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Research on the Progress of US Military Digital Transformation ZHANG Xue Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 12-16.   Abstract （1269）      PDF（pc） （639KB）（3236）       Knowledge map    Save Digital transformation is strategically required by military transformation. It’s critical to guarantee the reform of military concepts and plays an indispensable link in winning future wars using intelligent technology. To maintain the war advantage, the US military has been actively promoting its digital transformation during the transition of the fourth industrial revolution. This paper has studied the needs, development goals, significance, and implementation approaches of the digital transformation of the current US Army. Then, specific strategies to promote the digital transformation of China’s military were proposed by establishing standards and specifications, building data models, and personnel digital literacy. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation and Supporting Technologies SU Hongjia, LUO Yucheng, LIU Fei Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 29-38.   Abstract （948）      PDF（pc） （619KB）（2744）       Knowledge map    Save Operational effectiveness evaluation has been widely used in various weapon and equipment validation studies to assess the capability of specific operational mission objectives. This paper has provided a summarized analysis of the current problems and challenges. Then, it reviewed three categories of equipment system operational effectiveness evaluation methods: multi-attribute decision-making, complex networks, and machine learning algorithms. The research status of the above approaches was analyzed. In addition, this paper has summarized the supporting technologies for equipment system operational effectiveness evaluation, respectively, indicator reduction and optimization. Finally, according to the current research progress, expected research directions for future evaluation are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Urban Target Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Modal Fusion of UAV WANG Jianyuan, CHEN Xiaotong, ZHANG Yue, SUN Junge, SHI Donghao, CHEN Jinbao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 32-39.   Abstract （902）      PDF（pc） （1812KB）（3113）       Knowledge map    Save Using small drones to detect urban targets such as vehicles at low altitudes in cities has gradually become a mainstream means. Given the existing problems of low detection accuracy of single-mode detection networks affected by visible light detection, inability to work at night and the blurred edge of infrared detection targets in actual scenes, this paper has proposed a multi-modal UAV detection algorithm based on image fusion and deep learning network. Firstly, based on the DUT-VTUAV visible-infrared registration data set and TIF image fusion algorithm, a multi-mode fusion data set was built up. Secondly, by comparing the detection accuracy, speed and several parameters of the existing YOLO series network, the lightweight network YOLO v5n which was most suitable for the mobile deployment of UAVs was decided. Finally, a multi-modal fusion detection algorithm was produced by combining an image fusion algorithm and a target detection model. Comparative experiments on vehicle data sets successfully show that compared with single-mode detection, the detection accuracy of the proposed algorithm is effectively increased, with mAP up to 99.6%, and a set of visible-infrared image fusion detection can be completed within 0.3s, indicating the high real-time performance. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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An Algorithm for Trajectory Generation and Prediction of Hypersonic Vehicle Based on Transformer Architecture DI Ziqi, WANG Xiangyu, WU Shuang, ZHOU Yu Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 35-41.   Abstract （878）      PDF（pc） （1791KB）（985）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing attack level of hypersonic vehicles, how to accurately predict their trajectory has become critical to defense research. This article has proposed a trajectory prediction model based on parameter estimation, which combines with the Transformer deep learning model. First, this paper developed a control parameter model that affects aerodynamic vehicle maneuvers and summarized the parameters’ controlling rules under different maneuver modes. Secondly, this paper established a trajectory control parameter prediction model based on Transformer architecture and designed a neural network loss function that can balance the optimal control parameters with the physical trajectory. Finally, this article simulated trajectory data for multiple different manoeuvring modes and analyzed the changes in control parameters and trajectory data using the trajectory prediction model. This article has then obtained test results by inputting test trajectory data into the trained model. The results show that the trajectory prediction model proposed in this article performs precise prediction of hypersonic vehicle trajectories under different manoeuvring modes. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Autonomous Decision-Making and Planning Techniques for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle CHENG Haoyu, ZHANG Shuo, LIU Tailai, XU Shengli, HUANG Hanqiao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 6-15.   Abstract （853）      PDF（pc） （994KB）（3928）       Knowledge map    Save Facing the future with a highly dynamic, strong confrontation and rejection combat environment, intelligence level has become the core factor restricting the UAV mission/environment adaptability and combat effectiveness. Focusing on autonomous decision-making and planning technology, which is a difficult, rapidly updated and broad application prospect, the main research achievements and future development direction of autonomous decision-making and planning technology were reviewed. Firstly, the necessity of autonomous decision-making and planning technology research was elaborated based on the development and current situation of unmanned aerial vehicles. Secondly, this study summarized and analyzed the current research results of autonomous decision-making and planning technology. Finally, the development direction of autonomous decision-making and planning technology of UAVs was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Integrated Equipment for Electronic Reconnaissance and Jamming and Localization ZHANG Wenxu, WU Zhennan, LU Manjun, HU Jianbo Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 75-86.   Abstract （817）      PDF（pc） （2476KB）（1886）       Knowledge map    Save The integrated framework for reconnaissance and jamming of sweep guidance, fast guidance and modulation bandwidth converter is analyzed in the paper. Miniaturization, modularization and localization will become the development trend of the integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming. The development status of electronic reconnaissance and jamming technology is analyzed from the aspects of electronic reconnaissance technology, electronic jamming technology and transceiver isolation technology of electronic reconnaissance and jamming system. The wideband digital channelized receiving and transmitting, ultra-wideband jamming, distributed jamming and cognitive jamming will become the development trend of electronic reconnaissance and jamming technology. For the urgent national demand for independent localization application, the localization development status of integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming is studied. The new integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming with 100% localization will become the development trend in the future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Enlightenment for the Development of Anti-UAV Equipment from the Offensive and Defensive Operations of UAVs Between Russian and Ukrainian ZHANG Yaoyi, LI Ning Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 34-39.   Abstract （803）      PDF（pc） （924KB）（2811）       Knowledge map    Save According to the offensive and defensive operations of UAVs （Unmanned Aerial Vehicles） in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the methods of countering new air threats represented by UAVs in the future were studied. By reviewing the overall situation of the UAVs employed by Russia and Ukraine, the methods of using various UAVs to build an integrated reconnaissance and offensive system on both sides were summarized. From the perspective of responding to the UAV threat, this paper elaborated on the overall overview of the anti-UAV equipment employed by both sides and summarized the methods of building an integrated anti-UAV system using various soft and hard killing methods. According to the practical experience of warfare, considering the development of strong hostile UAVs and anti-UAV equipment such as the US military, enlightenment and suggestions for the future development of anti-UAV equipment were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of Intelligent Perception in OODA Ring of Air Defense and Anti-Missile ZHANG Di, WANG Hui, AN Guochen, GU Cunfeng, FAN Tianzheng Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 1-5.   Abstract （757）      PDF（pc） （1016KB）（2075）       Knowledge map    Save In the future intelligent war, new challenges for detection, perception, command and decision of air defense and anti-missile weapon systems are required and have been put forward. Focusing on intelligent perception countermeasure to empower future air defense and anti-missile combat equipment, the concept and connotation of intelligent perception were analyzed. Centered on the OODA(Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) ring and the typical combat process, the main forms of sensing countermeasures were elaborated, including warning and counter warning, detection and counter detection, and tracking and counter tracking. The core scientific problem was identified, which was feature concealment and recognition. The main application scenarios of perception countermeasure technology in the OODA ring were revealed. Finally, the key technologies that need to be developed to enhance the intelligent level of perception concealment for air defense and anti-missile weapon systems have been proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Integrated Air Defense Cooperative Networking Operation Research LAI Wenxing, WANG Chuangwei, GU Cunfeng, ZHANG Qing, XU Yongqin, JIA Jun Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (4): 92-96.   Abstract （744）      PDF（pc） （3289KB）（1452）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the current operational background of the development of air attack system towards the integration of sky, ground, sea, network and electronic, and the expansion of operational airspace to near space, outer space and network electronic space, the paper points out the connotation and core content of the integrated air defense cooperative networking operation, analyzes the current situation at home and aboard, proposes the composition of integrated air defense cooperative networking operation, studies the technical approach of adaptive networking architecture, integrated fire control network, distributed command and control system, operational component, discusses its combat capability, combat style, typical scenario and operational process. The operation technology can provide a useful reference for realizing the cross domain networking operation of interconnection and interoperability between different types defense equipment and establishing the integrated aerospace defense system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Thoughts on the Resilience of Equipment System-of-Systems GONG Lin, XU Renjie Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 1-5.   Abstract （735）      PDF（pc） （468KB）（1435）       Knowledge map    Save With the introduction of operational concepts such as distributed warfare and mosaic warfare, operational concepts have dramatically emphasized the characteristics of decentralization, increasing the overall resilience of the system-of-systems. The fundamental theoretical understanding of the resilience of the equipment system-of-systems (ESoS) impacts theoretical and practical research and focuses on the latest research of ESoS. First, this paper has expounded on the understanding of the concept of ESoS resilience. Then, the tenacity behaviour of ESoS was analyzed in advance, during and after the system-of-systems confrontation. Finally, suggestions for improving the resilience of the ESoS and thoughts on the construction of a strong and resilient ESoS were proposed. This paper thus provides a reference for the construction and development of the domestic military's robust and resilient ESoS. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Overview of Foreign Simulation VV&A Standards WANG Bingheng, LI Wei, ZHANG Huan, MA Ping, CHENG Huichuan, ZHANG Jianchao, YANG Ming Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 13-24.   Abstract （723）      PDF（pc） （1612KB）（2179）       Knowledge map    Save With the progress of technology, the engineering system has become increasingly sophisticated and complex. Whether the simulation can represent real entities in the real world has been considered as a major concern. Simulation VV&A is the key to ensuring the correctness and credibility of a simulation. The VV&A standard regulates how to perform its work and standardize its activities, which has engineering practical significance. This article initially summarized the development process of foreign VV&A standards. Then, the similarities and differences between simulation VV&A standards abroad were compared and analyzed. Finally, the future development direction of simulation VV&A standards was proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Concept of Future Intelligent Kill Web RUAN Kaizhi, SUN Xuean, TONG Yun , LIANG Shuo, XU Tianyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 27-33.   Abstract （709）      PDF（pc） （2786KB）（1446）       Knowledge map    Save The battlefield among great power wars drives the direction of high dynamic and high intensity. A single weapon system or its kill chain is difficult to adapt to future wars. As a new operational concept with high dynamics and high flexibility, the kill web has high self-adaptability, high organization and toughness. Through the extremely fast response speed, the commander can complete the combat groupings and the command control, which significantly enhances the decision-making efficiency. Firstly, this paper conducted research aiming at the combat concept of the kill web. Then, it discussed and analyzed the background of the kill chain, the transition from chain to web, basic concepts, typical cases and key technologies. Finally, utilizing intelligent technology, the paper summarized the concept of a future intelligent kill web. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Target Tracking TANG Shengjing, WANG Taiyan, ZHAO Ganglian, GUO Jie, LI Jiali, YIN Hang（ Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 18-29.   Abstract （641）      PDF（pc） （1875KB）（1047）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing complexity of target-tracking scenarios, single-sensor detection systems cannot satisfy the practical requirements of target tracking. Multi-sensor data fusion technology has thus become an important solution for target tracking in complex scenarios. This paper reviewed the basic principles and research status of two key processes in multi-sensor data fusion: data association and estimating fusion. The relevant research on applying artificial intelligence technologies such as neural networks and reinforcement learning in multi-sensor data fusion was introduced. Finally, the development of multi-sensordata fusion methods in the field of target tracking was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Infrared Image Object Detection Method Based on Deformable DETR ZHANG Xiaoyu, DU Xiangrun, ZHANG Jialiang, TAN Panlong, YANG Shibo Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 16-23.   Abstract （635）      PDF（pc） （1320KB）（688）       Knowledge map    Save The DETR series networks based on the Transformer architecture keep pushing the boundaries of object detection accuracy and speed in computer vision. However, non-cooperative object detection applications based on infrared images face challenges because of environmental complexity and poor image quality. To solve this problem, a novel object detection algorithm with high detection accuracy was proposed in this study, utilizing the Deformable DETR as the baseline. Initially, an image enhancement module called CLAHE-GB was designed to enhance the image process on infrared images, and it was effectively integrated with Deformable DETR. Subsequently, the algorithm was pre-trained on a large-scale general dataset. Then, data augmentation and transfer learning methods were developed to retrain the parameters of the detection head network using a self-made dataset of small infrared images of aerial objects. Finally, a comprehensive result analysis was conducted. The results show that the proposed algorithm can successfully achieve promising image enhancement effects and detection accuracy on infrared image data. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development of the Intelligentization of Precision Strike System of Systems FAN Jinxiang, LIU Yiji, LI Ning, CHAI Juanfang Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 1-11.   Abstract （613）      PDF（pc） （831KB）（2469）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, to accommodate the operational modes being transformed to multi-domain/all-domain joint operation and the weapon equipment being transformed to systematic and cooperative, and to improve the capability of precision strike system of systems in joint-operation and fighting against powerful enemies, USA and other major military powerful countries are making great efforts to carry out the research and development together with preliminary application of intelligentization of precision strike system of systems. They have successfully applied artificial intelligence(AI) in commerce, industry， science and other fields. In this paper, the development of the intelligentization of precision strike systems has been reviewed. The requirements for the intelligentization of advanced precision strike system of systems were investigated. The overall development of intelligentization in the information support system and its engagement chain of precision strike systems were summarized. The key technologies for the intelligentization of precision strike systems were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of the Development and Key Technologies of Missile-borne Integrated Avionics System SHI Dashan, GE Yuhang, MENG Guangwei, JI Biao, CAI Kerong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 52-57.   Abstract （601）      PDF（pc） （571KB）（1810）       Knowledge map    Save The missile-borne integrated avionics system determines the development of the electronic and electrical equipment of the missile. It can effectively improve integration, modularization, and miniaturization while reducing costs. This paper first introduced the concept and system composition of an integrated avionics system. Then, it summarized the development status domestically and abroad and expounded on the development trend and key technologies of missile-brone integrated avionics systems, including high-speed serial bus, time-sharing partition operating systems, and microsystem. Finally, the existing challenges and future development trends were summarized. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current Developments in Foreign Hypersonic Vehicles and Defense Systems Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 39-51.   Abstract （581）      PDF（pc） （2112KB）（2263）       Knowledge map    Save With the evolution of combat modes and advancements in hypersonic-related technologies, hypersonic vehicles have emerged as the major threat in future warfare. This will inevitably trigger new tactical strategies and military doctrines. This paper has provided a systematic review of the development of hypersonic vehicles from major military powers and introduced its current stage of equipment for defense systems. Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes three defending strategies against hypersonic vehicles, which includes building a comprehensive information network, creating an all-encompassing interception posture, and improving a full-factor command and control platform. These strategies contribute to the reference for the construction and development of hypersonic vehicle defense systems and are valuable to counter the growing threat posed by hypersonic vehicles in future warfare. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Structural Optimization and Additive Manufacturing on High-Speed Aircraft Structures DING Xiaohong, ZHANG Heng, SHEN Hong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 1-11.   Abstract （579）      PDF（pc） （2578KB）（1236）       Knowledge map    Save Lightweight, high stiffness and high strength structures are the key elements to achieving high speed, long range and strong aircraft manoeuvrability. In recent years, fundamental research and design technology development on innovative design methods, such as structural topology optimization and bionic design, have provided powerful design tools for the design of high-speed aircraft structures. This paper first analyzes the design requirements of high-speed aircraft structures. Then reviews the related research on the integration method of structural topology optimization, bionic design and additive manufacturing at domestic and abroad in recent years from the perspectives of research methods and classification applications. Finally summarizes the main problems in the innovative design methods and applications of aircraft structures, and proposes the key breakthrough technologies in the near future, thus providing a reference for the structural design of the new generation high-speed aircraft. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Missile Structural Optimization Design for Additive Manufacturing KE Linda, ZHANG Xiaolong, CUI Zhe, GU Mingfeng, LAI Caifang, LIU Yong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 28-34.   Abstract （567）      PDF（pc） （1107KB）（2964）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of AM (additive manufacturing) technology, the integration of innovative structure design and AM technology must be the critical direction of breakthrough development in missile development and structural design. This paper discussed the application of advanced additive manufacturing technology in missile structure optimization in three parts: the static design, the dynamic structure design and the coupling dynamics. Since the optimization of missile structure involves dynamic characteristics, aeroelasticity, mechanical-thermal coupling etc., relying on its unique advantages, AM technology can break through the traditional design mode and the processing bottleneck, and can further realize the lightweight, small size and functional integration of space weapon equipment. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review on Film Cooling Technology in High Supersonic Flow DAI Siming, XU Ziran, DOU Yibin, MA Haiteng, ZHAO Ruiyi Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 24-30.   Abstract （564）      PDF（pc） （609KB）（1174）    PDF（mobile） （625KB）（6）    Knowledge map    Save Film cooling, characterized by long-lasting duration, high cooling efficiency, and reusability, is considered a highly promising thermal protection technology for spacecraft in Earth-to-orbit missions. In the supersonic flow scenario, the research on film cooling has mainly focused on the configuration of tangential slots. Besides, investigations into the use of film cooling by reverse jet on the blunt nose in high supersonic flow have emerged, with promising results indicating effective thermal protection and drag reduction. Considering coolant properties, molecular weight, specific heat, viscosity, and speed of sound all influence the cooling efficiency, the specific heat playing a significant role requires careful evaluation in scaling studies. In the flow conditions, the blowing ratio, the shock waves, and the boundary layer state also affect the film cooling effectiveness. For tangential film cooling conditions, the presence of impinging shock waves diminishes the cooling efficiency, because these shocks elevate the local adiabatic wall temperature while accelerating the coolant's dissipation. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on the interaction between shock waves and cross-jet film cooling, thus further detailed investigations to explore the underlying principles and mechanisms are necessary. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）