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Integrated Air Defense Cooperative Networking Operation Research LAI Wenxing, WANG Chuangwei, GU Cunfeng, ZHANG Qing, XU Yongqin, JIA Jun Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (4): 92-96.   Abstract （405）      PDF（pc） （3289KB）（667）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the current operational background of the development of air attack system towards the integration of sky, ground, sea, network and electronic, and the expansion of operational airspace to near space, outer space and network electronic space, the paper points out the connotation and core content of the integrated air defense cooperative networking operation, analyzes the current situation at home and aboard, proposes the composition of integrated air defense cooperative networking operation, studies the technical approach of adaptive networking architecture, integrated fire control network, distributed command and control system, operational component, discusses its combat capability, combat style, typical scenario and operational process. The operation technology can provide a useful reference for realizing the cross domain networking operation of interconnection and interoperability between different types defense equipment and establishing the integrated aerospace defense system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Integrated Equipment for Electronic Reconnaissance and Jamming and Localization ZHANG Wenxu, WU Zhennan, LU Manjun, HU Jianbo Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 75-86.   Abstract （375）      PDF（pc） （2476KB）（644）       Knowledge map    Save The integrated framework for reconnaissance and jamming of sweep guidance, fast guidance and modulation bandwidth converter is analyzed in the paper. Miniaturization, modularization and localization will become the development trend of the integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming. The development status of electronic reconnaissance and jamming technology is analyzed from the aspects of electronic reconnaissance technology, electronic jamming technology and transceiver isolation technology of electronic reconnaissance and jamming system. The wideband digital channelized receiving and transmitting, ultra-wideband jamming, distributed jamming and cognitive jamming will become the development trend of electronic reconnaissance and jamming technology. For the urgent national demand for independent localization application, the localization development status of integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming is studied. The new integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming with 100% localization will become the development trend in the future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of Intelligent Perception in OODA Ring of Air Defense and Anti-Missile ZHANG Di, WANG Hui, AN Guochen, GU Cunfeng, FAN Tianzheng Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 1-5.   Abstract （324）      PDF（pc） （1016KB）（362）       Knowledge map    Save In the future intelligent war, new challenges for detection, perception, command and decision of air defense and anti-missile weapon systems are required and have been put forward. Focusing on intelligent perception countermeasure to empower future air defense and anti-missile combat equipment, the concept and connotation of intelligent perception were analyzed. Centered on the OODA(Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) ring and the typical combat process, the main forms of sensing countermeasures were elaborated, including warning and counter warning, detection and counter detection, and tracking and counter tracking. The core scientific problem was identified, which was feature concealment and recognition. The main application scenarios of perception countermeasure technology in the OODA ring were revealed. Finally, the key technologies that need to be developed to enhance the intelligent level of perception concealment for air defense and anti-missile weapon systems have been proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation and Supporting Technologies SU Hongjia, LUO Yucheng, LIU Fei Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 29-38.   Abstract （321）      PDF（pc） （619KB）（807）       Knowledge map    Save Operational effectiveness evaluation has been widely used in various weapon and equipment validation studies to assess the capability of specific operational mission objectives. This paper has provided a summarized analysis of the current problems and challenges. Then, it reviewed three categories of equipment system operational effectiveness evaluation methods: multi-attribute decision-making, complex networks, and machine learning algorithms. The research status of the above approaches was analyzed. In addition, this paper has summarized the supporting technologies for equipment system operational effectiveness evaluation, respectively, indicator reduction and optimization. Finally, according to the current research progress, expected research directions for future evaluation are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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An Algorithm for Trajectory Generation and Prediction of Hypersonic Vehicle Based on Transformer Architecture DI Ziqi, WANG Xiangyu, WU Shuang, ZHOU Yu Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 35-41.   Abstract （275）      PDF（pc） （1791KB）（190）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing attack level of hypersonic vehicles, how to accurately predict their trajectory has become critical to defense research. This article has proposed a trajectory prediction model based on parameter estimation, which combines with the Transformer deep learning model. First, this paper developed a control parameter model that affects aerodynamic vehicle maneuvers and summarized the parameters’ controlling rules under different maneuver modes. Secondly, this paper established a trajectory control parameter prediction model based on Transformer architecture and designed a neural network loss function that can balance the optimal control parameters with the physical trajectory. Finally, this article simulated trajectory data for multiple different manoeuvring modes and analyzed the changes in control parameters and trajectory data using the trajectory prediction model. This article has then obtained test results by inputting test trajectory data into the trained model. The results show that the trajectory prediction model proposed in this article performs precise prediction of hypersonic vehicle trajectories under different manoeuvring modes. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Reliability Analysis Based on Active Learning Kriging Model ZHAI Weihao, GONG Minhao, LIN Mingrun, KUANG Tingyu, WEN Shanshan Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (1): 1-5.   Abstract （273）      PDF（pc） （1414KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save In practical aerospace engineering, due to the high reliability and low failure probability, using the traditional Monte Carlo method to obtain accurate solution needs huge computation. The paper combines Latin Hypercube Sampling and Kriging surrogate model to get the minimum fitting error model by using the EFF learning mechanism for active learning INITIAL Kriging model, then uses Monte Carlo Method for reliability calculation, which greatly reduces the computation. At last, the method is verified by three numerical examples. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Progress of US Military Digital Transformation ZHANG Xue Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 12-16.   Abstract （267）      PDF（pc） （639KB）（468）       Knowledge map    Save Digital transformation is strategically required by military transformation. It’s critical to guarantee the reform of military concepts and plays an indispensable link in winning future wars using intelligent technology. To maintain the war advantage, the US military has been actively promoting its digital transformation during the transition of the fourth industrial revolution. This paper has studied the needs, development goals, significance, and implementation approaches of the digital transformation of the current US Army. Then, specific strategies to promote the digital transformation of China’s military were proposed by establishing standards and specifications, building data models, and personnel digital literacy. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Structural Optimization and Additive Manufacturing on High-Speed Aircraft Structures DING Xiaohong, ZHANG Heng, SHEN Hong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 1-11.   Abstract （255）      PDF（pc） （2578KB）（506）       Knowledge map    Save Lightweight, high stiffness and high strength structures are the key elements to achieving high speed, long range and strong aircraft manoeuvrability. In recent years, fundamental research and design technology development on innovative design methods, such as structural topology optimization and bionic design, have provided powerful design tools for the design of high-speed aircraft structures. This paper first analyzes the design requirements of high-speed aircraft structures. Then reviews the related research on the integration method of structural topology optimization, bionic design and additive manufacturing at domestic and abroad in recent years from the perspectives of research methods and classification applications. Finally summarizes the main problems in the innovative design methods and applications of aircraft structures, and proposes the key breakthrough technologies in the near future, thus providing a reference for the structural design of the new generation high-speed aircraft. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Missile Model with Direct Force and Aerodynamic Force Compound Control Technology ZHAO Zhongliang, LI Hao, LAI Jiang, YANG Haiyong, WANG Xiaobing, LI Yuping Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (3): 1-9.   Abstract （252）      PDF（pc） （4676KB）（747）       Knowledge map    Save The direct force and aerodynamic force compound control technology is proposed for achieving the rapid turning and precise guided strike in high-maneuver tactical missiles. To investigate the coupling interaction problems in the compound control method, both wind tunnel experiments and unsteady numerical simulations are conducted on a typical missile configuration with transverse jet nozzles. Specially, dynamic response to the direct force/aerodynamic force control are carried out experimentally in wind tunnel. The results shows that the rear transverse jets provide beneficial interaction for aerodynamic characteristics. As a consequence of the pitching motion, the upstream separation region is largely affected by the unsteady interaction flow. And the aerodynamic coefficients experience obvious dynamic hysteresis, which is enhanced by the pitching motion rate. The amplification factor of pitch moment is more seriously affected under large angle-of-attack in the pitching motion, which is deviated from the static counterparts and leads to unfavorable impact. The direct force/aerodynamic force compound control is proven to be capable of increasing the pitching-up velocity, and it is a reliable option for rapid turning and precise attitude control. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Differential Game Cooperative Confrontation Guidance Law Method SU Shan, XIE Yongji, BAI Yulian, LIU Yintian, SHAN Yongzhi Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 58-64.   Abstract （249）      PDF（pc） （1045KB）（202）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the multi-vs-one interception problem, the cooperative confrontation guidance law based on differential game was studied, and the multi-vs-one linear relative motion equation was constructed. By analyzing the principle of game theory, the performance function of two-side game confrontation was constructed, and the state transition matrix was used to reduce the dimension of the state equation. Based on the optimal control principle, the cooperative confrontation guidance law from multi-vs-one confrontation game angle was solved. By analyzing the process of two-stop-one confrontation, the differential game guidance law of two-stop-one cooperative confrontation is obtained. For different types of targets, the simulation of two-stop-one guidance law is carried out for performance verification, so as to reflect the effectiveness of the guidance law proposed in this paper in the process of cooperative interception of targets. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development of the Intelligentization of Precision Strike System of Systems FAN Jinxiang, LIU Yiji, LI Ning, CHAI Juanfang Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 1-11.   Abstract （240）      PDF（pc） （831KB）（308）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, to accommodate the operational modes being transformed to multi-domain/all-domain joint operation and the weapon equipment being transformed to systematic and cooperative, and to improve the capability of precision strike system of systems in joint-operation and fighting against powerful enemies, USA and other major military powerful countries are making great efforts to carry out the research and development together with preliminary application of intelligentization of precision strike system of systems. They have successfully applied artificial intelligence(AI) in commerce, industry， science and other fields. In this paper, the development of the intelligentization of precision strike systems has been reviewed. The requirements for the intelligentization of advanced precision strike system of systems were investigated. The overall development of intelligentization in the information support system and its engagement chain of precision strike systems were summarized. The key technologies for the intelligentization of precision strike systems were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Operational Effectiveness Evaluation Method of Reconnaissance and Strike Integrated UAV Equipment Based on Improved Grey-AHP LUO Jing, ZHANG Yinan Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 1-7.   Abstract （235）      PDF（pc） （614KB）（290）       Knowledge map    Save In order to meet the needs of operational effectiveness evaluation of reconnaissance and strike integrated UAV equipment in the evaluation and finalization stage, the operational effectiveness evaluation index system of UAV equipment is constructed, and an improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is put forward to weight the operational effectiveness evaluation index of UAV equipment. Improved grey-AHP model for UAV equipment operational effectiveness evaluation is established. Compared with the traditional one, the method proposed in this paper is easier and weight value calculated is more closed to the real value. The operational effectiveness of UAV equipment of three development schemes are sorted to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of this method. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Overview of Foreign Simulation VV&A Standards WANG Bingheng, LI Wei, ZHANG Huan, MA Ping, CHENG Huichuan, ZHANG Jianchao, YANG Ming Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 13-24.   Abstract （232）      PDF（pc） （1612KB）（558）       Knowledge map    Save With the progress of technology, the engineering system has become increasingly sophisticated and complex. Whether the simulation can represent real entities in the real world has been considered as a major concern. Simulation VV&A is the key to ensuring the correctness and credibility of a simulation. The VV&A standard regulates how to perform its work and standardize its activities, which has engineering practical significance. This article initially summarized the development process of foreign VV&A standards. Then, the similarities and differences between simulation VV&A standards abroad were compared and analyzed. Finally, the future development direction of simulation VV&A standards was proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design of Reentry Guidance Law of Hypersonic Vehicle Based on No-Fly Zone Avoidance TIAN Ruocen, ZHANG Qingzhen, GUO Yunhe, CHENG Lin Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 65-74.   Abstract （232）      PDF（pc） （1321KB）（217）       Knowledge map    Save 3. School of Astronautics， Beihang University， Beijing 100191， China） Abstract: In order to solve the reentry guidance law design problem of hypersonic vehicle in complex environment, a design method of no-fly zone avoidance reentry guidance law is proposed aiming at the avoidance requirements of no-fly zone such as terrain, geopolitics and air defense interception in reentry process. The longitudinal guidance law realizes fast trajectory planning based on reentry flight corridor method. The lateral guidance law adopts the line-of-sight angle deviation corridor to realize the no-fly zone avoidance and target tracking, and the online prediction correction guidance module is designed according to the range error. The effectiveness of the longitudinal and lateral guidance laws is verified by numerical simulation. The simulation results show that the process constraint and the no-fly zone constraint can be satisfied. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Autonomous Decision-Making and Planning Techniques for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle CHENG Haoyu, ZHANG Shuo, LIU Tailai, XU Shengli, HUANG Hanqiao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 6-15.   Abstract （231）      PDF（pc） （994KB）（371）       Knowledge map    Save Facing the future with a highly dynamic, strong confrontation and rejection combat environment, intelligence level has become the core factor restricting the UAV mission/environment adaptability and combat effectiveness. Focusing on autonomous decision-making and planning technology, which is a difficult, rapidly updated and broad application prospect, the main research achievements and future development direction of autonomous decision-making and planning technology were reviewed. Firstly, the necessity of autonomous decision-making and planning technology research was elaborated based on the development and current situation of unmanned aerial vehicles. Secondly, this study summarized and analyzed the current research results of autonomous decision-making and planning technology. Finally, the development direction of autonomous decision-making and planning technology of UAVs was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Structural Design and Mechanical Properties of Fissile Cover with Rebound and Reset Functions JIA Mizhi, XU Liming, LIN Nan, NAN Bohua, WANG Kun, CAI Deng’an, ZHOU Guangming Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 8-16.   Abstract （220）      PDF（pc） （12629KB）（217）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the new requirements in the field of composite material missile launch canister cover development, this paper designed a kind of split burst composite material fissile cover which has the functions of rebound and reset, and proposed a design scheme of the meso-structure of the weak zone and the functional zone of the rebound and reset. The test results showed that the structure design of the fissile cover was reasonable; the cover body could crack from the middle to the flange root part under the force of the missile nose; and the split cover could automatically rebound and close after the ejection of the missile body. In the paper, the static pressure-bearing deformation finite element model and the dynamic split burst finite element model of the fissile cover were established respectively, which can effectively predict the maximum deformation and broken force, and the errors were 4.08% and 19.64% respectively. Based on the finite element models, the effects of the number of layers of the fissile cover body, and the number of reinforced layers in different regions, and the number of different functional layers on the maximum deformation of the fissile cover were analyzed, and the mechanisms of the damage failure in the weak region and the rebound and reset in the functional region were studied. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Differential Game Guidance Law for Intercepting Hypersonic Vehicles with Small Missile-to-Target Speed Ratio LIU Shuangxi, WANG Yichong, ZHU Mengjie, LI Yong, YAN Binbin Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 49-57.   Abstract （219）      PDF（pc） （1424KB）（207）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the problem of intercepting hypersonic vehicles, the nonlinear differential game theory is applied to study the problem of intercepting hypersonic vehicles with small missile-to-target speed ratio. Thus, the interception problem is transformed into state-dependent coefficient (SDC) and algebraic Riccati Equation, and the analytical form of the differential game guidance law based on the state-dependent Riccati equation method is given. For the three scenarios of hypersonic vehicle with different maneuverability and different missile-to-target speed ratios, simulation experiments are carried out respectively. Meanwhile, comparisons are made with the proportional guidance law and the adaptive sliding mode guidance law, which demonstrates that the proposed guidance law can effectively intercept hypersonic vehicles with small missile-to-target speed ratio. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of Machine Learning in Fuze- Warhead System Design JIA Dao, CHEN Lei, ZHU Zhipeng, YU Yao, CHI Dejian Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 27-31.   Abstract （218）      PDF（pc） （1614KB）（267）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of computer technology and artificial intelligence, machine learning has shown its excellent performance in image, speech, natural language processing and other fields. It has quickly become one of the hottest technologies in the industry. In the meantime, to meet the needs of future air combat, new technologies in intelligent detection and intelligent fuze-warhead coordination need to be developed for fuze-warhead system. By analyzing the application of machine learning in regression and classification, this paper puts forward the basic methods and application prospects of machine learning in fuze-warhead coordination law designing, experiment data generation and target vital parts recognition. and points out the direction for the development of fuze-warhead system to intelligent and efficient damage. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Simulation Model Generation Technology of Solid Rocket Motor Considering Burning Surface Regression Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 62-67.   Abstract （214）      PDF（pc） （1200KB）（492）       Knowledge map    Save The grain, the structure, the flow field and the acoustic field are critical to solid rocket motor (SRM) design, where engineers are urging for a typical SRM with high efficiency and could realize the adjustment of the parameters within limits. Aiming at evaluating the quality characteristics of the SRM roughly and getting the multi-physics fields used for process simulation rapidly under the burning regression, utilising the Creo platform, this paper proposed a standard process for the parametric design of a solid rocket motor and tracking the burning regression, applying the concept of top-down modelling and the method of feature modelling respectively. Additionally, this paper has conducted the secondary development of Creo, the function of modifying parameters, regenerating models and exporting files was encapsulated in programs, avoiding the complexity and misoperation of manual operation. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Enlightenment of US Army’s Rapid Acquisitionon the Development of China’s Weapon Equipment System JIN Pengfei, KONG Xiaojun, XIE Chunyan, LIANG Weidong, LAI Yu Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (4): 97-102.   Abstract （206）      PDF（pc） （918KB）（569）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the U.S.army has vigorously promoted the rapid acquisition of new weapon equipment in order to quickly form a "System Cluster" of weapon equipment form, counter potential opponents, and consolidate its military leading advantage. This paper introduces the new adaptive acquisition framework of defense, fast acquisition approaches and the implementation of related projects, and then judges the situation that fast acquisition can actively adapt to the future battlefield and accelerate the forming of weapon equipment system. Finally, it gives some suggestions for the development of our army's acquisition and weapon equipment system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）