Collective Molecular Machines: Multidimensionality and Reconfigurability

doi:10.1007/s40820-024-01379-4

Abstract

Abstract:

Molecular machines are key to cellular activity where they are involved in converting chemical and light energy into efficient mechanical work. During the last 60 years, designing molecular structures capable of generating unidirectional mechanical motion at the nanoscale has been the topic of intense research. Effective progress has been made, attributed to advances in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, biology and nanotechnology, and informatics. However, individual molecular machines are only capable of producing nanometer work and generally have only a single functionality. In order to address these problems, collective behaviors realized by integrating several or more of these individual mechanical units in space and time have become a new paradigm. In this review, we comprehensively discuss recent developments in the collective behaviors of molecular machines. In particular, collective behavior is divided into two paradigms. One is the appropriate integration of molecular machines to efficiently amplify molecular motions and deformations to construct novel functional materials. The other is the construction of swarming modes at the supramolecular level to perform nanoscale or microscale operations. We discuss design strategies for both modes and focus on the modulation of features and properties. Subsequently, in order to address existing challenges, the idea of transferring experience gained in the field of micro/nano robotics is presented, offering prospects for future developments in the collective behavior of molecular machines.

Key words: Molecular machines, Collective control, Collective behaviors, DNA, Biomolecular motors

Bin Wang, Yuan Lu. Collective Molecular Machines: Multidimensionality and Reconfigurability[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 155-.

Bin Wang, Yuan Lu. [J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 155-.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/10.1007/s40820-024-01379-4

https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/Y2024/V16/I1/155

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Synthetic and biological molecular machines are capable of converting energy to produce unidirectional conformational changes. They constitute the building blocks of collective behavior. There are two typical patterns of collective behavior, one that produces macro-behavior and the other that swarms. They are able to amplify the work and exhibit intelligence and versatility. The experience and paradigm of micro/nanorobots may be able to guide the design of collective behaviors of molecular machines to form multi-dimensional and multinodular

Fig. 2 Main types of molecular machines. a Rotating molecular machines utilize external energy to produce rotation and prevent this rotation from being reversed by a ratchet mechanism. b Molecular motor with a different upper and lower part. The upper rotating unit repeats 360° rotation in four different steps under light of appropriate wavelengths and shows that the energy barrier of the thermal step in the rotational motion can be tuned by structural modifications. Reprinted permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2000, American Chemical Society. c Azobenzene molecular switch capable of producing cis and trans transitions under light. d The translational molecular machinery is able to migrate between different active sites. e Rearrangement of α-methylene-4-nitrostyrene from one amino group to another. Reprinted permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. f pH-switchable [c2] daisy chain. It mimics the ability of a muscle to produce contraction and stretch. g Kinesin and Dynein produce movement along microtubules. They are in opposite directions. Reprinted permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. h Actin, myosin and troponin make up the microstructure of muscle. Reprinted permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. i Two modes of strand migration of DNA, one toehold mediated and the other mediated by an enzymatic reaction. Reprinted permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society

Fig. 3 Collective behavioral patterns of molecular machines. a Molecular machines grasp objects by self-assembling or integrating into polymer networks that amplify nanometer mechanical motion to produce macroscopic work. This is expected to be used to build smart responsive materials. Two key issues in the design process are aligning and flexible controlling. b Molecular machines operate at micro/nanoscale by swarming. Swarming has parallelism, flexibility and robustness compared to individual behavior. During the design process, the focus needs to consider coupling and mode shifting. Reprinted permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2020, Taylor&Francis

Fig. 4 Responsive smart material construction. a A polymer with dual optical control based on integrated motors and modulators. UV irradiation induces motor rotation of polymer chain entanglement. VIS light is then used to activate the optical switch to produce its open form. Free rotation effectively releases the elasticity accumulated during motor rotation. b Molecular machines with single chains arranged in bundles to form a layered structure, like myofibrils. Reprinted permission from Ref. [128]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH. c Third-generation daisy-chained dendritic polymers with 21 [c2] daisy-chain-rotor alkane portions. Collective and amplified extension/contraction through each [c2] chrysanthemum-chain-wheel-oxidized alkane branch upon addition of acetate anions or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) molecules as external stimuli. Reprinted permission from Ref. [129]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. d Monomers (blue dashed square) with racemic motor (R,S)-M1 (yellow dashed square). A mixture of the LC monomers and racemic motor (R,S)-M1 is aligned from homeotropic to planar. The mixture is cured into a homogeneous film and is cut along the rubbing direction. The obtained ribbon is able to bend upon UV light irradiation (365 nm) or walk over a surface. Monomers with enantiomerically pure motors (R)-M1 and (S)-M1 (red dashed square). The monomers are mixed with (R)-M1 or (S)-M1 motor and aligned into a twisted nematic structure. The mixture is cured into a homogeneous film and is cut along the rubbing direction. The resulting ribbon with R-motor shows left-handed helical motion when irradiated with UV light, while the ribbon with S-motor shows right-handed helical motion. Reprinted permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. e Schematic of photo-steerable rolling locomotors controllable on various terrains (top). Photo-structured winding process of spiral ribbon and helicoid helix structures according to the aspect ratio (AR) of the azobenzene-functionalized liquid crystal polymer networks (azo-LCN) strips (middle). Helix structures and their continuous buckling transition according to the AR of the azo-LCN strips(bottom). Reprinted permission from Ref. [131]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. f Structure of an optically responsive rotary motor and its self-assembly into nanofibers

Fig. 5 Swarming molecular machines. a Schematic diagram of motor binding states. In a dynamic system, the motor can enter four states: diffusion in solution, head-bound to microtubules, tail-bound to surface, head-bound to microtubules, and tail-bound to surface. b Microtubules assemble into bundles when green fluorescent protein (GFP)-kinesin aggregates on microtubules (top). Mechanisms of microtubule alignment (bottom). Reprinted permission from Ref. [159]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. c MTs move in response to forces exerted by kinesin motor proteins (top). Assembly pattern of MTs enclosed in double-incorporated ring microwells during 60 mins (middle). At Δ/R = 1.17 (left), a protruding bundle pattern of MTs can be observed from the tip, whereas a bridging pattern of MT bundles can be observed at Δ/R = 1.92 (right). Assembly pattern of MTs confined in triple-conjugate circular microtiter wells within 60 mins (bottom). At Δ/R = 1.17, a similar protruding bundle-like pattern is formed from the tip. In contrast, these protrusions form bridges between the three tips at Δ/R = 1.92. Reprinted permission from Ref. [160]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. d Models of bimodal and branching microtubules and the different morphologies of microtubules were formed with Tau-derived peptide-Azami-Green (TP-AG), single-linear state microtubules (black arrows), bimodal microtubules (red arrows), branching microtubules (blue arrows), multimodal microtubules (orange arrows), branching and multimodal microtubules (cyan arrowheads), and aster-like. Reprinted permission from Ref. [161]. Copyright 2022, AAAS

Fig. 6 Microtubule-DNA-optical switch system. a Conjugation of r-DNA to azide-functionalized MTs by a click reaction. b Schematic of red and green MTs gliding on kinesins. c Schematic of the association of red and green MTs by l-DNA1 and their dissociation by d-DNA via extraction of l-DNA1 through a DNA strand exchange reaction. d Orthogonal control of swarming of MTs. The flexible MTs (red) were conjugated with r-DNA1 and r-DNA2, while the rigid MTs (green) were conjugated with r-DNA5 and r-DNA6. Upon inputting l-DNA1, the flexible MTs associated into circular shaped swarms through hybridization of r-DNA1 and r-DNA2 with l-DNA1 and appeared in red. Green swarms with translational motion associated with rigid MTs were formed through hybridization of r-DNA5 and r-DNA6 with l-DNA5. Swarms with translational and circular motions were simultaneously formed in response to the introduction of both input DNA signals. e Design of logic gates constructed with MTs. For the YES gate, the l-DNA1 signal was inputted into the system and swarming was obtained as the output signal (1 to 1). For the AND gate, l-DNA2 and l-DNA3 had both to be present to obtain swarming. For the OR gate, the presence of either l-DNA1 or l-DNA4 was sufficient to obtain swarming. Reprinted permission from Ref. [165]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature

Fig. 7 Challenges in the collective behavior of molecular machines, from controllability and stability to multimodularity. a Integration of multiple control sources may increase the dimensionality of modal shifts. b Swarm needs to be precisely controlled, including modes, paths, and targets. c The collective needs to ensure sufficient mechanical strength to prevent internal fracture during mission execution. d Specific forces need to be in place to maintain the swarm's aggregation. e Smart materials need to be combined with other materials to form layered structures to be application-oriented. f The collective development goal is to form orderly modularity and integration, like cells. Reprinted permission from Ref. [184]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH

Fig. 8 Molecular machines vs. micro/nano robots. In terms of size, one is mainly at the nanoscale, the other includes the micrometer and nanoscale. In terms of materials, one is mainly based on organic small molecules and biomolecules, the other is based on active particles, with biomaterials thrown in. In terms of mode of motion, one through conformational changes and the other through gradient force fields. In terms of control, one is dominated by chemistry and light, the other also includes magnetic fields and ultrasound. In terms of desired applications, one is used for building smart materials and micromanipulation, the other for micromanipulation, drug delivery and imaging. In terms of mode switching, molecular machines are currently more limited and less precise, compared to micro/nano robots that exhibit multi-dimensional and multi-layered structures in 2D, 3D and 4D. In terms of modules, molecular machines include receptors, controllers and actuators by virtue of the programmability of DNA. In contrast, micro/nano robots have integrated a large number of application modules, including recognition, loading, catalysis and imaging. Reprinted permission from Refs. [204,205,206,207,208,209]. Copyright @2019, American Chemical Society; @2020, American Chemical Society; @2012, American Chemical Society; @2018, American Chemical Society; @2018, Royal Society of Chemistry

References 223

1.	I. Aprahamian, The future of molecular machines. ACS Cent. Sci. 6, 347-358 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00064
2.	C. Cheng, J.F. Stoddart, Wholly synthetic molecular machines. ChemPhysChem 17, 1780-1793 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201501155
3.	M. Schliwa, in Molecular motors. ed.by (Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006), pp. 1160-1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29623-9_3980
4.	D. Dattler, G. Fuks, J. Heiser, E. Moulin, A. Perrot et al., Design of collective motions from synthetic molecular switches, rotors, and motors. Chem. Rev. 120, 310-433 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288
5.	R.D. Astumian, How molecular motors work - insights from the molecular machinist’s toolbox: the Nobel prize in Chemistry 2016. Chem. Sci. 8, 840-845 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6sc04806d
6.	V. Richards, Molecular machines. Nat. Chem. 8, 1090 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2687
7.	B.L. Feringa, The art of building small: from molecular switches to motors (nobel lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 11060-11078 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201702979
8.	J.-P. Sauvage, From chemical topology to molecular machines (nobel lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 11080-11093 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201702992
9.	J. Fraser Stoddart, Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs)-molecular shuttles, switches, and machines (nobel lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 11094-11125 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201703216
10.	V. Balzani, M. Gómez-López, J.F. Stoddart, Molecular machines. Acc. Chem. Res. 31, 405-414 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar970340y
11.	S. Erbas-Cakmak, D.A. Leigh, C.T. McTernan, A.L. Nussbaumer, Artificial molecular machines. Chem. Rev. 115, 10081-10206 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00146
12.	S. Kassem, T. van Leeuwen, A.S. Lubbe, M.R. Wilson, B.L. Feringa et al., Artificial molecular motors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 2592-2621 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00245a
13.	Q. Wang, D. Chen, H. Tian, Artificial molecular machines that can perform work. Sci. China Chem. 61, 1261-1273 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-018-9267-3
14.	F. Tanaka, T. Mochizuki, X. Liang, H. Asanuma, S. Tanaka et al., Robust and photocontrollable DNA capsules using azobenzenes. Nano Lett. 10, 3560-3565 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl101829m
15.	Y. Yang, M. Endo, K. Hidaka, H. Sugiyama, Photo-controllable DNA origami nanostructures assembling into predesigned multiorientational patterns. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 20645-20653 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja307785r
16.	Y. Suzuki, M. Endo, Y. Yang, H. Sugiyama, Dynamic assembly/disassembly processes of photoresponsive DNA origami nanostructures directly visualized on a lipid membrane surface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 1714-1717 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4109819
17.	M. Endo, R. Miyazaki, T. Emura, K. Hidaka, H. Sugiyama, Transcription regulation system mediated by mechanical operation of a DNA nanostructure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 2852-2855 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2074856
18.	H. Saito, T. Kobayashi, T. Hara, Y. Fujita, K. Hayashi et al., Synthetic translational regulation by an L7Ae-kink-turn RNP switch. Nat. Chem. Biol. 6, 71-78 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.273
19.	H. Saito, Y. Fujita, S. Kashida, K. Hayashi, T. Inoue, Synthetic human cell fate regulation by protein-driven RNA switches. Nat. Commun. 2, 160 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1157
20.	Y. Yoshimura, K. Fujimoto, Ultrafast reversible photo-cross-linking reaction: toward in situ DNA manipulation. Org. Lett. 10, 3227-3230 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/ol801112j
21.	A.S. Amrutha, K.R. Sunil Kumar, N. Tamaoki, Azobenzene-based photoswitches facilitating reversible regulation of kinesin and myosin motor systems for nanotechnological applications. ChemPhotoChem 3, 337-346 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/cptc.201900037
22.	H. Hess, J.L. Ross, Non-equilibrium assembly of microtubules: from molecules to autonomous chemical robots. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 5570-5587 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00030H
23.	H. Liu, J.J. Schmidt, G.D. Bachand, S.S. Rizk, L.L. Looger et al., Control of a biomolecular motor-powered nanodevice with an engineered chemical switch. Nat. Mater. 1, 173-177 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat761
24.	R. Yokokawa, S. Takeuchi, T. Kon, M. Nishiura, R. Ohkura et al., Hybrid nanotransport system by biomolecular linear motors. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 13, 612-619 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2004.832193
25.	K.-Y. Chen, O. Ivashenko, G.T. Carroll, J. Robertus, J.C.M. Kistemaker et al., Control of surface wettability using tripodal light-activated molecular motors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 3219-3224 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja412110t
26.	M. Pollard, M. Lubomska, P. Rudolf, B. Feringa, Controlled rotary motion in a monolayer of molecular motors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 1278-1280 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200603618
27.	G.T. Carroll, M.M. Pollard, R. van Delden, B.L. Feringa, Controlled rotary motion of light-driven molecular motors assembled on a gold film. Chem. Sci. 1, 97-101 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0SC00162G
28.	G. Xie, P. Li, Z. Zhao, X.-Y. Kong, Z. Zhang et al., Bacteriorhodopsin-inspired light-driven artificial molecule motors for transmembrane mass transportation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 16708-16712 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201809627
29.	V. García-López, F. Chen, L.G. Nilewski, G. Duret, A. Aliyan et al., Molecular machines open cell membranes. Nature 548, 567-572 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23657
30.	S. Chen, Y. Wang, T. Nie, C. Bao, C. Wang et al., An artificial molecular shuttle operates in lipid bilayers for ion transport. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 17992-17998 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b09580
31.	J. Wang, B.L. Feringa, Dynamic control of chiral space in a catalytic asymmetric reaction using a molecular motor. Science 331, 1429-1432 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199844
32.	C. Biagini, S.D.P. Fielden, D.A. Leigh, F. Schaufelberger, S. Di Stefano et al., Dissipative catalysis with a molecular machine. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 9876-9880 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201905250
33.	E. Kay, D. Leigh, F. Zerbetto, Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 72-191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200504313
34.	N. Koumura, E.M. Geertsema, A. Meetsma, B.L. Feringa, Light-driven molecular rotor: unidirectional rotation controlled by a single stereogenic center. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 12005-12006 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja002755b
35.	A.G. Campaña, D.A. Leigh, U. Lewandowska, One-dimensional random walk of a synthetic small molecule toward a thermodynamic sink. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 8639-8645 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja402382n
36.	H. Hess, G. Saper, Engineering with biomolecular motors. Acc. Chem. Res. 51, 3015-3022 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00296
37.	X. Mao, M. Liu, Q. Li, C. Fan, X. Zuo, DNA-based molecular machines. JACS Au 2, 2381-2399 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.2c00292
38.	H. Zhou, C.C. Mayorga-Martinez, S. Pané, L. Zhang, M. Pumera, Magnetically driven micro and nanorobots. Chem. Rev. 121, 4999-5041 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01234
39.	L. Kobr, K. Zhao, Y. Shen, A. Comotti, S. Bracco et al., Inclusion compound based approach to arrays of artificial dipolar molecular rotors. A surface inclusion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 10122-10131 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja302173y
40.	C. Lemouchi, K. Iliopoulos, L. Zorina, S. Simonov, P. Wzietek et al., Crystalline arrays of pairs of molecular rotors: correlated motion, rotational barriers, and space-inversion symmetry breaking due to conformational mutations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 9366-9376 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4044517
41.	X. Jiang, B. Rodríguez-Molina, N. Nazarian, M.A. Garcia-Garibay, Rotation of a bulky triptycene in the solid state: toward engineered nanoscale artificial molecular machines. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 8871-8874 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja503467e
42.	T.R. Kelly, H. De Silva, R.A. Silva, Unidirectional rotary motion in a molecular system. Nature 401, 150-152 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/43639
43.	N. Koumura, R.W. Zijlstra, R.A. van Delden, N. Harada, B.L. Feringa, Light-driven monodirectional molecular rotor. Nature 401, 152-155 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/43646
44.	G. Haberhauer, A molecular four-stroke motor. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 6415-6418 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201101501
45.	G. Bringmann, A.J. Price Mortimer, P.A. Keller, M.J. Gresser, J. Garner et al., Atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral biaryl compounds. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 5384-5427 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200462661
46.	S.P. Fletcher, F. Dumur, M.M. Pollard, B.L. Feringa, A reversible, unidirectional molecular rotary motor driven by chemical energy. Science 310, 80-82 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117090
47.	B.J. Dahl, B.P. Branchaud, Synthesis and characterization of a functionalized chiral biaryl capable of exhibiting unidirectional bond rotation. Tetrahedron Lett. 45, 9599-9602 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.147
48.	J.C.M. Kistemaker, P. Štacko, J. Visser, B.L. Feringa, Unidirectional rotary motion in achiral molecular motors. Nat. Chem. 7, 890-896 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2362
49.	L. Greb, J.-M. Lehn, Light-driven molecular motors: imines as four-step or two-step unidirectional rotors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 13114-13117 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja506034n
50.	R.A. van Delden, M.K. ter Wiel, M.M. Pollard, J. Vicario, N. Koumura et al., Unidirectional molecular motor on a gold surface. Nature 437, 1337-1340 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04127
51.	T. Kudernac, N. Ruangsupapichat, M. Parschau, B. Maciá, N. Katsonis et al., Electrically driven directional motion of a four-wheeled molecule on a metal surface. Nature 479, 208-211 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10587
52.	G. Pace, V. Ferri, C. Grave, M. Elbing, C. von Hänisch et al., Cooperative light-induced molecular movements of highly ordered azobenzene self-assembled monolayers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 9937-9942 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703748104
53.	A. Harada, Cyclodextrin-based molecular machines. Acc. Chem. Res. 34, 456-464 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar000174l
54.	V. Ferri, M. Elbing, G. Pace, M. Dickey, M. Zharnikov et al., Light-powered electrical switch based on cargo-lifting azobenzene monolayers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3407-3409 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200705339
55.	G. Yu, C. Han, Z. Zhang, J. Chen, X. Yan et al., Pillar[6]arene-based photoresponsive host-guest complexation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 8711-8717 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja302998q
56.	C.-L. Lee, T. Liebig, S. Hecht, D. Bléger, J.P. Rabe, Light-induced contraction and extension of single macromolecules on a modified graphite surface. ACS Nano 8, 11987-11993 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn505325w
57.	D.-H. Qu, Q.-C. Wang, H. Tian, A half adder based on a photochemically driven[2]rotaxane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 5296-5299 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501215
58.	W.T. Sun, S.L. Huang, H.H. Yao, I.C. Chen, Y.C. Lin et al., An antilock molecular braking system. Org. Lett. 14, 4154-4157 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ol3018193
59.	A. Arduini, R. Bussolati, A. Credi, S. Monaco, A. Secchi et al., Solvent- and light-controlled unidirectional transit of a nonsymmetric molecular axle through a nonsymmetric molecular wheel. Chem 18, 16203-16213 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201201625
60.	D. Taura, H. Min, C. Katan, E. Yashima, Synthesis of a double-stranded spiroborate helicate bearing stilbene units and its photoresponsive behaviour. New J. Chem. 39, 3259-3269 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nj01669f
61.	M. Morimoto, M. Irie, A diarylethene cocrystal that converts light into mechanical work. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 14172-14178 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja105356w
62.	Z. Li, F. Hu, G. Liu, W. Xue, X. Chen et al., Photo-responsive[2]catenanes: synthesis and properties. Org. Biomol. Chem. 12, 7702-7711 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ob01120a
63.	M. Irie, T. Fukaminato, K. Matsuda, S. Kobatake, Photochromism of diarylethene molecules and crystals: memories, switches, and actuators. Chem. Rev. 114, 12174-12277 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500249p
64.	S. Ohshima, M. Morimoto, M. Irie, Light-driven bending of diarylethene mixed crystals. Chem. Sci. 6, 5746-5752 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sc01994j
65.	K. Fukushima, A.J. Vandenbos, T. Fujiwara, Spiropyran dimer toward photo-switchable molecular machine. Chem. Mater. 19, 644-646 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm061968i
66.	S. Silvi, A. Arduini, A. Pochini, A. Secchi, M. Tomasulo et al., A simple molecular machine operated by photoinduced proton transfer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 13378-13379 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0753851
67.	L.A. Tatum, J.T. Foy, I. Aprahamian, Waste management of chemically activated switches: using a photoacid to eliminate accumulation of side products. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 17438-17441 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja511135k
68.	L. Sheng, M. Li, S. Zhu, H. Li, G. Xi et al., Hydrochromic molecular switches for water-jet rewritable paper. Nat. Commun. 5, 3044 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4044
69.	R. Klajn, Spiropyran-based dynamic materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 148-184 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60181a
70.	P.L. Anelli, N. Spencer, J.F. Stoddart, A molecular shuttle. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 5131-5133 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00013a096
71.	R.A. Bissell, E. Córdova, A.E. Kaifer, J.F. Stoddart, A chemically and electrochemically switchable molecular shuttle. Nature 369, 133-137 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1038/369133a0
72.	H.-R. Tseng, S.A. Vignon, J.F. Stoddart, Toward chemically controlled nanoscale molecular machinery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 1491-1495 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200250453
73.	P.R. McGonigal, J.F. Stoddart, A molecular production line. Nat. Chem. 5, 260-262 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1599
74.	B. Lewandowski, G. De Bo, J.W. Ward, M. Papmeyer, S. Kuschel et al., Sequence-specific peptide synthesis by an artificial small-molecule machine. Science 339, 189-193 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229753
75.	C.J. Bruns, J.F. Stoddart, Molecular machines muscle up. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 9-10 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.239
76.	G. Yu, B.C. Yung, Z. Zhou, Z. Mao, X. Chen, Artificial molecular machines in nanotheranostics. ACS Nano 12, 7-12 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07851
77.	G. Saper, H. Hess, Synthetic systems powered by biological molecular motors. Chem. Rev. 120, 288-309 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00249
78.	J. Howard, The movement of kinesin along microtubules. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 58, 703-729 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.58.1.703
79.	M. Nishiyama, H. Higuchi, T. Yanagida, Chemomechanical coupling of the forward and backward steps of single kinesin molecules. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 790-797 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb857
80.	S.A. Burgess, M.L. Walker, H. Sakakibara, P.J. Knight, K. Oiwa, Dynein structure and power stroke. Nature 421, 715-718 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01377
81.	A. Gennerich, A.P. Carter, S.L. Reck-Peterson, R.D. Vale, Force-induced bidirectional stepping of cytoplasmic dynein. Cell 131, 952-965 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.016
82.	T. Kon, T. Oyama, R. Shimo-Kon, K. Imamula, T. Shima et al., The 2.8 Å crystal structure of the dynein motor domain. Nature 484, 345-350 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10955
83.	A.J. Roberts, T. Kon, P.J. Knight, K. Sutoh, S.A. Burgess, Functions and mechanics of dynein motor proteins. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 14, 713-726 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3667
84.	H. Li, D.J. DeRosier, W.V. Nicholson, E. Nogales, K.H. Downing, Microtubule structure at 8 Å resolution. Structure 10, 1317-1328 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00827-4
85.	W.H. Guilford, D.E. Dupuis, G. Kennedy, J. Wu, J.B. Patlak et al., Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle myosins produce similar unitary forces and displacements in the laser trap. Biophys. J. 72, 1006-1021 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78753-8
86.	J.A. Spudich, The myosin swinging cross-bridge model. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2, 387-392 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35073086
87.	M. Persson, E. Bengtsson, L. ten Siethoff, A. Månsson, Nonlinear cross-bridge elasticity and post-power-stroke events in fast skeletal muscle actomyosin. Biophys. J. 105, 1871-1881 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.08.044
88.	E.H.C. Bromley, N.J. Kuwada, M.J. Zuckermann, R. Donadini, L. Samii et al., The Tumbleweed: towards a synthetic protein motor. HFSP J. 3, 204-212 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2976/1.3111282
89.	H. Ramezani, H. Dietz, Building machines with DNA molecules. Nat. Rev. Genet. 21, 5-26 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-019-0175-6
90.	A.M.R. Kabir, D. Inoue, A. Kakugo, Molecular swarm robots: recent progress and future challenges. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 21, 323-332 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2020.1761761
91.	B. Yurke, A.J. Turberfield, A.P. Mills Jr. F. C. Simmel, J.L. Neumann, A DNA-fuelled molecular machine made of DNA. Nature 406, 605-608 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35020524
92.	W. Zhou, R. Saran, J. Liu, Metal sensing by DNA. Chem. Rev. 117, 8272-8325 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00063
93.	Y. Tian, Y. He, Y. Chen, P. Yin, C. Mao, A DNAzyme that walks processively and autonomously along a one-dimensional track. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 4355-4358 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200500703
94.	H.-M. Chuang, J.G. Reifenberger, H. Cao, K.D. Dorfman, Sequence-dependent persistence length of long DNA. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 227802 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.227802
95.	P.J. Hagerman, Flexibility of DNA. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 17, 265-286 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.17.060188.001405
96.	Q. Hu, H. Li, L. Wang, H. Gu, C. Fan, DNA nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems. Chem. Rev. 119, 6459-6506 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00663
97.	A. Krissanaprasit, C.M. Key, S. Pontula, T.H. LaBean, Self-assembling nucleic acid nanostructures functionalized with aptamers. Chem. Rev. 121, 13797-13868 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01332
98.	J. Li, A.A. Green, H. Yan, C. Fan, Engineering nucleic acid structures for programmable molecular circuitry and intracellular biocomputation. Nat. Chem. 9, 1056-1067 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2852
99.	D. Han, C. Wu, M. You, T. Zhang, S. Wan et al., A cascade reaction network mimicking the basic functional steps of adaptive immune response. Nat. Chem. 7, 835-841 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2325
100.	R. Peng, L. Xu, H. Wang, Y. Lyu, D. Wang et al., DNA-based artificial molecular signaling system that mimics basic elements of reception and response. Nat. Commun. 11, 978 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14739-6
101.	D. Fan, E. Wang, S. Dong, Upconversion-chameleon-driven DNA computing: the DNA-unlocked inner-filter-effect (DU-IFE) for operating a multicolor upconversion luminescent DNA logic library and Its biosensing application. Mater. Horiz. 6, 375-384 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MH01151F
102.	F. Wang, H. Lv, Q. Li, J. Li, X. Zhang et al., Implementing digital computing with DNA-based switching circuits. Nat. Commun. 11, 121 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13980-y
103.	S.F.J. Wickham, J. Bath, Y. Katsuda, M. Endo, K. Hidaka et al., A DNA-based molecular motor that can navigate a network of tracks. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 169-173 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.253
104.	G. Chatterjee, N. Dalchau, R.A. Muscat, A. Phillips, G. Seelig, A spatially localized architecture for fast and modular DNA computing. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 920-927 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.127
105.	J. Pan, F. Li, T.-G. Cha, H. Chen, J.H. Choi, Recent progress on DNA based walkers. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 34, 56-64 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.11.017
106.	W. Meng, R.A. Muscat, M.L. McKee, P.J. Milnes, A.H. El-Sagheer et al., An autonomous molecular assembler for programmable chemical synthesis. Nat. Chem. 8, 542-548 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2495
107.	D. Zhao, T.M. Neubauer, B.L. Feringa, Dynamic control of chirality in phosphine ligands for enantioselective catalysis. Nat. Commun. 6, 6652 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7652
108.	S. Kassem, A.T.L. Lee, D.A. Leigh, A. Markevicius, J. Solà, Pick-up, transport and release of a molecular cargo using a small-molecule robotic arm. Nat. Chem. 8, 138-143 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2410
109.	Y. He, D.R. Liu, Autonomous multistep organic synthesis in a single isothermal solution mediated by a DNA walker. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 778-782 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.190
110.	H. Gu, J. Chao, S.-J. Xiao, N.C. Seeman, A proximity-based programmable DNA nanoscale assembly line. Nature 465, 202-205 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09026
111.	T. Funck, F. Nicoli, A. Kuzyk, T. Liedl, Sensing picomolar concentrations of RNA using switchable plasmonic chirality. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 13495-13498 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201807029
112.	S.M. Douglas, I. Bachelet, G.M. Church, A logic-gated nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads. Science 335, 831-834 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1214081
113.	C. Zhou, X. Duan, N. Liu, A plasmonic nanorod that walks on DNA origami. Nat. Commun. 6, 8102 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9102
114.	A. Kuzyk, R. Schreiber, H. Zhang, A.O. Govorov, T. Liedl et al., Reconfigurable 3D plasmonic metamolecules. Nat. Mater. 13, 862-866 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4031
115.	F. Lancia, A. Ryabchun, N. Katsonis, Life-like motion driven by artificial molecular machines. Nat. Rev. Chem. 3, 536-551 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-019-0122-2
116.	Z. Tong, L. Jin, J.M. Oliveira, R.L. Reis, Q. Zhong et al., Adaptable hydrogel with reversible linkages for regenerative medicine: dynamic mechanical microenvironment for cells. Bioact. Mater. 6, 1375-1387 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.029
117.	S. Krause, B.L. Feringa, Towards artificial molecular factories from framework-embedded molecular machines. Nat. Rev. Chem. 4, 550-562 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-020-0209-9
118.	K.C.-F. Leung, C.-P. Chak, C.-M. Lo, W.-Y. Wong, S. Xuan et al., pH-controllable supramolecular systems. Chem 4, 364-381 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.200800320
119.	S.M. Landge, I. Aprahamian, A pH activated configurational rotary switch: controlling the E/Z isomerization in hydrazones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 18269-18271 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja909149z
120.	S. Angelos, N.M. Khashab, Y.-W. Yang, A. Trabolsi, H.A. Khatib et al., pH clock-operated mechanized nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 12912-12914 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9010157
121.	Z. Meng, Y. Han, L.-N. Wang, J.-F. Xiang, S.-G. He et al., Stepwise motion in a multivalent[2](3)catenane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 9739-9745 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b05758
122.	S. Corra, M. Curcio, M. Baroncini, S. Silvi, A. Credi, Photoactivated artificial molecular machines that can perform tasks. Adv. Mater. 32, e1906064 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906064
123.	V. Balzani, M. Clemente-León, A. Credi, B. Ferrer, M. Venturi et al., Autonomous artificial nanomotor powered by sunlight. PNAS 103, 1178-1183 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509011103
124.	F. Ji, Y. Wu, M. Pumera, L. Zhang, Collective behaviors of active matter learning from natural Taxes across scales. Adv. Mater. 35, 2203959 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202203959
125.	S.J. Wezenberg, C.M. Croisetu, M.C.A. Stuart, B.L. Feringa, Reversible gel-sol photoswitching with an overcrowded alkene-based bis-urea supergelator. Chem. Sci. 7, 4341-4346 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SC00659K
126.	Q. Li, G. Fuks, E. Moulin, M. Maaloum, M. Rawiso et al., Macroscopic contraction of a gel induced by the integrated motion of light-driven molecular motors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 161-165 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.315
127.	J.T. Foy, Q. Li, A. Goujon, J.-R. Colard-Itté, G. Fuks et al., Dual-light control of nanomachines that integrate motor and modulator subunits. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 540-545 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.28
128.	A. Goujon, G. Du, E. Moulin, G. Fuks, M. Maaloum et al., Hierarchical self-assembly of supramolecular muscle-like fibers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 703-707 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201509813
129.	W.-J. Li, W. Wang, X.-Q. Wang, M. Li, Y. Ke et al., Daisy chain dendrimers: integrated mechanically interlocked molecules with stimuli-induced dimension modulation feature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 8473-8482 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c02475
130.	J. Hou, A. Mondal, G. Long, L. de Haan, W. Zhao et al., Photo-responsive helical motion by light-driven molecular motors in a liquid-crystal network. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 8251-8257 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016254
131.	J. Choi, J. Jeon, J. Lee, A. Nauman, J.G. Lee et al., Steerable and agile light-fueled rolling locomotors by curvature-engineered torsional torque. Adv. Sci. 10(30), 2304715 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202304715
132.	Z.-T. Shi, Q. Zhang, H. Tian, D.-H. Qu, Driving smart molecular systems by artificial molecular machines. Adv. Intell. Syst. 2, 1900169 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900169
133.	L. Fang, M. Hmadeh, J. Wu, M.A. Olson, J.M. Spruell et al., Acid-base actuation of [c2]daisy chains. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(20), 7126-7134 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja900859d
134.	P.G. Clark, M.W. Day, R.H. Grubbs, Switching and extension of a[c2]daisy-chain dimer polymer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 13631-13633 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja905924u
135.	G. Du, E. Moulin, N. Jouault, E. Buhler, N. Giuseppone, Muscle-like supramolecular polymers: integrated motion from thousands of molecular machines. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 12504-12508 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206571
136.	L. Gao, Z. Zhang, B. Zheng, F. Huang, Construction of muscle-like metallo-supramolecular polymers from a pillar[5]arene-based[c2]daisy chain. Polym. Chem. 5, 5734-5739 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4PY00733F
137.	Q. Zhang, S.-J. Rao, T. Xie, X. Li, T.-Y. Xu et al., Muscle-like artificial molecular actuators for nanoparticles. Chem 4, 2670-2684 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2018.08.030
138.	A. Goujon, T. Lang, G. Mariani, E. Moulin, G. Fuks et al., Bistable[c2]daisy chain rotaxanes as reversible muscle-like actuators in mechanically active gels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 14825-14828 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b06710
139.	J.-C. Chang, S.-H. Tseng, C.-C. Lai, Y.-H. Liu, S.-M. Peng et al., Mechanically interlocked daisy-chain-like structures as multidimensional molecular muscles. Nat. Chem. 9, 128-134 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2608
140.	X. Yang, L. Cheng, Z. Zhang, J. Zhao, R. Bai et al., Amplification of integrated microscopic motions of high-density[2]rotaxanes in mechanically interlocked networks. Nat. Commun. 13, 6654 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34286-6
141.	W.-J. Li, W.-T. Xu, X.-Q. Wang, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhu et al., Photoresponsive rotaxane-branched dendrimers: from nanoscale dimension modulation to macroscopic soft actuators. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145(26), 14498-14509 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c04103
142.	R. Eelkema, B.L. Feringa, Amplification of chirality in liquid crystals. Org. Biomol. Chem. 4, 3729 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1039/b608749c
143.	F. Lancia, A. Ryabchun, A.-D. Nguindjel, S. Kwangmettatam, N. Katsonis, Mechanical adaptability of artificial muscles from nanoscale molecular action. Nat. Commun. 10, 4819 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12786-2
144.	M. Camacho-Lopez, H. Finkelmann, P. Palffy-Muhoray, M. Shelley, Fast liquid-crystal elastomer swims into the dark. Nat. Mater. 3, 307-310 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1118
145.	R. Eelkema, M.M. Pollard, J. Vicario, N. Katsonis, B.S. Ramon et al., Nanomotor rotates microscale objects. Nature 440, 163 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/440163a
146.	S. Iamsaard, S.J. Aßhoff, B. Matt, T. Kudernac, J.J.L.M. Cornelissen et al., Conversion of light into macroscopic helical motion. Nat. Chem. 6, 229-235 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1859
147.	S. Palagi, A.G. Mark, S.Y. Reigh, K. Melde, T. Qiu et al., Structured light enables biomimetic swimming and versatile locomotion of photoresponsive softmicrorobots. Nat. Mater. 15, 647-653 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4569
148.	A.H. Gelebart, D. Jan Mulder, M. Varga, A. Konya, G. Vantomme et al., Making waves in a photoactive polymer film. Nature 546, 632-636 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22987
149.	J. Chen, F.K. Leung, M.C.A. Stuart, T. Kajitani, T. Fukushima et al., Artificial muscle-like function from hierarchical supramolecular assembly of photoresponsive molecular motors. Nat. Chem. 10, 132-138 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2887
150.	A. Kakugo, S. Sugimoto, J.P. Gong, Y. Osada, Gel machines constructed from chemically cross-linked actins and myosins. Adv. Mater. 14, 1124 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095
151.	A. Kakugo, S. Sugimoto, K. Shikinaka, J.P. Gong, Y. Osada, Characteristics of chemically cross-linked myosin gels. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 16, 203-218 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1163/1568562053115408
152.	K. Shikinaka, S. Takaoka, A. Kakugo, Y. Osada, J.P. Gong, ATP-fueled soft gel machine with well-oriented structure constructed using actin-myosin system. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 114, 2087-2092 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30821
153.	H. Jia, J. Flommersfeld, M. Heymann, S.K. Vogel, H.G. Franquelim et al., 3D printed protein-based robotic structures actuated by molecular motor assemblies. Nat. Mater. 21, 703-709 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-022-01258-6
154.	T. Nitta, Y. Wang, Z. Du, K. Morishima, Y. Hiratsuka, A printable active network actuator built from an engineered biomolecular motor. Nat. Mater. 20, 1149-1155 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-00969-6
155.	Y. Wang, T. Nitta, Y. Hiratsuka, K. Morishima, In situ integrated microrobots driven by artificial muscles built from biomolecular motors. Sci. Robot. 7, eaba8212 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aba8212
156.	K. Yoshida, K. Kohno, Y. Hiratsuka, H. Onoe, Macroscale collagen-actomyosin hybrid actuator built from bioderived materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2307766 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202307766
157.	J. Zhang, B. Gao, B. Ye, Z. Sun, Z. Qian et al., Mitochondrial-targeted delivery of polyphenol-mediated antioxidases complexes against pyroptosis and inflammatory diseases. Adv. Mater. 35, e2208571 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202208571
158.	W. Danowski, T. van Leeuwen, S. Abdolahzadeh, D. Roke, W.R. Browne et al., Unidirectional rotary motion in a metal-organic framework. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 488-494 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0401-6
159.	S. Tsitkov, Y. Song, J.B. Rodriguez 3rd., Y. Zhang, H. Hess, Kinesin-recruiting microtubules exhibit collective gliding motion while forming motor trails. ACS Nano 14, 16547-16557 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03263
160.	S. Araki, K. Beppu, A.M.R. Kabir, A. Kakugo, Y.T. Maeda, Controlling collective motion of kinesin-driven microtubules via patterning of topographic landscapes. Nano Lett. 21, 10478-10485 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03952
161.	H. Inaba, Y. Sueki, M. Ichikawa, A.M.R. Kabir, T. Iwasaki et al., Generation of stable microtubule superstructures by binding of peptide-fused tetrameric proteins to inside and outside. Sci. Adv. 8, eabq3817 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq3817
162.	F.C. Keber, E. Loiseau, T. Sanchez, S.J. DeCamp, L. Giomi et al., Topology and dynamics of active nematic vesicles. Science 345, 1135-1139 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254784
163.	V. Schaller, C.A. Weber, B. Hammerich, E. Frey, A.R. Bausch, Frozen steady states in active systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 19183-19188 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107540108
164.	L. Huber, R. Suzuki, T. Krüger, E. Frey, A.R. Bausch, Emergence of coexisting ordered states in active matter systems. Science 361, 255-258 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao5434
165.	J.J. Keya, R. Suzuki, A.M.R. Kabir, D. Inoue, H. Asanuma et al., DNA-assisted swarm control in a biomolecular motor system. Nat. Commun. 9, 453 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02778-5
166.	J.J. Keya, A.M.R. Kabir, D. Inoue, K. Sada, H. Hess et al., Control of swarming of molecular robots. Sci. Rep. 8, 11756 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30187-1
167.	H. Hess, J. Clemmens, C. Brunner, R. Doot, S. Luna et al., Molecular self-assembly of “nanowires” and “nanospools” using active transport. Nano Lett. 5, 629-633 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0478427
168.	M.S. Islam, K. Kuribayashi-Shigetomi, A.M.R. Kabir, D. Inoue, K. Sada et al., Role of confinement in the active self-organization of kinesin-driven microtubules. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 247, 53-60 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.03.006
169.	O. Idan, A. Lam, J. Kamcev, J. Gonzales, A. Agarwal et al., Nanoscale transport enables active self-assembly of millimeter-scale wires. Nano Lett. 12, 240-245 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203450h
170.	A. Saito, T.I. Farhana, A.M.R. Kabir, D. Inoue, A. Konagaya et al., Understanding the emergence of collective motion of microtubules driven by kinesins: role of concentration of microtubules and depletion force. RSC Adv. 7, 13191-13197 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA27449H
171.	D. Inoue, B. Mahmot, A.M.R. Kabir, T.I. Farhana, K. Tokuraku et al., Depletion force induced collective motion of microtubules driven by kinesin. Nanoscale 7, 18054-18061 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR02213D
172.	Y. Sumino, K.H. Nagai, Y. Shitaka, D. Tanaka, K. Yoshikawa et al., Large-scale vortex lattice emerging from collectively moving microtubules. Nature 483, 448-452 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10874
173.	T. Sanchez, D. Welch, D. Nicastro, Z. Dogic, Cilia-like beating of active microtubule bundles. Science 333, 456-459 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203963
174.	P. Bieling, I.A. Telley, J. Piehler, T. Surrey, Processive kinesins require loose mechanical coupling for efficient collective motility. EMBO Rep. 9, 1121-1127 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2008.169
175.	G. Saper, S. Tsitkov, P. Katira, H. Hess, Robotic end-to-end fusion of microtubules powered by kinesin. Sci. Robot. 6, eabj7200 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abj7200
176.	A.J. Thubagere, W. Li, R.F. Johnson, Z. Chen, S. Doroudi et al., A cargo-sorting DNA robot. Science 357, eaan6558 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan6558
177.	M. Akter, J.J. Keya, A.M.R. Kabir, H. Asanuma, K. Murayama et al., Photo-regulated trajectories of gliding microtubules conjugated with DNA. Chem. Commun. 56, 7953-7956 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03124k
178.	M. Akter, J.J. Keya, K. Kayano, A.M.R. Kabir, D. Inoue et al., Cooperative cargo transportation by a swarm of molecular machines. Sci. Robot. 7, eabm0677 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abm0677
179.	Y. Sato, Y. Hiratsuka, I. Kawamata, S. Murata, S.-I.M. Nomura, Micrometer-sized molecular robot changes its shape in response to signal molecules. Sci. Robot. 2, eaal3735 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aal3735
180.	K. Matsuda, A.M.R. Kabir, N. Akamatsu, A. Saito, S. Ishikawa et al., Artificial smooth muscle model composed of hierarchically ordered microtubule asters mediated by DNA origami nanostructures. Nano Lett. 19, 3933-3938 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01201
181.	S. Ishii, M. Akter, K. Murayama, A.M.R. Kabir, H. Asanuma et al., Kinesin motors driven microtubule swarming triggered by UV light. Polym. J. 54, 1501-1507 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-022-00693-1
182.	A. Senoussi, J.-C. Galas, A. Estevez-Torres, Programmed mechano-chemical coupling in reaction-diffusion active matter. Sci. Adv. 7, eabi9865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi9865
183.	R. Ibusuki, T. Morishita, A. Furuta, S. Nakayama, M. Yoshio et al., Programmable molecular transport achieved by engineering protein motors to move on DNA nanotubes. Science 375, 1159-1164 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj5170
184.	Z. Liu, W. Zhou, C. Qi, T. Kong, Interface engineering in multiphase systems toward synthetic cells and organelles: from soft matter fundamentals to biomedical applications. Adv. Mater. 32, e2002932 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002932
185.	B.L. Feringa, Vision statement: materials in motion. Adv. Mater. 32, e1906416 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906416
186.	Y. Zhang, K. Yan, F. Ji, L. Zhang, Enhanced removal of toxic heavy metals using swarming biohybrid adsorbents. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1806340 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806340
187.	D. Wang, G. Zhao, C.H. Chen, H. Zhang, R.M. Duan et al., One-step fabrication of dual optically/magnetically modulated walnut-like micromotor. Langmuir 35(7), 2801-2807 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02904
188.	R. Das, V.S. Sypu, H.K. Paumo, M. Bhaumik, V. Maharaj et al., Silver decorated magnetic nanocomposite (Fe₃O₄@PPy-MAA/Ag) as highly active catalyst towards reduction of 4-nitrophenol and toxic organic dyes. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 244, 546-558 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.11.073
189.	H. Park, A. May, L. Portilla, H. Dietrich, F. Münch et al., Magnetite nanoparticles as efficient materials for removal of glyphosate from water. Nat. Sustain. 3, 129-135 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0452-6
190.	Y. Ren, H. Li, J. Liu, M. Zhou, J. Pan, Crescent-shaped micromotor sorbents with sulfonic acid functionalized convex surface: the synthesis by A Janus emulsion strategy and adsorption for Li+. J. Hazard. Mater. 422, 126870 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126870
191.	Z.C. Chen, J.W. Jiang, X. Wang, H. Zhang, B. Song et al., Visible light-regulated bivo₄-based micromotor with biomimetic “predator-bait” behavior. J. Mater. Sci. 57(6), 4092-4103 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06882-w
192.	Y. Ji, X. Lin, Z. Wu, Y. Wu, W. Gao et al., Macroscale chemotaxis from a swarm of bacteria-mimicking nanoswimmers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 12200-12205 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907733
193.	J. Yu, L. Yang, L. Zhang, Pattern generation and motion control of a vortex-like paramagnetic nanoparticle swarm. Int. J. Robot. Res. 37, 912-930 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/0278364918784366
194.	Q. Wang, L. Yang, B. Wang, E. Yu, J. Yu et al., Collective behavior of reconfigurable magnetic droplets via dynamic self-assembly. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 1630-1637 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b17402
195.	T. Bhuyan, A.K. Singh, D. Dutta, A. Unal, S.S. Ghosh et al., Magnetic field guided chemotaxis of iMushbots for targeted anticancer therapeutics. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 3, 1627-1640 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00086
196.	D. Liu, R. Guo, S. Mao, Y. Huang, B. Wang et al., 3D magnetic field guided sunflower-like nanocatalytic active swarm targeting patients-derived organoids. Nano Res. 16, 1021-1032 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4851-z
197.	H. Lee, D.-I. Kim, S.-H. Kwon, S. Park, Magnetically actuated drug delivery helical microrobot with magnetic nanoparticle retrieval ability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 19633-19647 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c01742
198.	S. Jeon, B.C. Park, S. Lim, H.Y. Yoon, Y.S. Jeon et al., Heat-generating iron oxide multigranule nanoclusters for enhancing hyperthermic efficacy in tumor treatment. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 33483-33491 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07419
199.	A. Servant, F. Qiu, M. Mazza, K. Kostarelos, B.J. Nelson, Controlled in vivo swimming of a swarm of bacteria-like microrobotic flagella. Adv. Mater. 27, 2981-2988 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404444
200.	Q. Wang, X. Du, D. Jin, L. Zhang, Real-time ultrasound Doppler tracking and autonomous navigation of a miniature helical robot for accelerating thrombolysis in dynamic blood flow. ACS Nano 16, 604-616 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c07830
201.	L. Xie, X. Pang, X. Yan, Q. Dai, H. Lin et al., Photoacoustic imaging-trackable magnetic microswimmers for pathogenic bacterial infection treatment. ACS Nano 14, 2880-2893 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06731
202.	X. Yan, Q. Zhou, M. Vincent, Y. Deng, J. Yu et al., Multifunctional biohybrid magnetite microrobots for imaging-guided therapy. Sci. Robot. 2, eaaq1155 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaq1155
203.	B. Wang, Y. Lu, Multi-dimensional micro/nanorobots with collective behaviors. SmartMat (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1263
204.	D. Jin, J. Yu, K. Yuan, L. Zhang, Mimicking the structure and function of ant bridges in a reconfigurable microswarm for electronic applications. ACS Nano 13, 5999-6007 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b02139
205.	F. Ji, D. Jin, B. Wang, L. Zhang, Light-driven hovering of a magnetic microswarm in fluid. ACS Nano 14, 6990-6998 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01464
206.	F. Mou, X. Li, Q. Xie, J. Zhang, K. Xiong et al., Active micromotor systems built from passive particles with biomimetic predator-prey interactions. ACS Nano 14, 406-414 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b05996
207.	S. Campuzano, J. Orozco, D. Kagan, M. Guix, W. Gao et al., Bacterial isolation by lectin-modified microengines. Nano Lett. 12, 396-401 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203717q
208.	C. Liang, C. Zhan, F. Zeng, D. Xu, Y. Wang et al., Bilayer tubular micromotors for simultaneous environmental monitoring and remediation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 35099-35107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b10921
209.	Y. Huang, D. Liu, R. Guo, B. Wang, Z. Liu et al., Magnetic-controlled dandelion-like nanocatalytic swarm for targeted biofilm elimination. Nanoscale 14, 6497-6506 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nr00765g
210.	M.E. Ibele, P.E. Lammert, V.H. Crespi, A. Sen, Emergent, collective oscillations of self-mobile particles and patterned surfaces under redox conditions. ACS Nano 4, 4845-4851 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101289p
211.	W. Duan, R. Liu, A. Sen, Transition between collective behaviors of micromotors in response to different stimuli. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 1280-1283 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3120357
212.	M. Ibele, T.E. Mallouk, A. Sen, Schooling behavior of light-powered autonomous micromotors in water. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 3308-3312 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200804704
213.	S. Du, H. Wang, C. Zhou, W. Wang, Z. Zhang, Motor and rotor in one: light-active ZnO/Au twinned rods of tunable motion modes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 2213-2217 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b13093
214.	C. Chen, F. Mou, L. Xu, S. Wang, J. Guan et al., Light-steered isotropic semiconductor micromotors. Adv. Mater. 29, 1603374 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603374
215.	K. Bian, X. Zhang, K. Liu, T. Yin, H. Liu et al., Peptide-directed hierarchical mineralized silver nanocages for anti-tumor photothermal therapy. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 7574-7588 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00415
216.	Y. Hu, W. Liu, Y. Sun, Multiwavelength phototactic micromotor with controllable swarming motion for “chemistry-on-the-fly.” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 41495-41505 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11443
217.	Z. Lin, X. Fan, M. Sun, C. Gao, Q. He et al., Magnetically actuated peanut colloid motors for cell manipulation and patterning. ACS Nano 12, 2539-2545 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b08344
218.	F. Soto, A. Martin, S. Ibsen, M. Vaidyanathan, V. Garcia-Gradilla et al., Acoustic microcannons: toward advanced microballistics. ACS Nano 10, 1522-1528 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b07080
219.	W. Wang, L.A. Castro, M. Hoyos, T.E. Mallouk, Autonomous motion of metallic microrods propelled by ultrasound. ACS Nano 6, 6122-6132 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn301312z
220.	H. Inaba, M. Yamada, M.R. Rashid, A.M.R. Kabir, A. Kakugo et al., Magnetic force-induced alignment of microtubules by encapsulation of CoPt nanoparticles using a tau-derived peptide. Nano Lett. 20, 5251-5258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01573
221.	H. Xie, M. Sun, X. Fan, Z. Lin, W. Chen et al., Reconfigurable magnetic microrobot swarm: multimode transformation, locomotion, and manipulation. Sci. Robot. 4, eaav8006 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aav8006
222.	W.H. Fissell, What is nanotechnology? Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 20, 452-453 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2013.08.008
223.	A. Kuzuya, S-I M. Nomura, T. Toyota, T. Nakakuki, S. Murata, From molecular robotics to molecular cybernetics: the first step toward chemical artificial intelligence. IEEE Trans. Mol. Biol. Multi Scale Commun. 9, 354-363 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3304243

[1]	YUE Caicheng1,QIAN Linfang1,XU Yadong1,LI Ying2. Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for a Chain Driving Shell Magazine Based on an Exponential Reaching Law [J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2018, 52(6): 750-756.
[2]	ZHANG Jin-jin1 (张金金), LVJun-hong1 (吕军鸿), SUN Jie-lin2,3 (孙洁林), HU Jun1 (胡钧),CZAJKOWSKY Daniel M2, SHEN Yi2 (沈轶). Direct Resolution of the Pitch of DNA on Positively Charged Lipid Bilayers by Frequency-Modulation AFM [J]. Journal of shanghai Jiaotong University (Science), 2014, 19(5): 565-568.
[3]	TONG Yuan, LI Degui, NIE Yuan, JIN Guiyu, CHI Dejian. Numerical Simulation of Shock Initiation of Shielded Composition B Impacted by Tungsten Alloy Fragment [J]. Air & Space Defense, 2021, 4(3): 70-75.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export