personalized intervention strategies for positive psychological qualities can be explored in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Keystone flap and latissimus dorsi flap in repairing popliteal fossa defect：A case report Aierbanjiang·Shali, Xiriaili·Kadier, CHENG Erlin, et al 2024, 20 (6):  698.  Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (8044KB) ( 3 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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#br# 2024, 20 (6):  702.  Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1165KB) ( 6 )   Distal arthrogryposis represents a group of congenital malformations with genetic factors， and distal arthrogryposis type 9 is attributed to mutations in the FBN2 gene. Differing from other subtypes where muscular tissues are affected，FBN2 gene mutation primarily impacts the embryonic development of connective tissues， giving rise to distinctive clinical phenotypes. To date， the specific pathogenic mechanisms of this condition remain elusive. In this paper， the recent research progress of distal arthrogryposis type 9 was reviewed， aiming to enhance our understanding of the disease. With the advancement and widespread use of sequencing technologies， the potential discovery of additional mutation loci and patient cohorts holds promise for elucidating genotype-phenotype correlations. Furthermore， there is a pressing need to promote the development of appropriate cellular and animal models to further elucidate its pathogenic mechanisms， offering novel avenues for disease diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and application of collagen-based biomaterials in bone and cartilage regeneration and repair DUAN Jing, YANG Bing 2024, 20 (6):  707.  Abstract ( 39 )   PDF (1040KB) ( 5 )   Collagen-based biomaterials can be used as ideal biomaterials for bone and cartilage regeneration and repair due to their good biological activity and biocompatibility. However， due to the weak macroscopic mechanical properties of collagen， which cannot meet the mechanical requirements of natural cartilage and bone tissue， the mechanical properties are often improved by cross-linking modification. In addition， different material forms require different forming technologies. In this paper， the cross-linking methods and forming technologies of collagen-based biomaterials were reviewed， and the construction of collagen scaffolds and the selection of implanted cells for bone and cartilage regeneration and repair in recent years were summarized， aiming to provide clues and ideas for the development of collagen-based biomaterials preparation technology and the transformation of clinical applications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of 3D printing and virtual reality technology in the medical imaging teaching of skull base nerve ZHAO Lulu, DAI Xiaoqing, LI Xiaomin, et al 2024, 20 (6):  713.  Abstract ( 25 )   PDF (3815KB) ( 7 )   Objective To explore the application value and teaching effect of 3D printing and virtual reality in the medical imaging teaching of skull base nerve for medical students. Methods From September 2021 to September 2022，25 students from the dental base who received standardized training in the Department of Radiology were selected as the research subjects and were randomly divided into two groups， the experimental group （n=12） and the control group （n=13）. The 3D teaching models of skull base nerve was developed according to the requirements of the teaching syllabus， through discussion with teaching and research staff in the department of image diagnostics. The teaching model based on virtual reality technology was established through the web platform， which include two parts： background management and front-end learning. The total teaching time of both groups is 25 hours， including 20 hours of theoretical lectures and 5 hours of practical lectures. The teaching methods based on 3D printing and virtual reality were used in the experimental group for theoretical teaching， while the traditional teaching mode was used in the control group. Both groups of students took comprehensive examinations， and the assessment results of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Students in the experimental group filled out the teaching quality questionnaire to evaluate the quality of 3D printing molds and the learning effect of virtual teaching models. Results The comprehensive assessment results of the experimental group （87.22±15.86） were better than those in the  control group （57.35±25.27）， and the difference was statistically significant （P=0.037）. The students in the experimental group gave good evaluations in terms of teaching quality and teaching satisfaction. They wanted to be exposed to more of these molds and were willing to recommend this learning method to other students. Conclusion The application of 3D printing and virtual reality technology in the imaging teaching of skull base nerve has good teaching quality and exact teaching effect，which is worthy of further promotion and verification in the teaching of complex anatomical imaging Related Articles | Metrics