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Long-term follow-up study on the sensory and motor function recovery of foot after repair of forefoot plantar wounds with retrograde medial plantar flap  YANG Yijie, ZHONG Haiyan, CUI Lei, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (4): 331-.   Abstract （649）      PDF（pc） （7518KB）（32）       Knowledge map    Save  Objective To evaluate the recovery of sensory and motor function after repair of forefoot plantar wounds with retrograde medial plantar flap. Methods The clinical data of 15 patients with forefoot plantar wounds that were repaired by retrograde medial plantar flap from February 2016 to August 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. The causes of the wounds included electric injury （3 cases）， avulsion injury （1 case）， diabetes mellitus （2 cases）， and tumor resection （9 cases，including 8 melanomas and 1 desmoid）. The size of harvested flaps ranged from 5 cm×5 cm to 6 cm×8 cm. Patients were followed up for 13-103 months to evaluate the flap sensation， sensory and motor function of the foot and toe， and appearance of donor and recipient site. Results The blood supply of all flaps was good after operation. Postoperative venous congestion occurred in 2 cases， which was relieved by needle puncture for bloodletting and heparin saline flushing. One-month and three-month postoperative follow-up showed that all 15 flaps presented soft texture and good appearance without bloating. However， the sensation of pain， temperature and two-point discrimination were lost. In the long-term follow-up initiated in September 2024， four cases were lost to follow-up， three of them were unavailable and one died. The remaining 11 patients could walk on the ground in normal gait without difficulty. Sensation of pain， temperature and touch were partially restored. Futhermore， active flexion and extention of the toes on the affected side were present， and toe muscle strength （Manual Muscle Testing， MMT） was graded≥4. Conclusion The retrograde medial plantar flap is effective in repairing small to  medium-size forefoot plantar wounds by achieving good appearance， restoring the sensory， motor and weight-bearing function partially to a reasonable extent. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Expression of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in scar cancer tissues and effect of TAK-242 on scar cancer cells HUO Wenliang, TIAN Xiaorui, ZHANG Jinruo, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 14-.   Abstract （451）      PDF（pc） （7568KB）（436）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To analyze the expression of Toll like receptor 4（TLR4） and nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） in scar cancer tissues， and to investigate the effect of TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 on scar cancer cells. Methods 20 cases of normal skin tissue， 20 cases of hypertrophic scar tissue， and 20 cases of scar cancer tissue were collected. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） were used to detect the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB protein and mRNA. The relationship between the expression of TLR4， NF-κB and clinical pathological factors such as patient gender， age， and tumor differentiation degree was analyzed. Scar cancer cells were cultured in vitro and treated with TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242. Cell proliferation activity was detected by MTT assay， and the expression of TLR4， NF- κB， MMP9， and TGF-β1 proteins was detected by Western blot assay. Results Compared with the control group， the expression of TLR4， NF-κB protein and mRNA in scar tissue and scar cancer tissue was significantly increased（P< 0.05）； Compared with scar tissue， the expression of TLR4， NF-κB protein and mRNA in scar cancer tissue was significantly increased （P<0.05）. The expression of TLR4 and NF- κB in scar cancer tissue was related to the degree of tumor differentiation （P<0.05）. After intervention with TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242， the proliferation activity of scar cancer cells was  significantly reduced （P<0.05）， and the protein expression of TLR4， NF- κB， MMP9， and TGF-β1 was downregulated （P< 0.05）. Conclusion The TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in the pathological process of scar tissue carcinogenesis， and the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 can inhibit scar cancer proliferation， which is expected to become a new target for scar tissue treatment. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary clinical efficacy observation of lymphatic/lymph node-venous shunt surgery in cervical region Ⅱ/Ⅲ for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease· LI Ke, WEN Ke, AI Songtao, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 10-.   Abstract （370）      PDF（pc） （807KB）（90）       Knowledge map    Save Preliminary clinical efficacy observation of lymphatic/lymph node-venous shunt surgery in cervical region Ⅱ/Ⅲ for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease LI Ke1 ， WEN Ke1 ， AI Songtao2 ， YAN Jia3 ， WANG Haiya4 ， LI Zan5 ， LI Bin6 ， MIN Peiru1 ， MENG Xinxian1 ， WANG Xueqian1 ， HAN Chengyao1 ， SUN Yuhao1 ， LIU Jiaqi7 ， WU Jingshu1 ， WEI Yanxue1 ， SONG Xingqi1 ， ZHANG Yixin1 . 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery， Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital， Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine， Shanghai 200011， China；2 Department of Radiology， Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital， Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine， Shanghai 200011， China；3 Department of Anesthesiology， Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital， Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine， Shanghai 200011， China；4 Department of Geriatrics， Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital， Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine， Shanghai 200011， China；5 Department of Oncoplastic Surgery， Hunan Cancer Hospital， Changsha 410008， China；6 Department of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery， Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital， Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences， Chengdu 610041， China；7 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery， Shanghai Ruijin Hospital， Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine， Shanghai 200025， China. Corresponding author： ZHANG Yixin （E-mail： zhangyixin6688@163.com）. therapeutic principles and efficacy of this method in treating Alzheimer’s disease （AD）. Methods Patients underwent the lymphatic/lymph node-venous shunt surgery in the cervical Ⅱ/Ⅲ region. Cognitive assessments， including the MMSE，MoCA， and NPI， were conducted before and one month after surgery to evaluate symptom improvement. PET-CT was used to quantitatively analyze changes in intracranial Aβ protein levels. Color Doppler ultrasound was employed to measure the patency of the internal jugular vein and detect wall-adherent thrombus formation. Postoperative follow-up within one month included monitoring wound healing， hematoma or fluid accumulation， lymphatic leakage， postoperative delirium，headaches， and other discomforts. Results This study included 7 AD patients （3 males and 4 females） with an average age of 65（57-71） years. All patients had AD with dementia. Compared to preoperative scores， one month postoperatively， MMSE improved by 0（-2，1） points （P=0.581）， MoCA improved by 0（-1，1） points （P=1.000）， NPI （frequency× severity） improved by 9（9，20） points （P=0.043）， and NPI caregiver distress improved by 2（2，6） points （P=0.026）. Color Doppler ultrasound indicated patent internal jugular venous flow without wall-adherent thrombus. No adverse reactions were observed. Three patients underwent PET-CT one month postoperatively， showing an average reduction of 12.3% in whole-brain Aβ protein levels. Conclusion The proposed lymphatic/lymph node-venous shunt surgery in the cervical Ⅱ/Ⅲ region can divert the extracranial segment of intracranial lymphatic drainage， promote the clearance of pathological proteins， reduce intracranial Aβ protein levels， and improve clinical symptoms. This procedure may become a viable treatment option for AD， advancing the development of surgical interventions for AD. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Clinical application of autologous cell micrograft extracts for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in 20 cases TAN Pohching, LENG Bing, LIU Qing Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 50-.   Abstract （262）      PDF（pc） （10811KB）（45）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of autologous cell micrograft （ACM） extracts in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia （AGA）. Methods The situation of AGA patients receiving ACM extract injection treatment in alopecia region was retrospectively analyzed. The cell count， survival rate and cell subtypes of ACM extract suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry. The patients were followed up for （12±2） weeks after treatment. The effectiveness of the treatment was comprehensively evaluated by the photos before and after treatment， dermoscopy images and patient satisfaction questionnaire. At the same time， the injection area was observed for infection， swelling， rupture and other adverse reactions to evaluate the safety of treatment. Results The study included 20 patients with AGA. The suspension of ACM extract contained up to 106 highly viable cells， with DPs comprising the majority. Treatment with ACM extract resulted in significant improvement in hair loss appearance and a notable increase in hair coverage （P<0.05）. Dermoscopic examination revealed a significant increase in overall hair density and a higher terminal-to-vellus hair ratio （T/V ratio）. Patient satisfaction was high， with reports of reduced scalp oiliness and itching post-treatment. Additionally， ACM extract treatment can improve depigmentation. None of the 20 patients experienced any treatment-related adverse reactions during follow-up. Conclusion　The application of ACM extract for the AGA treatment is safe and effective. This treatment method may serve as a novel approach to the AGA treatment as the injection of ACM extract was technologically simple and easy to use. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on the age-related changes in facial skin in Chinese women LU Nan, HUANG Tao, SONG Jiao, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (2): 205-.   Abstract （255）      PDF（pc） （1033KB）（369）       Knowledge map    Save Skin is the largest organ in the human body and serves as the boundary between the internal and external environments. The aging process of facial skin is influenced by various factors， such as exposure to sunlight， environmental pollution， and lifestyle habits. Over time， facial skin exhibits typical signs of aging， including wrinkles， sagging， roughness， pigmentation， uneven skin tone， dryness， and decreased elasticity. With the rapid development of the economy and people's pursuit of a high-quality life， the quest for face rejuvenation has gained increasing attention. In this paper， research progress of age-related changes in facial skin among Chinese women was reviewed to offer theoretical support for the development of skincare products and the treatment practices of dermatologists. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on hair transplantation and hairline correction to reduce the facial apparent length of long-faced females SHEN Lihong, GUO Yaqi, JIANG Wenbin, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 55-.   Abstract （252）      PDF（pc） （8156KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To introduce an innovative technique for improving the appearance of elongated faces by modifying the hairline via hair transplantation， thereby enhancing facial proportions across frontal， oblique， and lateral perspectives. Methods Fifty-three female patients were included in this study. Facial measurements included the midline length and the lengths of the upper， middle， and lower thirds of the face. Additionally， four distances were assessed in oblique and lateral views： The vertical distances from the temporal hairline to the menton and from the sideburn to the menton. The hairline was corrected with hair transplantation， and the results were assessed by the patient and surgeon using the Likert scale. Results Post-transplantation， the central hairline was advanced， shortening the upper third of the face and decreasing the vertical distances from the temporal hairline and sideburn to the menton. Both patients and surgeons evaluated the outcomes using the Likert scale， with patients reporting an average score of 4.5. No adverse events were noted. Two patients required additional procedures to enhance hair density in the transplant region. Conclusion Hairline modification through hair transplantation presents an effective strategy for achieving facial balance and symmetry， offering a promising solution for women seeking to correct an elongated facial appearance. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Calendula moisturizing repair spray and facial mask after 1 064 nm dot matrix laser car LU Wenting, LU Nan, DONG Jiying Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 65-.   Abstract （238）      PDF（pc） （994KB）（58）       Knowledge map    Save bjective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of calendula moisturizing repair spray and facial mask for postoperative care after 1 064 nm dot matrix laser. Methods Thirty-six patients with 1 064 nm facial dot matrix laser were divided into experimental group and control group. The control group received conventional care， and the experimental group received laser postoperative care with calendula moisturizing repair spray and facial mask based on the control group. The trans-epidermal water loss， skin water content， erythema index， light intensity and the occurrence of adverse reactions were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference in trans-epidermal water loss between experimental group and control group at each time point after treatment （P>0.05）. Immediately after treatment，10 days after treatment and 28 days after treatment， the skin water content of experimental groups was higher than that of control group （P<0.05）， and the erythema index of experimental groups was lower than that of control group （P<0.05）. There were no obvious adverse reactions in the face of patients of the two groups during the treatment. Conclusion Calendula moisturizing repair spray and facial mask applied to wounds after 1 064 nm fractional laser surgery are safe and effective auxiliary means with good nursing effect. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of two-staged microtia reconstruction with autologous rib cartilage XU Zhicheng, ZHANG Ruhong, ZHANG Qingguo, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 1-.   Abstract （224）      PDF（pc） （5927KB）（64）       Knowledge map    Save Microtia is a common facial deformity and the most severe physiological defect among congenital ear deformities. The application of autologous rib cartilage in two ‐staged auricular reconstruction is currently the international mainstream surgical approach for microtia reconstruction. This consensus has been thoroughly discussed by a national expert group while incorporating recent research findings from both domestic and international sources. It serves as a reference for surgeons specializing in ear reconstruction within the fields of plastic surgery and otolaryngology across the country. The main topics of this consensus included the pathogenesis， preoperative assessment and preparation， key points of operation， postoperative nursing and strategies for managing complications of microtia. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of 3D printing technology in repair of large-area skin defects GUI Peng, ZHANG Li, HAN Sha, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 20-.   Abstract （213）      PDF（pc） （21315KB）（39）       Knowledge map    Save Objective For large area skin defects， using 3D printing technology to perform free skin transplantation more accurately. Methods 3D scanning technology was used to model the affected limb， and the skin defect area was constructed. The skin defect model was printed with resin material. The skin removal design of the donor area was carried out before surgery to ensure that the skin removal area of the donor area was closed without tension. The cutting and splicing points were marked. After cutting the skin according to the 3D model， point-to-point splicing was carried out， and the wound surface was covered for wound skin grafting. Results 3D printing technology was used to plan the preoperative skin donor area， which better covered the wound， and the donor area was completely tension-free suture， greatly reducing the operation time， and improving the survival rate of skin transplantation on large irregular wounds. Conclusion The use of 3D printing for preoperative skin removal planning can improve the efficiency of surgery， greatly reduce the damage of the donor area， and provide better personalized wound repair for large-scale irregular skin defects. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress of copper-based nanoparticles and copper-containing antibacterial implants FU Guangjie, HUANG Leiyun, BAI Zhenglin, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 93-.   Abstract （207）      PDF（pc） （1065KB）（910）       Knowledge map    Save  Due to the excessive and unreasonable use of antibiotics， the incidence of bacterial resistance and the improvement of drug resistance have gradually become a serious problem faced by orthopedic medical workers. Therefore， it is necessary to find an antibacterial agent with excellent antibacterial ability， excellent biocompatibility and not easy to produce drug resistance， which can replace antibiotics for orthopedic clinical. At present， scholars at home and abroad have proved that copper-based nanoparticles have small size， large specific surface area， excellent antimicrobial performance and are not easy to produce drug resistance. In the future， there is hope to replace antibiotics in clinical applications. In this paper， the main antibacterial mechanisms， biocompatibility， biological control of copper-based nanoparticles and the research progress of orthopedic copper-containing implants were reviewed. The existing problems and challenges of copper-based nanoparticles and copper-containing antibacterial implants were discussed， and the future of such antibacterial materials was prospected， so as to promote the clinical application of copper-based nanoparticles and orthopedic copper-containing antibacterial implants. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The adaptation of the teaching and evaluation model of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education to the Chinese standardized training of plastic surgeons GAO Bowen, QIAO Congzhen, WANG Chen, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 107-.   Abstract （196）      PDF（pc） （1020KB）（255）       Knowledge map    Save Under the background that there are still many deficiencies in the teaching and evaluation system of domestic standardized training of plastic surgeons， this paper explored the outcome-based education and assessment model of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education （ACGME） in the United States， which can serve as a reference for domestic standardized training of plastic surgeons. Firstly， the paper introduced the ACGME’s educational content based on core competencies and its outcome-based assessment methods. Additionally， two teaching cases were presented to demonstrate practical application methods， aiming to familiarize instructors at domestic plastic surgeons training with the core competency-based educational philosophy and outcome-based assessment system. This paper provided valuable insights for improving the quality of standardized training of plastic surgeons and can also guide training bases in observing， practicing， and reforming their education in the future to enhance the quality and skill level of plastic surgeons. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Experience in the treatment of 6 cases of acute necrotizing fasciitis LI Qinglin Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (2): 142-.   Abstract （183）      PDF（pc） （7719KB）（46）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　 To summarize the treatment experience of acute necrotizing fasciitis and provide reference for clinical practice. Methods　A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of six patients with acute necrotizing fasciitis from June 2021 to October 2024. The changes in wound characteristics， abnormal laboratory indicators， surgical methods and frequency， treatment of complications， length of hospital stay， and follow-up of wounds after discharge were analyzed. Results　After admission， all the 6 patients had fever， elevated hemogram， and excessive inflammatory indexes of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. One patient had extensive redness， swelling， and pain in the right thigh skin， with high skin temperature， tenderness， and obvious fluctuant sensation. In addition， five patients had skin ulceration and necrosis accompanied by exudate， and the surrounding skin was red， swollen， hot， and painful. Five patients had a history of type 2 diabetes， two patients had stage IV pressure sores in the ischial tuberosity （one was bilateral）， and one patient had grayblack erosion and necrosis of the second and third toes of the right foot. After admission， all patients received empirical anti infective treatment by intravenous drip of antibiotics， and actively regulated blood glucose. After 2-6 days， all patients received wound debridement and vacuum sealing drainage， and then adjusted the anti infective treatment of antibiotics according to the results of wound bacterial culture. All patients had anemia， electrolyte disorder， hypoproteinemia and  abnormal coagulation function， and were given corresponding symptomatic treatment. Two cases were complicated with pleural effusion， and one case received closed thoracic drainage. All patients were treated with debridement and vacuum sealing drainage， and the method of“ conservative debridement of superficial fascia and thorough debridement of deep fascia” was adopted. Among them， 1 case underwent 6 times of debridement and vacuum sealing drainage， 3 cases underwent 1 time， 1 case underwent 2 times， and 1 case reached the repair standard of granulation tissue bright red and no inflammatory reaction after 3 times. Five patients’ wounds were closed by direct suture， one patient received skin graft closure and toe amputation， and the patient with sciatic nodule pressure ulcer received gluteus maximus myocutaneous flap repair at the same time. After debridement and vacuum sealing drainage， the inflammatory indexes of all patients decreased significantly， the body temperature gradually returned to normal， and the abnormal laboratory indexes gradually tended to be normal. The hospital stay was 24-91 days. No recurrence of necrotizing fasciitis was found during the follow-up of 3-40 months after discharge. Conclusion　 The treatment of acute necrotizing fasciitis needs to consider many factors. Active anti infection treatment， blood glucose control and correction of abnormal laboratory indicators to maintain the balance of the body’s internal environment are the basis of treatment. Early conservative debridement of superficial fascia and thorough debridement of deep fascia combined with vacuum sealing drainage are very important to control the progress of the disease， which can retain the skin tissue on the surface of necrotic fascia to the greatest extent. After the granulation tissue of the wound is fresh and has no inflammatory reaction， the wound can be effectively cured by direct suture or skin grafting. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis in the treatment of limb lymphedema LIU Changrui, WANG Hejun, WANG Yingying, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 77-.   Abstract （181）      PDF（pc） （8710KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save The treatment of limb lymphedema includes conservative treatment （non-surgical） and surgical treatment. Conservative treatment can not solve the drainage dysfunction of the lymphatic system and solve the potential physiological dysfunction of the lymphatic system， and therefore can not effectively prevent the progression of the disease. Physiologic reconstruction for drainage function is particularly important. With the in-depth study of lymphatic system and the development of microsurgical technology， supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis has been widely used in clinical practice because of its significant long-term efficacy， less trauma， fewer surgical complications and low cost. In this paper， the relevant domestic and foreign literatures were reviewed from the three aspects： The development of lymphaticovenular anastomosis， the operation methods， the existing problems and the solutions， to provide reference for the selection of surgical methods. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the effect of veteporfin polylactic acid nanogel on full-thickness skin injury wound in rats WANG Xiaolin, ZHAO Xitong, SU Xingxing, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 26-.   Abstract （174）      PDF（pc） （21315KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To explore the application of verteporfin polylactic acid （HA/VP-PLA） nanogel on full-thickness skin wounds in rats and compare its performance with existing products in terms of healing efficacy and scar reduction. Methods Fifty male rats were selected， and full-thickness skin defects were created on their backs. The wound margins were sutured and secured with sterile steel rings. According to different wound medication regimens， the rats were randomly assigned to five groups： hyaluronic acid gel group， blank control group， HA/VP-PLA nanogel group， Jinfuning group， and MEBO group. Wound healing was monitored， and tissue samples were collected on days 9 and 18 post-surgery for hematoxylin-eosin， Masson， and picrosirius red staining. Immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to measure the expression of α-SMA and CD31. Results The healing rates in the HA/VP-PLA nanogel， Jinfuning， and MEBO groups were significantly greater than those in the blank control group. HE staining revealed less inflammatory infiltration and quicker repair in these groups compared to the control. Masson staining indicated that the HA/VP-PLA nanogel group had  looser and less dense collagen fibers than those in the control group， with better-organized collagen compared to the Jinfuning and MEBO groups. The extent of fibrosis on the 18th day was markedly reduced in the HA/VP-PLA group compared to the blank and hyaluronic acid gel groups. Sirius red staining showed that the ratio of type Ⅰ to Ⅲ collagen was lowest in the HA/ VP-PLA group， showing significant differences with both the control and MEBO groups. On day 9， CD31 expression was highest in the HA/VP-PLA group， significantly differing from other groups. Similarly，α-SMA expression was lowest on days 9 and 18 in the HA/VP-PLA group， with significant differences noted against the blank control group and the Jinfuning group on day 18. Conclusion The HA/VP-PLA nanogel is effective in promoting wound epithelialization， comparable to the Jinfuning and MEBO groups， but superior in reducing tissue fibrosis and scar formation， which had clinical transformation and application prospects. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Biological characteristics and applications of mesenchymal stem cell membranes WANG Yuhuan, QIAN Shutong, HU Zheyuan, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (2): 198-.   Abstract （166）      PDF（pc） （2156KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Save Mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） have been widely applied in cell therapy due to their multipotent differentiation capabilities， homing properties， and immunoregulatory functions. MSC membranes and their derivatives retain the membrane composition and biological characteristics of the source cells， and have gradually become a new focus of drug delivery research. MSC membranes can not only target diseased tissues but also modulate host immune responses through immunoregulatory molecules， thereby assisting in therapy. They demonstrate excellent targeting ability and biocompatibility in the treatment of diseases such as inflammation and tumors. However， the specific composition and corresponding functions of MSC membranes still require further investigation， and challenges remain in large-scale production and preservation for clinical applications. In this paper， the biological characteristics of MSC membranes and their applications in drug delivery and disease treatment were summarized， and the potential of engineering modifications to enhance targeting efficiency and therapeutic potential was discussed， providing a reference for the development of novel cell membrane therapies and carrier systems. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of anterolateral thigh flap in repairing severe diabetic foot ulcers LIU Yuanhang, CHANG Baoguo, MOU Yong, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (4): 337-.   Abstract （165）      PDF（pc） （1326KB）（26）       Knowledge map    Save  Objective To explore the clinical effect of using free anterolateral thigh flaps （ALTF） to repair severe diabetic foot ulcer wounds. Methods From January 2019 to September 2023，15 patients with severe diabetic foot ulcers were treated with free ALTF transplantation. The wound area ranged from 4.0 cm×6.0 cm to 8.0 cm×18.5 cm. Postoperatively， the patients received routine anti-infection， anticoagulation， anti-vascular spasm， and blood sugar control treatments. Follow-up was conducted for 6-24 months. The follow-up contents included flap appearance， sensation， wound healing， ulcer recurrence， foot function， and the condition of the donor area. Results Among the 15 cases，13 cases had complete flap survival，1 case had partial flap survival， and 1 case experienced necrosis within 72 hours after surgery. The case with partial flap survival healed after active wound dressing changes and symptomatic treatment. In the 14 cases with flap survival， the foot flaps had an aesthetically pleasing appearance， two-point discrimination ranged from 8 to 15 mm， and there was no recurrence of ulcers. The donor site in all patients healed linearly without affecting the range of motion of the hip and knee joints. According to the Maryland Foot Function Score， the foot function scores were as follows：5 cases rated excellent，7 cases rated good， and 2 cases rated fair. Conclusion The use of free anterolateral thigh flaps can effectively repair severe diabetic foot ulcers. However， strict control of surgical indications and active management and control of complications are necessary， otherwise， there is a certain risk of poor healing or even necrosis of the flap Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress for ear keloid treatment modalities LI Nan, LI Yan Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (1): 101-.   Abstract （162）      PDF（pc） （1024KB）（74）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the most common areas of keloid， the ear is often secondary to ear piercing， trauma， burns， and clinically manifested as a persistent tumor-like fibrous hyperplasia beyond the edge of the wound. Ear keloid not only affects aesthetics， but also affects the psychological health of patients. Its pathogenesis is complex and has not yet been fully clarified， so the clinical treatment methods are also different， and the therapeutic effect and recurrence rate also differ greatly. Treatment methods include radiotherapy， laser， mechanical compression， cryotherapy， silicone gel， local injection of drugs， etc. However， the recurrence rate of single therapy is high and the efficacy is not good. At present， both domestic and foreign countries advocate the combined application of multiple therapeutic methods to optimize the efficacy of treatment to a certain extent and further reduce the recurrence rate. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Carving knife in biological 3D printing： Research and application of sacrificial ink LI Jing, GUO Ke Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (2): 188-.   Abstract （159）      PDF（pc） （1026KB）（57）       Knowledge map    Save The core of bio-3D printing technology lies in the development and optimization of bio-ink. For a long time， researchers have been looking for bio-inks that can balance printability and cell function. However， traditional bio-inks often have limitations in meeting this balance， limiting the complexity and scale of printable structures. In recent years， the emergence of sacrifice inks has brought a major breakthrough in this field， allowing bio-inks that were originally not very suitable for printing to accurately construct larger and more complex structures. This ink is unique in that it is used to support and position the bio-ink， but is removed after printing is complete， not as part of the final printed structure， and the mild nature of the state transition and removal conditions allows for minimal damage to cell viability and print structure when the ink is“ sacrificed”. By the application of sacrifice inks， bioprinting technology can not only produce more realistic and complex tissue structures， but also is expected to provide broader application prospects for clinical treatment and regenerative medicine in the future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress of estrogen and wound healing WU Weimin, XIA Ming, WEN Lixia Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (2): 157-.   Abstract （154）      PDF（pc） （1037KB）（31）       Knowledge map    Save Studies have shown that estrogen plays a role in the four healing stages of hemostasis， inflammation， proliferation， and remodeling. It can regulate immune cells， fibroblasts， keratinocytes and other cells involved in healing through a variety of signaling pathways， reduce inflammatory response， promote cell proliferation and migration， regulate collagen synthesis and degradation， and accelerate wound healing. Topical application of estrogen or similar compounds has shown the potential to promote wound healing in animal experiments， but more research is needed to verify its efficacy and safety in clinical practice. The regulatory mechanism of estrogen on wound healing is complex， which needs further research. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect observation on the characteristic treatment of traditional Chinese medicine surgery in lower limb erysipelas SHENG Xuehua, LI Song, ZHOU Liqing, et al Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery    2025, 21 (2): 130-.   Abstract （152）      PDF（pc） （3756KB）（45）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　 To explore the characteristic curative effect of erysipelas in lower limbs in traditional Chinese medicine surgery. Methods　The cases of erysipelas in lower limbs were collected in outpatient department， and treated by TCM surgical characteristics and nursing in different stages， and the improvement of clinical symptoms was compared. Results　 The special treatment of traditional Chinese medicine surgery can alleviate the clinical symptoms of erysipelas in lower limbs， and the total effective rate is over 97.14% after one week's observation. Conclusion　The characteristic therapy of traditional Chinese medicine surgery can improve the clinical symptoms of erysipelas in lower limbs， which is worth popularizing in clinic. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）