Highly Aligned Graphene Aerogels for Multifunctional Composites

doi:10.1007/s40820-024-01357-w

Abstract

Abstract:

Stemming from the unique in-plane honeycomb lattice structure and the sp² hybridized carbon atoms bonded by exceptionally strong carbon-carbon bonds, graphene exhibits remarkable anisotropic electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. To maximize the utilization of graphene's in-plane properties, pre-constructed and aligned structures, such as oriented aerogels, films, and fibers, have been designed. The unique combination of aligned structure, high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, thermal conductivity, and porous nature of highly aligned graphene aerogels allows for tailored and enhanced performance in specific directions, enabling advancements in diverse fields. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in highly aligned graphene aerogels and their composites. It highlights the fabrication methods of aligned graphene aerogels and the optimization of alignment which can be estimated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The oriented scaffolds endow graphene aerogels and their composites with anisotropic properties, showing enhanced electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties along the alignment at the sacrifice of the perpendicular direction. This review showcases remarkable properties and applications of aligned graphene aerogels and their composites, such as their suitability for electronics, environmental applications, thermal management, and energy storage. Challenges and potential opportunities are proposed to offer new insights into prospects of this material.

Key words: Highly aligned graphene aerogels, Quantitative characterization of alignment, Multifunctional composites, Anisotropic properties, Multifunctional applications

Ying Wu, Chao An, Yaru Guo, Yangyang Zong, Naisheng Jiang, Qingbin Zheng, Zhong-Zhen Yu. Highly Aligned Graphene Aerogels for Multifunctional Composites[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 118-.

Ying Wu, Chao An, Yaru Guo, Yangyang Zong, Naisheng Jiang, Qingbin Zheng, Zhong-Zhen Yu. [J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 118-.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/10.1007/s40820-024-01357-w

https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/Y2024/V16/I1/118

Figures/Tables 28

Fig. 1 Overview of the highly aligned graphene aerogels for multifunctional composites, from multiscale assembly of aerogel precursors to anisotropic structures, multifunctional properties, and applications. Directional freeze drying. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY-NC license [27]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. Self-assembly. Reproduced with permission [28]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. Forced assembly. Reproduced with permission [29]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. Microscopy, Solar steam. Reproduced with permission [30]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. Raman spectroscopy. Reproduced with permission [31]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. X-ray scattering. Reproduced with permission [32]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. Mechanical. Reproduced with permission [33]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. Thermal. Reproduced with permission [34]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. Sensing. Reproduced with permission [35]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. Organic absorption. Reproduced with permission [36]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. Thermal management. Reproduced with permission [37]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. Energy storage. Reproduced with permission [38]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society

Fig. 2 Summary of the most applied techniques for the fabrication of highly aligned graphene aerogels

Fig. 3 Freeze casting process, mechanism, and morphologies. a Schematic process of freeze casting for the fabrication of aligned graphene aerogel; b-e The rearrangement of particles in suspensions during the freezing process in different relative values of the freezing velocity (v) and the critical freezing front velocity (v_cr). Reproduced with permission [57]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. f SEM image of aligned aerogels with lamellar walls at v < v_cr. Reproduced with permission [61]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. g SEM images of fine-scale interconnected porous alignments at v ≥ v_cr. Reproduced with permission [42]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. h Effects of the freezing temperature (or the freezing speed) on the alignment of graphene aerogels. Reproduced with permission [62]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. i-k Effects of the lateral size of GO building blocks on the alignment of graphene aerogels. Reproduced with permission [65]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

Fig. 4 Unidirectional freeze casting techniques and corresponding morphologies. a Gradual immersion of GO suspensions in cooling bath. Reproduced with permission [70]. Copyright 2009, Wiley-VCH. b A schematic apparatus for unidirectional freeze casting of GO suspensions and the formation mechanism of the aligned GO walls in aerogel. Reproduced with permission [5]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. c Schematics of lateral unidirectional freeze casting. Reproduced with permission [85]. Copyright 2022, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. d-g Typical SEM images of unidirectionally freeze-cast graphene aerogels observed from different directions. The left two reproduced with permission [70]. Copyright 2009, Wiley-VCH. The right two reproduced with permission [83]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH

Fig. 5 a-c Schematic illustrations of three typical bidirectional freeze casting apparatus and processes for the fabrication of highly aligned graphene aerogels. Reproduced with permission [27,87,88]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. Schematic and morphology comparisons of aerogels prepared using d, e bidirectional freezing, f, g unidirectional freezing and h, i common freezing. Reproduced with permission [88]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 6 Illustration of a freezing setup for fabricating graphene aerogels with radial orientation, b the temperature gradient, c the freezing-drying process, and d SEM morphologies of a radiating graphene aerogel. Reproduced with permission [99]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. e Schematic diagram of radial freeze casting of rGO hydrogel and f microstructure of corresponding aerogels. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license [102]. Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. g Fabrication of radiating graphene aerogel spheres by immersing GO droplets into liquid nitrogen. Reproduced with permission [103]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society; and h, i their cross-sectional microstructure. Reproduced with permission [104]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society

Fig. 7 GO LC which is the prerequisite of self-assembly induced graphene alignment. a The transition of GO suspensions from isotropic to nematic LCs with increasing concentration. Reproduced with permission [107]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH. b Nematic phase fraction in GO suspensions against the concentration. Reproduced with permission [109]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. c, d Typical nematic texture and freeze-dried morphology of GO LCs. Reproduced with permission [110]. Copyright 2011, Wiley-VCH. Polarized optical microscopy and Cryo-SEM images of GO LCs in the e, f lateral and g, h center regions, showing helical structures. Reproduced with permission [113]. Copyright 2011, The Authors, published by Springer Nature

Fig. 8 Typical self-assembly strategies for the fabrication of highly aligned graphene aerogels. a Hydrothermal treatment induced self-assembly of GO sheets for the fabrication of graphene aerogels and b-d corresponding aerogel morphologies fabricating using different GO concentrations. Reproduced with permission [11]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. e-i Self-assembly of base-induced highly ordered GO LCs and microscopic structures of the LC and aerogel. Reproduced with permission [28]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. j-l Vacuum filtration- and crosslinking-assisted self-assembly. Reproduced with permission [123]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH

Fig. 9 Shearing-induced GO rearrangement in LCs. a Macroscopic observation of GO suspensions under shearing. Reproduced with permission [129]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. b Relaxation of GO LCs after scratching and c-e corresponding mechanisms revealing; and f patterned GO LCs constructed by shearing microlithography. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license [131]. Copyright 2019, The Authors, published by Springer Nature

Fig. 10 Typical shear-induced alignment for fabricating aligned graphene aerogels. Flow induced alignment: a-c Alignment during ejecting from a nozzle Reproduced with permission [55,133]. Copyright 2012, 2014, American Chemical Society; and d Layer-by-layer 3D printing through a slit extrusion head Reproduced with permission [29]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. Shearing microlithography: e microwire shearing. Reproduced with permission [137]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; and f-h scratching the GO LC using an immersed microprobe Reproduced with permission [131]. Copyright 2019, The Authors, published by Springer Nature

Fig. 11 Further enhancement of alignment in graphene aerogels. a-d The antifreeze-assisted aligning. Reproduced with permission [30]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. e-g Cation-facilitated alignment. Reproduced with permission [35]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Table 1 Comparisons of different aligning techniques for graphene aerogels

Aligning techniques	Directional freeze casting			Self-assembly	Shearing forced alignment
Aligning techniques	Unidirectional	Bidirectional	Radial	Self-assembly	Shearing forced alignment
Driving force	Growth of ice templates			Reduction-induced gelation	Shear force
Alignment	Unidirectional	Bidirectional	Radial	Inherent from GO LCs	Along shearing direction
Morphologies	Tubular	Lamellar	Radially lamellar	Multi-domain alignment	Tubular or lamellar
Advantages	Long-range aligned; precise control over alignment; scalable			Easy-processing; versatile	Scalable; large-size; patternable alignment
Shortcomings	Careful optimization of freezing parameters is required			Limit in long-range alignment; less anisotropic	High-concentration GO LC is required
Advantageous applications	Electrochemical; Organic absorption	Superelasticity related (i.e. pressure sensing); thermal management	Organic absorption	Electrochemical	Thermal management
Relative fabrication cost	Relatively low			Medium	High

Fig. 12 Fabrication of aligned graphene aerogel-based composites via a-c post-infiltration of polymer matrix in the preconstructed aligned graphene aerogels. Reproduced with permission [154]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier; and d directional freeze-drying of GO/polymer suspensions. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license [156]. Copyright 2016, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. e Nanoscopic alignment of graphene sheets in the aligned composite skeleton. Reproduced with permission [157]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier

Fig. 13 Anisotropic properties of highly aligned graphene aerogels and their composites. a, b Illustrations of the coordinate directions. Anisotropic properties and relevant mechanism: c-e mechanical. Reproduced with permission [33]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. f, g Electrical. Reproduced with permission [5]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. h, i Thermal. Reproduced with permission [34]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license [166]. Copyright 2020, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. j, k Mass transport. l, m EMI shielding properties. Reproduced with permission [171]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society

Fig. 14 Electrical percolation and conductivity of graphene/polymer composites. a Schematic illustrations of the percolation theory. Reproduced with permission [193]. Copyright 2016, Society of Chemical Industry. b Percolation threshold of polymer composites reinforced with different fillers: CVD-grown graphene [176,177], aligned graphene aerogel [5,11,65], random graphene aerogel [178,179], dispersed graphene [180,181,182,183,184,185], and segregated graphene [186,187,188,189]. c Electrical conductivity of polymer composites reinforced with different fillers: aligned graphene aerogel [5,65,171,190], random graphene aerogel [178,191,192], CVD-grown graphene network [177,194,195], dispersed graphene [180,196,197,198,199], and segregated graphene [187,188,189,200]

Fig. 15 Fracture toughness of graphene/epoxy composites. a Increment in fracture toughness of polymer composites reinforced with different fillers: CVD-grown graphene [177,194,195], aligned graphene aerogel [11,42,65,143,166,201,202], random graphene aerogel [65] and dispersed graphene [203,204,205]. b-d Fractured cross-sectional SEM images and corresponding schematic crack prorogation process of aligned graphene aerogel/epoxy composite. Reproduced with permission [11]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society

Fig. 16 Thermal conductivity of graphene/polymer composites. a Thermal conductivity of graphene/polymer composites reinforced with different fillers: aligned graphene aerogel [64,74,102,137,166,201,207,208,221], random graphene aerogel [208,209,210], dispersed graphene [211,212,213], segregated graphene [214,215,216,217], and CVD-grown graphene [195,218,219,220]. Schematic illustrations of thermal conduction in b defective rGO and c well-crystalline graphene sheets. Reproduced with permission [15]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. d Schematic mechanisms of thermal conduction in highly aligned graphene aerogel/polymer composites. The solid and hollow symbols in a represent the graphene and rGO building blocks in the thermally conductive graphene network, respectively

Fig. 18 Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of graphene alignment by polarized Raman spectroscopy. a Schematic illustration of a typical polarized Raman spectroscopy. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license [226]. Copyright 2016, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. b-e Qualitative analysis of graphene alignment. Reproduced with permission [180]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier. Quantitative analysis of graphene alignment: f The Cartesian coordinate system with the sample geometries. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license [230]. Copyright 2015, The Authors, published by Elsevier. g The local orientation of graphene in specimens, h coordinates of the specimen relative to the experimental measurement parameters. Reproduced with permission. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license.[231]. Copyright 2015, The Authors, published by Elsevier. 3D Raman intensity for i VV and j VH polarization configurations, and k relative G band intensity. Reproduced with permission [31]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. l Intensity variation for laser beam propagation in X and Z directions of graphene paper, and m orientation distribution function of HOPG and graphene paper. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license [231]. Copyright 2015, The Authors, published by Elsevier. The designations VV and VH in i-k refer to the parallel and the perpendicular polarization of incident and scattered rays, respectively

Fig. 19 a, b Schematic illustrations of SAXS and WAXS techniques. Reproduced with permission [236,237]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier. Copyright 2016, AIP publishing. Assessment of graphene alignment through SAXS: c 2D SAXS patterns, d the azimuthal dependence of scattering intensity, e orientational distribution coefficient of graphene-based materials fabricated under different magnetic field strengths; and f SAXS analysis of composites featuring diverse graphene alignment. Reproduced under the terms of the PNAS License [245]. Copyright 2017, National Academy of Sciences. Evaluation of graphene alignment using WAXS: g azimuthal scan profiles, h SEM images, and i 2D WAXS patterns of graphene fibers with different stretching ratios. Reproduced with permission [32]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH

Table 2 Comparisons of different quantitative characterization techniques of the alignment degree

Characterization techniques	SEM-based	Polarized Raman spectroscopy	X-ray scattering
Mechanism	SEM image processing and analyzing	Inelastic scattering of photons	Elastic scattering of X-rays
Orientation distribution function	$\langle {cos}^{2}\eta \rangle ={\int }_{0}^{\pi /2}N\left(\eta \right){cos}^{2}\eta sin\eta d\eta$	$\langle {P}_{i}\left(cos\theta \right)\rangle =\frac{{\int }_{\theta =0}^{\theta =\pi }{P}_{i}\left(cos\theta \right){f}_{N}\left(\theta \right)sin\theta d\theta }{{\int }_{\theta =0}^{\theta =\pi }{f}_{N}\left(\theta \right)sin\theta d\theta }$	$O=\langle \frac{1}{2}\left(3{{\text{cos}}}^{2}\theta -1\right)\rangle$
Quantifying criterion	$\langle {{\cos }^{2}}\eta \rangle $= 1/3: random	$\langle {P}_{2}({\text{cos}}\theta )\rangle =0$: random	O = 0: random
	$\langle {{\cos }^{2}}\eta \rangle $= 0 or 1: perfectly aligned	$\langle {P}_{2}({\text{cos}}\theta )\rangle =1$: perfectly aligned	O = 1: perfectly aligned
Scale	Microscale	Micro- to nanoscale	Macro- to nanoscale
Information obtained	Alignment; inter-wall spacing	Alignment; structural anisotropy	Alignment; crystallinity; inter-layer spacing
Characteristics	Best for visualizing local variations	Local alignment	Comprehensive information

Fig. 20 Solar-thermal energy conversion and solar stream of vertically aligned graphene-based aerogels. Schematic illustration of solar-thermal energy conversion a device and b mechanism. Reproduced with permission [255]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. c Fabrication and d the surface temperature against sun radiation time of a gradient aligned graphene aerogel-based composites. Reproduced with permission [253]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH

Fig. 21 Highly aligned graphene aerogel-based composites for Li-ion batteries. a Schematic illustration of the Li-ion battery. Reproduced with permission [259]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. b Li ion diffusion in different electrodes. Reproduced with permission [261]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. c, d Thermally annealed aligned graphene aerogel for Li-batteries to hinder the growth of dendrite. Reproduced with permission [263]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. e-j Comparison of the Li ion diffusion and dendrite growth in vertically aligned, horizontally aligned, and randomly arranged graphene aerogels. Reproduced with permission [265]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 22 a-d Performances of supercapacitors with random and aligned graphene aerogel-based electrodes. Reproduced with permission [256]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. e-k Directional freeze-casted graphene-based composite aerogels for compressible supercapacitors. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License [272]. Copyright 2022, The Authors, published by Wiley-VCH. l-o Anisotropic holey graphene aerogel for electrochemical thermocell. Reproduced with permission [274]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH

Fig. 23 Super-elasticity and piezoresistive sensing of highly aligned graphene aerogels. a-h Comparison of the super-elasticity of aligned and random graphene aerogel. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY-NC license [27]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. i SEM morphology, j, k compressive elasticity and l fatigue resistance of an aligned arc-shaped lamellar graphene aerogel. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license [156]. Copyright 2016, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. m-o Super-elastic aligned graphene aerogels applied as piezoresistive sensors. Reproduced with permission [35]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Fig. 24 a Design idea of graphene based interfacial solar-steam generation system to enhance water evaporation. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License [294]. Copyright 2022, The authors, published by Wiley-VCH. b-e Solar steam of graphene paper, random and aligned graphene aerogel. Reproduced with permission [30]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society

Fig. 25 Highly aligned graphene aerogel-based composites applied in thermal management: a-g thermal conductors, h-m thermal insulators, and n, o thermal adjustors. a Vertically aligned graphene aerogel networks for TIMs applications. b-d Thermally conductive air-dried aligned graphene aerogel/epoxy composites. Reproduced with permission [165]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. e-g Lamellar-structured graphene aerogel/epoxy composites for thermal conductors. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license [166]. Copyright 2020, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. h-m Highly oriented hierarchical graphene-based aerogels as thermal insulators. Reproduced with permission [37]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. n, o Graphene aerogel/PCM composites for thermal adjusting. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license [102]. Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by Springer Nature

Fig. 26 Absorption of oil or organic solvent of aligned graphene aerogel-based materials. a Capillary absorption mechanism, b absorption process, c absorption capacity, d, e oil water separation by continuous pumping, and recyclability via f squeezing, g burning, and h distilling. Reproduced with permission [36]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society

References 331

309.	H.-J. Zhan, J.-F. Chen, H.-Y. Zhao, L. Jiao, J.-W. Liu et al., Biomimetic difunctional carbon-nanotube-based aerogels for efficient steam generation. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3, 4690-4698 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c00683
310.	P. Mu, Z. Zhang, W. Bai, J. He, H. Sun et al., Superwetting monolithic hollow-carbon-nanotubes aerogels with hierarchically nanoporous structure for efficient solar steam generation. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1802158 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802158
311.	B. Zhu, H. Kou, Z. Liu, Z. Wang, D.K. Macharia et al., Flexible and washable CNT-embedded PAN nonwoven fabrics for solar-enabled evaporation and desalination of seawater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 35005-35014 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b12806
312.	S. Xu, J. Zhang, Vertically aligned graphene for thermal interface materials. Small Struct. 1, 2000034 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202000034
313.	F. An, X. Li, P. Min, H. Li, Z. Dai et al., Highly anisotropic graphene/boron nitride hybrid aerogels with long-range ordered architecture and moderate density for highly thermally conductive composites. Carbon 126, 119-127 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.011
314.	G. Yang, Y. Yang, T. Chen, J. Wang, L. Ma et al., Graphene/MXene composite aerogels reinforced by polyimide for pressure sensing. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5, 1068-1077 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c03722
315.	B. Wicklein, A. Kocjan, G. Salazar-Alvarez, F. Carosio, G. Camino et al., Thermally insulating and fire-retardant lightweight anisotropic foams based on nanocellulose and graphene oxide. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 277-283 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.248
316.	Y. Zhang, Y. Li, Q. Lei, X. Fang, H. Xie et al., Tightly-packed fluorinated graphene aerogel/polydimethylsiloxane composite with excellent thermal management properties. Compos. Sci. Technol. 220, 109302 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109302
317.	Y.R. Jeong, H. Park, S.W. Jin, S.Y. Hong, S.-S. Lee et al., Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors using fragmentized graphene foam. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 4228-4236 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201501000
318.	C. Hu, J. Xue, L. Dong, Y. Jiang, X. Wang et al., Scalable preparation of multifunctional fire-retardant ultralight graphene foams. ACS Nano 10, 1325-1332 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b06710
319.	T. Xue, W. Fan, X. Zhang, X. Zhao, F. Yang et al., Layered double hydroxide/graphene oxide synergistically enhanced polyimide aerogels for thermal insulation and fire-retardancy. Compos. Part B Eng. 219, 108963 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108963
320.	M. Šilhavík, P. Kumar, Z.A. Zafar, R. Král, P. Zemenová et al., High-temperature fire resistance and self-extinguishing behavior of cellular graphene. ACS Nano 16, 19403-19411 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c09076
321.	B.-X. Li, Z. Luo, W.-G. Yang, H. Sun, Y. Ding et al., Adaptive and adjustable MXene/reduced graphene oxide hybrid aerogel composites integrated with phase-change material and thermochromic coating for synchronous visible/infrared camouflages. ACS Nano 17, 6875-6885 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c00573
322.	S. Hou, X. Wu, Y. Lv, W. Jia, J. Guo et al., Ultralight, highly elastic and bioinspired capillary-driven graphene aerogels for highly efficient organic pollutants absorption. Appl. Surf. Sci. 509, 144818 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144818
323.	J. Wu, B. Liang, J. Huang, S. Xu, Z. Yan, Honeycomb-like rGO aerogels via oriented freeze-drying as efficient organic solvents removing absorbents. Mater. Lett. 318, 132164 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.132164
324.	W. Wan, F. Zhang, S. Yu, R. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Hydrothermal formation of graphene aerogel for oil sorption: the role of reducing agent, reaction time and temperature. New J. Chem. 40, 3040-3046 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ03086B
325.	H. Liu, Y. Xu, D. Han, J.-P. Cao, F. Zhao et al., Leaf-structured carbon nanotubes/graphene aerogel and the composites with polydimethylsiloxane for electromagnetic interference shielding. Mater. Lett. 313, 131751 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.131751
1.	C. Zhu, T.Y.-J. Han, E.B. Duoss, A.M. Golobic, J.D. Kuntz et al., Highly compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices. Nat. Commun. 6, 6962 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7962
2.	M.A. Worsley, P.J. Pauzauskie, T.Y. Olson, J. Biener, J.H. Satcher Jr. et al,. Synthesis of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(40), 14067-14069 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1072299
3.	Y. Lin, J. Chen, S. Dong, G. Wu, P. Jiang et al., Wet-resilient graphene aerogel for thermal conductivity enhancement in polymer nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 83, 219-227 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.051
4.	S. Xi, L. Wang, H. Xie, W. Yu, Superhydrophilic modified elastomeric RGO aerogel based hydrated salt phase change materials for effective solar thermal conversion and storage. ACS Nano 16, 3843-3851 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08581
5.	Z. Wang, X. Shen, N.M. Han, X. Liu, Y. Wu et al., Ultralow electrical percolation in graphene aerogel/epoxy composites. Chem. Mater. 28, 6731-6741 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03206
6.	Z. Wang, R. Wei, J. Gu, H. Liu, C. Liu et al., Ultralight, highly compressible and fire-retardant graphene aerogel with self-adjustable electromagnetic wave absorption. Carbon 139, 1126-1135 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.014
7.	H.-Y. Zhao, C. Shu, P. Min, C. Li, W. Deng et al., Constructing anisotropic conical graphene aerogels with concentric annular structures for highly thermally conductive phase change composites towards efficient solar-thermal-electric energy conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 22488-22499 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA06457J
8.	W. Zhan, S. Yu, L. Gao, F. Wang, X. Fu et al., Bioinspired assembly of carbon nanotube into graphene aerogel with “cabbagelike” hierarchical porous structure for highly efficient organic pollutants cleanup. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 1093-1103 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b15322
9.	W. Qian, H. Fu, Y. Sun, Z. Wang, H. Wu et al., Scalable assembly of high-quality graphene films via electrostatic-repulsion aligning. Adv. Mater. 34, e2206101 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206101
10.	G. Yang, X. Zhang, R. Wang, X. Liu, J. Zhang et al., Ultra-stretchable graphene aerogels at ultralow temperatures. Mater. Horiz. 10, 1865-1874 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00014a
11.	Z. Wang, X. Shen, M.A. Garakani, X. Lin, Y. Wu et al., Graphene aerogel/epoxy composites with exceptional anisotropic structure and properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 5538-5549 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00146
12.	M. Wu, H. Geng, Y. Hu, H. Ma, C. Yang et al., Superelastic graphene aerogel-based metamaterials. Nat. Commun. 13, 4561 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32200-8
13.	Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, G. Zhang, H. Li, Naturally dried graphene-based nanocomposite aerogels with exceptional elasticity and high electrical conductivity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 21565-21572 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04689
14.	F. Zhang, L. Guo, Y. Shi, Z. Jin, Y. Cheng et al., Structural engineering of graphite network for ultra-sensitive and durable strain sensors and strain-controlled switches. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139664 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139664
15.	X. Guo, S. Cheng, B. Yan, Y. Li, R. Huang et al., Free-standing graphene aerogel with improved through-plane thermal conductivity after being annealed at high temperature. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 608, 2407-2413 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.134
16.	X. Xie, Y. Zhou, H. Bi, K. Yin, S. Wan et al., Large-range control of the microstructures and properties of three-dimensional porous graphene. Sci. Rep. 3, 2117 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02117
17.	X. Tong, W. Li, J. Li, S. Lu, B. Wang et al., In situ generation of TiO₂ in graphene aerogel and its epoxy composite for electromagnetic interference shielding performance. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 33, 5886-5898 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-07770-4
18.	G. Gorgolis, C. Galiotis, Graphene aerogels: a review. 2D Mater. 4, 032001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa7883
19.	Z. Wang, L. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, J. Liu et al., A review of graphene-based materials/polymer composite aerogels. Polymers 15, 1888 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15081888
20.	G. Nassar, E. Daou, R. Najjar, M. Bassil, R. Habchi, A review on the current research on graphene-based aerogels and their applications. Carbon Trends 4, 100065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2021.100065
21.	Z. Cheng, R. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Cao, Y. Shen et al., Recent advances in graphene aerogels as absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Carbon 205, 112-137 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.01.032
22.	X. Shen, J.-K. Kim, Graphene and MXene-based porous structures for multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano Res. 16, 1387-1413 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4938-6
23.	J. Mao, J. Iocozzia, J. Huang, K. Meng, Y. Lai et al., Graphene aerogels for efficient energy storage and conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 772-799 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE03031B
24.	J. Yang, X. Shen, W. Yang, J.-K. Kim, Templating strategies for 3D-structured thermally conductive composites: recent advances and thermal energy applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 133, 101054 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101054
25.	S. Yu, X. Shen, J.-K. Kim, Beyond homogeneous dispersion: oriented conductive fillers for high κ nanocomposites. Mater. Horiz. 8, 3009-3042 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1mh00907a
26.	X. Shen, Q. Zheng, J.-K. Kim, Rational design of two-dimensional nanofillers for polymer nanocomposites toward multifunctional applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 115, 100708 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100708
27.	M. Yang, N. Zhao, Y. Cui, W. Gao, Q. Zhao et al., Biomimetic architectured graphene aerogel with exceptional strength and resilience. ACS Nano 11, 6817-6824 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01815
28.	B. Yao, J. Chen, L. Huang, Q. Zhou, G. Shi, Base-induced liquid crystals of graphene oxide for preparing elastic graphene foams with long-range ordered microstructures. Adv. Mater. 28, 1623-1629 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504594
29.	H. Guo, T. Hua, J. Qin, Q. Wu, R. Wang et al., A new strategy of 3D printing lightweight lamellar graphene aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding and piezoresistive sensor applications. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2101699 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101699
30.	P. Zhang, J. Li, L. Lv, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, Vertically aligned graphene sheets membrane for highly efficient solar thermal generation of clean water. ACS Nano 11, 5087-5093 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01965
31.	Q. Liang, X. Yao, W. Wang, Y. Liu, C.P. Wong, A three-dimensional vertically aligned functionalized multilayer graphene architecture: an approach for graphene-based thermal interfacial materials. ACS Nano 5, 2392-2401 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200181e
32.	P. Li, Y. Liu, S. Shi, Z. Xu, W. Ma et al., Highly crystalline graphene fibers with superior strength and conductivities by plasticization spinning. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2006584 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006584
33.	H.-Y. Mi, X. Jing, A.L. Politowicz, E. Chen, H.-X. Huang et al., Highly compressible ultra-light anisotropic cellulose/graphene aerogel fabricated by bidirectional freeze drying for selective oil absorption. Carbon 132, 199-209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.033
34.	X. Jiang, Z. Zhao, S. Zhou, H. Zou, P. Liu, Anisotropic and lightweight carbon/graphene composite aerogels for efficient thermal insulation and electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 45844-45852 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13000
35.	P. Liu, X. Li, X. Chang, P. Min, C. Shu et al., Highly anisotropic graphene aerogels fabricated by calcium ion-assisted unidirectional freezing for highly sensitive sensors and efficient cleanup of crude oil spills. Carbon 178, 301-309 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.03.014
36.	J. Dong, J. Zeng, B. Wang, Z. Cheng, J. Xu et al., Mechanically flexible carbon aerogel with wavy layers and springboard elastic supporting structure for selective oil/organic solvent recovery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 15910-15924 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02394
37.	Q. Peng, Y. Qin, X. Zhao, X. Sun, Q. Chen et al., Superlight, mechanically flexible, thermally superinsulating, and antifrosting anisotropic nanocomposite foam based on hierarchical graphene oxide assembly. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 44010-44017 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b14604
38.	W. Chang, X.-Y. Zhang, J. Qu, Z. Chen, Y.-J. Zhang et al., Freestanding Na₃V₂O₂(PO₄)₂F/graphene aerogels as high-performance cathodes of sodium-ion full batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 41419-41428 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11074
39.	Y. Lin, F. Liu, G. Casano, R. Bhavsar, I.A. Kinloch et al., Pristine graphene aerogels by room-temperature freeze gelation. Adv. Mater. 28, 7993-8000 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602393
40.	J. Kim, A.P. Tiwari, M. Choi, Q. Chen, J. Lee et al., Boosting bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis of graphitic C₃N₄ using non-covalently functionalized non-oxidized graphene aerogels as catalyst supports. J. Mater. Chem. A 10, 15689-15697 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA02031A
41.	Y. Ham, V. Ri, J. Kim, Y. Yoon, J. Lee et al., Multi-redox phenazine/non-oxidized graphene/cellulose nanohybrids as ultrathick cathodes for high-energy organic batteries. Nano Res. 14, 1382-1389 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3187-9
42.	J. Kim, N.M. Han, J. Kim, J. Lee, J.K. Kim et al., Highly conductive and fracture-resistant epoxy composite based on non-oxidized graphene flake aerogel. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 37507-37516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13415
43.	J. Jia, C.-M. Kan, X. Lin, X. Shen, J.-K. Kim, Effects of processing and material parameters on synthesis of monolayer ultralarge graphene oxide sheets. Carbon 77, 244-254 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.027
44.	X. Lin, X. Shen, Q. Zheng, N. Yousefi, L. Ye et al., Fabrication of highly-aligned, conductive, and strong graphene papers using ultralarge graphene oxide sheets. ACS Nano 6, 10708-10719 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn303904z
45.	Q. Zheng, W.H. Ip, X. Lin, N. Yousefi, K.K. Yeung et al., Transparent conductive films consisting of ultralarge graphene sheets produced by Langmuir-Blodgett assembly. ACS Nano 5, 6039-6051 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2018683
46.	Y. Zhu, S. Murali, W. Cai, X. Li, J.W. Suk et al., Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties and applications. Adv. Mater. 22, 3906-3924 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001068
47.	O.C. Compton, S.T. Nguyen, Graphene oxide, highly reduced graphene oxide, and graphene: versatile building blocks for carbon-based materials. Small 6, 711-723 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200901934
48.	D. Konios, M.M. Stylianakis, E. Stratakis, E. Kymakis, Dispersion behaviour of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 430, 108-112 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.033
49.	K. Erickson, R. Erni, Z. Lee, N. Alem, W. Gannett et al., Determination of the local chemical structure of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Adv. Mater. 22, 4467-4472 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201000732
50.	Y. Ma, Y. Gu, Y. He, L. Wei, Y. Lian et al., Fast-charging and dendrite-free lithium metal anode enabled by partial lithiation of graphene aerogel. Nano Res. 15, 9792-9799 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4261-2
51.	J. Hu, J. Zhu, S. Ge, C. Jiang, T. Guo et al., Biocompatible, hydrophobic and resilience graphene/chitosan composite aerogel for efficient oil-water separation. Surf. Coat. Technol. 385, 125361 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125361
52.	L. Dou, X. Zhang, X. Cheng, Z. Ma, X. Wang et al., Hierarchical cellular structured ceramic nanofibrous aerogels with temperature-invariant superelasticity for thermal insulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 29056-29064 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b10018
53.	M. Liu, Z. Yang, H. Sun, C. Lai, X. Zhao et al., A hybrid carbon aerogel with both aligned and interconnected pores as interlayer for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Nano Res. 9, 3735-3746 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1244-1
54.	S. Wu, R.B. Ladani, J. Zhang, K. Ghorbani, X. Zhang et al., Strain sensors with adjustable sensitivity by tailoring the microstructure of graphene aerogel/PDMS nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 24853-24861 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b06012
55.	Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, P. Li, C. Gao, Strong, conductive, lightweight, neat graphene aerogel fibers with aligned pores. ACS Nano 6, 7103-7113 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3021772
56.	M.-A. Shahbazi, M. Ghalkhani, H. Maleki, Directional freeze-casting: a bioinspired method to assemble multifunctional aligned porous structures for advanced applications. Adv. Eng. Mater. 22, 2000033 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000033
57.	G. Shao, D.A.H. Hanaor, X. Shen, A. Gurlo, Freeze casting: from low-dimensional building blocks to aligned porous structures-a review of novel materials, methods, and applications. Adv. Mater. 32, e1907176 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907176
58.	J.-H. Oh, J. Kim, H. Lee, Y. Kang, I.-K. Oh, Directionally antagonistic graphene oxide-polyurethane hybrid aerogel as a sound absorber. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 22650-22660 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b06361
59.	C. Wang, M. Huang, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene oxide aerogel ‘ink’ at room temperature, and ordered structures by freeze casting. Carbon 183, 620-627 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.07.046
60.	J. Yang, W. Yang, W. Chen, X. Tao, An elegant coupling: freeze-casting and versatile polymer composites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 109, 101289 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101289
61.	D. Fan, X. Yang, J. Liu, P. Zhou, X. Zhang, Highly aligned graphene/biomass composite aerogels with anisotropic properties for strain sensing. Compos. Commun. 27, 100887 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100887
62.	L. Quan, C. Wang, Y. Xu, J. Qiu, H. Zhang et al., Electromagnetic properties of graphene aerogels made by freeze-casting. Chem. Eng. J. 428, 131337 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131337
63.	X. Zhu, C. Yang, P. Wu, Z. Ma, Y. Shang et al., Precise control of versatile microstructure and properties of graphene aerogel via freezing manipulation. Nanoscale 12, 4882-4894 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07861d
64.	X.-H. Li, P. Liu, X. Li, F. An, P. Min et al., Vertically aligned, ultralight and highly compressive all-graphitized graphene aerogels for highly thermally conductive polymer composites. Carbon 140, 624-633 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.016
65.	N.M. Han, Z. Wang, X. Shen, Y. Wu, X. Liu et al., Graphene size-dependent multifunctional properties of unidirectional graphene aerogel/epoxy nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 6580-6592 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b19069
66.	W. Gao, N. Zhao, W. Yao, Z. Xu, H. Bai et al., Effect of flake size on the mechanical properties of graphene aerogels prepared by freeze casting. RSC Adv. 7, 33600-33605 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA05557A
67.	U.G.K. Wegst, M. Schecter, A.E. Donius, P.M. Hunger, Biomaterials by freeze casting. Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 368, 2099-2121 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0014
68.	U.G.K. Wegst, H. Bai, E. Saiz, A.P. Tomsia, R.O. Ritchie, Bioinspired structural materials. Nat. Mater. 14, 23-36 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4089
69.	L. Estevez, A. Kelarakis, Q. Gong, E.H. Da’as, E.P. Giannelis, Multifunctional graphene/platinum/Nafion hybrids via ice templating. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 6122-6125 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja200244s
70.	J.L. Vickery, A.J. Patil, S. Mann, Fabrication of graphene-polymer nanocomposites with higher-order three-dimensional architectures. Adv. Mater. 21, 2180-2184 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200803606
71.	Z. He, M. Qin, C. Han, X. Bai, Y. Wu et al., Pectin/graphene oxide aerogel with bamboo-like structure for enhanced dyes adsorption. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 652, 129837 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129837
72.	S. Long, Y. Feng, F. He, S. He, H. Hong et al., An ultralight, supercompressible, superhydrophobic and multifunctional carbon aerogel with a specially designed structure. Carbon 158, 137-145 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.065
73.	V. Rodríguez-Mata, González-Domı́nguez JM, Benito AM, Maser WK, García-Bordejé E, Reduced graphene oxide aerogels with controlled continuous microchannels for environmental remediation. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2, 1210-1222 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b02101
74.	P. Min, J. Liu, X. Li, F. An, P. Liu et al., Thermally conductive phase change composites featuring anisotropic graphene aerogels for real-time and fast-charging solar-thermal energy conversion. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1805365 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201805365
75.	C. Shen, J.E. Calderon, E. Barrios, M. Soliman, A. Khater et al., Anisotropic electrical conductivity in polymer derived ceramics induced by graphene aerogels. J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 11708-11716 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC03846A
76.	Z. Lin, W. Jiang, Z. Chen, L. Zhong, C. Liu, Shape-memory and anisotropic carbon aerogel from biomass and graphene oxide. Molecules 26, 5715 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185715
77.	M. Farbod, M. Madadi Jaberi, Fabrication of graphene aerogel and graphene/carbon nanotube composite aerogel by freeze casting under ambient pressure and comparison of their properties. Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct. 29, 244-250 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2020.1832995
78.	Z. He, X. Li, H. Wang, F. Su, D. Wang et al., Synergistic regulation of the microstructure for multifunctional graphene aerogels by a dual template method. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 22544-22553 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00525
79.	X.-J. Yu, J. Qu, Z. Yuan, P. Min, S.-M. Hao et al., Anisotropic CoFe₂O₄@Graphene hybrid aerogels with high flux and excellent stability as building blocks for rapid catalytic degradation of organic contaminants in a flow-type setup. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 34222-34231 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b10287
80.	B. Jiang, K. Liang, Z. Yang, K. Guo, F. Shaik et al., FeCoNiB@Boron-doped vertically aligned graphene arrays: a self-supported electrocatalyst for overall water splitting in a wide pH range. Electrochim. Acta 386, 138459 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138459
81.	P. Yang, G. Tontini, J. Wang, I.A. Kinloch, S. Barg, Ice-templated hybrid graphene oxide-graphene nanoplatelet lamellar architectures: tuning mechanical and electrical properties. Nanotechnology 32, 205601 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abdf8f
82.	S. Kang, S. Qiao, Y. Cao, Z. Hu, J. Yu et al., Compression strain-dependent tubular carbon nanofibers/graphene aerogel absorber with ultrabroad absorption band. Chem. Eng. J. 433, 133619 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133619
83.	Z. Zeng, N. Wu, W. Yang, H. Xu, Y. Liao et al., Sustainable-macromolecule-assisted preparation of cross-linked, ultralight, flexible graphene aerogel sensors toward low-frequency strain/pressure to high-frequency vibration sensing. Small 18, e2202047 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202047
84.	L. Liu, J. Zhang, G. Shi, H. Zhang, B. Wang et al., An elastic and lamellar piezoresistive graphene/MXene aerogel. J. Mater. Sci. 57, 11202-11214 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07356-9
85.	Z. Chen, Y. Hu, H. Zhuo, L. Liu, S. Jing et al., Compressible, elastic, and pressure-sensitive carbon aerogels derived from 2D titanium carbide nanosheets and bacterial cellulose for wearable sensors. Chem. Mater. 31, 3301-3312 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00259
86.	P. Feng, X. Wang, J. Yang, Biomimetic, highly reusable and hydrophobic graphene/polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanofiber aerogels as oil-removing absorbents. Polymers 14, 1077 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061077
87.	P. Min, X. Li, P. Liu, J. Liu, X.-Q. Jia et al., Rational design of soft yet elastic lamellar graphene aerogels via bidirectional freezing for ultrasensitive pressure and bending sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2103703 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103703
88.	M. Cao, S.-L. Li, J.-B. Cheng, A.-N. Zhang, Y.-Z. Wang et al., Fully bio-based, low fire-hazard and superelastic aerogel without hazardous cross-linkers for excellent thermal insulation and oil clean-up absorption. J. Hazard. Mater. 403, 123977 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123977
89.	M. Wang, C. Shao, S. Zhou, J. Yang, F. Xu, Super-compressible, fatigue resistant and anisotropic carbon aerogels for piezoresistive sensors. Cellulose 25, 7329-7340 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2080-0
90.	Y. Dai, X. Wu, Z. Liu, H.-B. Zhang, Z.-Z. Yu, Highly sensitive, robust and anisotropic MXene aerogels for efficient broadband microwave absorption. Compos. Part B Eng. 200, 108263 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108263
91.	Q. Xu, X. Chang, Z. Zhu, L. Xu, X. Chen et al., Flexible pressure sensors with high pressure sensitivity and low detection limit using a unique honeycomb-designed polyimide/reduced graphene oxide composite aerogel. RSC Adv. 11, 11760-11770 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA10929K
92.	Y. Wu, Z. Wang, X. Shen, X. Liu, N.M. Han et al., Graphene/boron nitride-polyurethane microlaminates for exceptional dielectric properties and high energy densities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 26641-26652 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b08031
93.	G. Xu, M. Li, T. Wu, C. Teng, Highly compressible and anisotropic polyimide aerogels containing aramid nanofibers. React. Funct. Polym. 154, 104672 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104672
94.	J. Yang, Y. Chen, K. Gao, Y. Li, S. Wang et al., Biomimetic superelastic sodium alginate-based sponges with porous sandwich-like architectures. Carbohydr. Polym. 272, 118527 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118527
95.	H. Bai, Y. Chen, B. Delattre, A.P. Tomsia, R.O. Ritchie, Bioinspired large-scale aligned porous materials assembled with dual temperature gradients. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500849 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500849
96.	K. Zhou, C. Chen, M. Lei, Q. Gao, S. Nie et al., Reduced graphene oxide-based highly sensitive pressure sensor for wearable electronics via an ordered structure and enhanced interlayer interaction mechanism. RSC Adv. 10, 2150-2159 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08653f
97.	W. Ma, Z. Ma, Y. Cai, R. Du, Z. Xu et al., Elastic aerogel with tunable wettability for self-cleaning electronic skin. ACS Mater. Lett. 2, 1575-1582 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00464
98.	W. Xu, Y. Xing, J. Liu, H. Wu, Y. Cui et al., Efficient water transport and solar steam generation via radially, hierarchically structured aerogels. ACS Nano 13, 7930-7938 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b02331
99.	C. Wang, X. Chen, B. Wang, M. Huang, B. Wang et al., Freeze-casting produces a graphene oxide aerogel with a radial and centrosymmetric structure. ACS Nano 12, 5816-5825 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01747
100.	F. Su, J. Mok, J. McKittrick, Radial-concentric freeze casting inspired by porcupine fish spines. Ceramics 2, 161-179 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics2010015
101.	L. Fan, J.-L. Li, Z. Cai, X. Wang, Creating biomimetic anisotropic architectures with co-aligned nanofibers and macrochannels by manipulating ice crystallization. ACS Nano 12, 5780-5790 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01648
102.	Y. Lin, Q. Kang, H. Wei, H. Bao, P. Jiang et al., Spider web-inspired graphene skeleton-based high thermal conductivity phase change nanocomposites for battery thermal management. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 180 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00702-7
103.	R. Yu, Y. Shi, D. Yang, Y. Liu, J. Qu et al., Graphene oxide/chitosan aerogel microspheres with honeycomb-cobweb and radially oriented microchannel structures for broad-spectrum and rapid adsorption of water contaminants. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 21809-21819 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04655
104.	A. Ouyang, A. Cao, S. Hu, Y. Li, R. Xu et al., Polymer-coated graphene aerogel beads and supercapacitor application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 11179-11187 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01965
105.	Y. Liu, D. Yang, Y. Shi, L. Song, R. Yu et al., Silver phosphate/graphene oxide aerogel microspheres with radially oriented microchannels for highly efficient and continuous removal of pollutants from wastewaters. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 11228-11240 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00561
106.	B. Dan, N. Behabtu, A. Martinez, J.S. Evans, D.V. Kosynkin et al., Liquid crystals of aqueous, giant graphene oxide flakes. Soft Matter 7, 11154-11159 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C1SM06418E
107.	R. Narayan, J.E. Kim, J.Y. Kim, K.E. Lee, S.O. Kim, Graphene oxide liquid crystals: discovery, evolution and applications. Adv. Mater. 28, 3045-3068 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505122
108.	R. Jalili, S.H. Aboutalebi, D. Esrafilzadeh, K. Konstantinov, J.M. Razal et al., Formation and processability of liquid crystalline dispersions of graphene oxide. Mater. Horiz. 1, 87-91 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3MH00050H
109.	K.E. Lee, J.E. Kim, U.N. Maiti, J. Lim, J.O. Hwang et al., Liquid crystal size selection of large-size graphene oxide for size-dependent N-doping and oxygen reduction catalysis. ACS Nano 8, 9073-9080 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5024544
110.	J.E. Kim, T.H. Han, S.H. Lee, J.Y. Kim, C.W. Ahn et al., Graphene oxide liquid crystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 3043-3047 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201004692
111.	S. Padmajan Sasikala, J. Lim, I.H. Kim, H.J. Jung, T. Yun et al., Graphene oxide liquid crystals: a frontier 2D soft material for graphene-based functional materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 6013-6045 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00299A
112.	Z. Xu, C. Gao, Aqueous liquid crystals of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 5, 2908-2915 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200069w
113.	Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene chiral liquid crystals and macroscopic assembled fibres. Nat. Commun. 2, 571 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1583
114.	S. Thakur, N. Karak, Alternative methods and nature-based reagents for the reduction of graphene oxide: a review. Carbon 94, 224-242 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.06.030
115.	E. Garcia-Bordejé, A.M. Benito, W.K. Maser, Graphene aerogels via hydrothermal gelation of graphene oxide colloids: fine-tuning of its porous and chemical properties and catalytic applications. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 292, 102420 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102420
116.	X. Wu, K. Hou, J. Huang, J. Wang, S. Yang, Graphene-based cellular materials with extremely low density and high pressure sensitivity based on self-assembled graphene oxide liquid crystals. J. Mater. Chem. C 6, 8717-8725 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC01853G
117.	Y. Liu, Q. Shi, C. Hou, Q. Zhang, Y. Li et al., Versatile mechanically strong and highly conductive chemically converted graphene aerogels. Carbon 125, 352-359 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.072
118.	J.D. Afroze, M.J. Abden, Z. Yuan, C. Wang, L. Wei et al., Core-shell structured graphene aerogels with multifunctional mechanical, thermal and electromechanical properties. Carbon 162, 365-374 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.057
119.	Q. Meng, H. Wan, W. Zhu, T. Duan, W. Yao, Naturally dried, double nitrogen-doped 3D graphene aerogels modified by plant extracts for multifunctional applications. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 1172-1181 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03460
120.	W. Zhan, X. Fu, F. Wang, W. Zhang, G. Bai et al., Effect of aromatic amine modified graphene aerogel on the curing kinetics and interfacial interaction of epoxy composites. J. Mater. Sci. 55, 10558-10571 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04746-9
121.	J.-K. Xiao, J.-Z. Gong, M. Dai, Y.-F. Zhang, S.-G. Wang et al., Reduced graphene oxide/Ag nanoparticle aerogel for efficient solar water evaporation. J. Alloys Compd. 930, 167404 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167404
122.	D. Dai, Y. Zhou, W. Xiao, Z. Hao, H. Zhang et al., Multiple functional base-induced highly ordered graphene aerogels. J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 8849-8854 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC01985F
123.	W. Deng, Q. Fang, H. Huang, X. Zhou, J. Ma et al., Oriented arrangement: the origin of versatility for porous graphene materials. Small 13, 1701231 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701231
124.	Y. Jiang, H. Shao, C. Li, T. Xu, Y. Zhao et al., Versatile graphene oxide putty-like material. Adv. Mater. 28, 10287-10292 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603284
125.	Z. Xiong, C. Liao, W. Han, X. Wang, Mechanically tough large-area hierarchical porous graphene films for high-performance flexible supercapacitor applications. Adv. Mater. 27, 4469-4475 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501983
126.	Z. Tang, S. Shen, J. Zhuang, X. Wang, Noble-metal-promoted three-dimensional macroassembly of single-layered graphene oxide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 4603-4607 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000270
127.	P. Kumar, U.N. Maiti, K.E. Lee, S.O. Kim, Rheological properties of graphene oxide liquid crystal. Carbon 80, 453-461 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.08.085
128.	P. Poulin, R. Jalili, W. Neri, F. Nallet, T. Divoux et al., Superflexibility of graphene oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 11088-11093 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605121113
129.	Y.H. Shim, H. Ahn, S. Lee, S.O. Kim, S.Y. Kim, Universal alignment of graphene oxide in suspensions and fibers. ACS Nano 15, 13453-13462 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c03954
130.	Y. Jiang, F. Guo, J. Zhang, Z. Xu, F. Wang et al., Aligning curved stacking bands to simultaneously strengthen and toughen lamellar materials. Mater. Horiz. 10, 556-565 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2mh01023b
131.	Y. Jiang, F. Guo, Z. Xu, W. Gao, C. Gao, Artificial colloidal liquid metacrystals by shearing microlithography. Nat. Commun. 10, 4111 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11941-z
132.	D.K. Maurya, S. Deo, D.Y. Khanukaeva, Analysis of Stokes flow of micropolar fluid through a porous cylinder. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 44, 6647-6665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.7214
133.	Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene in macroscopic order: liquid crystals and wet-spun fibers. Acc. Chem. Res. 47, 1267-1276 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar4002813
134.	F. Wang, Y. Jiang, Y. Liu, F. Guo, W. Fang et al., Liquid crystalline 3D printing for superstrong graphene microlattices with high density. Carbon 159, 166-174 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.039
135.	L. He, J. Ye, M. Shuai, Z. Zhu, X. Zhou et al., Graphene oxide liquid crystals for reflective displays without polarizing optics. Nanoscale 7, 1616-1622 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR06008C
136.	L.C. Geonzon, M. Kobayashi, Y. Adachi, Effect of shear flow on the hydrodynamic drag force of a spherical particle near a wall evaluated using optical tweezers and microfluidics. Soft Matter 17, 7914-7920 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00876e
137.	M. Cao, Z. Li, J. Lu, B. Wang, H. Lai et al., Vertical array of graphite oxide liquid crystal by microwire shearing for highly thermally conductive composites. Adv. Mater. 35, e2300077 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300077
138.	J. Ma, S. Lin, Y. Jiang, P. Li, H. Zhang et al., Digital programming graphene oxide liquid crystalline hybrid hydrogel by shearing microlithography. ACS Nano 14, 2336-2344 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b09503
139.	H. Geng, X. Liu, G. Shi, G. Bai, J. Ma et al., Graphene oxide restricts growth and recrystallization of ice crystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 997-1001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201609230
140.	X. Zhang, P. Liu, Y. Duan, M. Jiang, J. Zhang, Graphene/cellulose nanocrystals hybrid aerogel with tunable mechanical strength and hydrophilicity fabricated by ambient pressure drying technique. RSC Adv. 7, 16467-16473 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA28178H
141.	F. Gong, W. Wang, H. Li, D.D. Xia, Q. Dai et al., Solid waste and graphite derived solar steam generator for highly-efficient and cost-effective water purification. Appl. Energy 261, 114410 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114410
142.	J. Liu, Z. Khanam, S. Ahmed, T. Wang, H. Wang et al., Flexible antifreeze Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor based on gel electrolyte with graphene electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 16454-16468 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02242
143.	C. Huang, J. Peng, Y. Cheng, Q. Zhao, Y. Du et al., Ultratough nacre-inspired epoxy-graphene composites with shape memory properties. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 2787-2794 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA10725D
144.	X. Meng, J. Yang, S. Ramakrishna, Y. Sun, Y. Dai, Gradient vertical channels within aerogels based on N-doped graphene meshes toward efficient and salt-resistant solar evaporation. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 4955-4965 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00853
145.	C.-Z. Qi, X. Wu, J. Liu, X.-J. Luo, H.-B. Zhang et al., Highly conductive calcium ion-reinforced MXene/sodium alginate aerogel meshes by direct ink writing for electromagnetic interference shielding and Joule heating. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 135, 213-220 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.06.046
146.	Y. Jiang, Z. Xu, T. Huang, Y. Liu, F. Guo et al., Direct 3D printing of ultralight graphene oxide aerogel microlattices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1707024 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201707024
147.	X. Zhao, W. Gao, W. Yao, Y. Jiang, Z. Xu et al., Ion diffusion-directed assembly approach to ultrafast coating of graphene oxide thick multilayers. ACS Nano 11, 9663-9670 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03480
148.	G. Shao, X. Shen, X. Huang, Multilevel structural design and heterointerface engineering of a host-guest binary aerogel toward multifunctional broadband microwave absorption. ACS Mater. Lett. 4, 1787-1797 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00634
149.	L. Qiu, J.Z. Liu, S.L.Y. Chang, Y. Wu, D. Li, Biomimetic superelastic graphene-based cellular monoliths. Nat. Commun. 3, 1241 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2251
150.	X. Huang, G. Yu, Y. Zhang, M. Zhang, G. Shao, Design of cellular structure of graphene aerogels for electromagnetic wave absorption. Chem. Eng. J. 426, 131894 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131894
151.	H. Yang, T. Zhang, M. Jiang, Y. Duan, J. Zhang, Ambient pressure dried graphene aerogels with superelasticity and multifunctionality. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 19268-19272 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA06452J
152.	Z.-L. Yu, N. Yang, L.-C. Zhou, Z.-Y. Ma, Y.-B. Zhu et al., Bioinspired polymeric woods. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat7223 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat7223
153.	K.C. Lai, L.Y. Lee, B.Y.Z. Hiew, S. Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, S. Gan, Environmental application of three-dimensional graphene materials as adsorbents for dyes and heavy metals: review on ice-templating method and adsorption mechanisms. J. Environ. Sci. (China) 79, 174-199 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.11.023
154.	W. Gao, N. Zhao, T. Yu, J. Xi, A. Mao et al., High-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding realized in nacre-mimetic graphene/polymer composite with extremely low graphene loading. Carbon 157, 570-577 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.10.051
155.	Y. Wang, B. Yao, H. Chen, H. Wang, C. Li et al., Preparation of anisotropic conductive graphene aerogel/polydimethylsiloxane composites as LEGO® modulars. Eur. Polym. J. 112, 487-492 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.036
156.	H.-L. Gao, Y.-B. Zhu, L.-B. Mao, F.-C. Wang, X.-S. Luo et al., Super-elastic and fatigue resistant carbon material with lamellar multi-arch microstructure. Nat. Commun. 7, 12920 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12920
157.	Z. Wang, N.M. Han, Y. Wu, X. Liu, X. Shen et al., Ultrahigh dielectric constant and low loss of highly-aligned graphene aerogel/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites with insulating barriers. Carbon 123, 385-394 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.079
158.	F. Guo, X. Shen, J. Zhou, D. Liu, Q. Zheng et al., Highly thermally conductive dielectric nanocomposites with synergistic alignments of graphene and boron nitride nanosheets. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1910826 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910826
159.	G. Li, X. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Fang, From anisotropic graphene aerogels to electron- and photo-driven phase change composites. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 17042-17049 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA07587H
160.	G. Li, Z. Chu, X. Gong, M. Xiao, Q. Dong et al., A wide-range linear and stable piezoresistive sensor based on methylcellulose-reinforced, lamellar, and wrinkled graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2101021 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101021
161.	N. Ni, S. Barg, E. Garcia-Tunon, F.M. Perez, M. Miranda et al., Understanding mechanical response of elastomeric graphene networks. Sci. Rep. 5, 13712 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13712
162.	T. Liu, M. Huang, X. Li, C. Wang, C.-X. Gui et al., Highly compressible anisotropic graphene aerogels fabricated by directional freezing for efficient absorption of organic liquids. Carbon 100, 456-464 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.038
163.	Y. Qin, Q. Peng, Y. Zhu, X. Zhao, Z. Lin et al., Lightweight, mechanically flexible and thermally superinsulating rGO/polyimide nanocomposite foam with an anisotropic microstructure. Nanoscale Adv. 1, 4895-4903 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9na00444k
164.	X. Zhao, W. Wu, D. Drummer, Y. Wang, S. Cui et al., SiC nanowires bridged graphene aerogels with a vertically aligned structure for highly thermal conductive epoxy resin composites and their mechanism. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 5, 2548-2557 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00015
165.	F. An, X. Li, P. Min, P. Liu, Z.-G. Jiang et al., Vertically aligned high-quality graphene foams for anisotropically conductive polymer composites with ultrahigh through-plane thermal conductivities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 17383-17392 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04230
166.	P. Liu, X. Li, P. Min, X. Chang, C. Shu et al., 3D lamellar-structured graphene aerogels for thermal interface composites with high through-plane thermal conductivity and fracture toughness. Nano-Micro Lett. 13, 22 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00548-5
167.	Y. Cui, S.I. Kundalwal, S. Kumar, Gas barrier performance of graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Carbon 98, 313-333 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.018
168.	X. Tang, H. Zhou, Z. Cai, D. Cheng, P. He et al., Generalized 3D printing of graphene-based mixed-dimensional hybrid aerogels. ACS Nano 12, 3502-3511 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b00304
169.	W.-L. Song, M.-S. Cao, M.-M. Lu, S. Bi, C.-Y. Wang et al., Flexible graphene/polymer composite films in sandwich structures for effective electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 66, 67-76 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.043
170.	Y. Wu, Z. Wang, X. Liu, X. Shen, Q. Zheng et al., Ultralight graphene foam/conductive polymer composites for exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 9059-9069 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01017
171.	X.-H. Li, X. Li, K.-N. Liao, P. Min, T. Liu et al., Thermally annealed anisotropic graphene aerogels and their electrically conductive epoxy composites with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding efficiencies. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 33230-33239 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12295
172.	Z. Yu, T. Dai, S. Yuan, H. Zou, P. Liu, Electromagnetic interference shielding performance of anisotropic polyimide/graphene composite aerogels. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 30990-31001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07122
173.	A. Motaghi, A. Hrymak, G.H. Motlagh, Electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of hybrid carbon/polymer composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132, 41744 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41744
174.	R. Taherian, Development of an equation to model electrical conductivity of polymer-based carbon nanocomposites. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 3, M26-M38 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.023406jss
175.	J. Li, J.-K. Kim, Percolation threshold of conducting polymer composites containing 3D randomly distributed graphite nanoplatelets. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67, 2114-2120 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.010
176.	P. Liu, Z. Jin, G. Katsukis, L.W. Drahushuk, S. Shimizu et al., Layered and scrolled nanocomposites with aligned semi-infinite graphene inclusions at the platelet limit. Science 353, 364-367 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4362
177.	J. Jia, X. Sun, X. Lin, X. Shen, Y.-W. Mai et al., Exceptional electrical conductivity and fracture resistance of 3D interconnected graphene foam/epoxy composites. ACS Nano 8, 5774-5783 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500590g
178.	L. Qiu, D. Liu, Y. Wang, C. Cheng, K. Zhou et al., Mechanically robust, electrically conductive and stimuli-responsive binary network hydrogels enabled by superelastic graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. 26, 3333-3337 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305359
179.	H. Hosseini, M. Kokabi, S.M. Mousavi, BC/rGO conductive nanocomposite aerogel as a strain sensor. Polymer 137, 82-96 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.068
180.	N. Yousefi, X. Lin, Q. Zheng, X. Shen, J.R. Pothnis et al., Simultaneous in situ reduction, self-alignment and covalent bonding in graphene oxide/epoxy composites. Carbon 59, 406-417 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.034
181.	N. Yousefi, M.M. Gudarzi, Q. Zheng, S.H. Aboutalebi, F. Sharif et al., Self-alignment and high electrical conductivity of ultralarge graphene oxide-polyurethane nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 12709-12717 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM30590A
182.	A.S. Wajid, H.S. Tanvir Ahmed, S. Das, F. Irin, A.F. Jankowski et al., High-performance pristine graphene/epoxy composites with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 298, 339-347 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201200043
183.	J. Liang, Y. Wang, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, Z. Liu et al., Electromagnetic interference shielding of graphene/epoxy composites. Carbon 47, 922-925 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.12.038
184.	C. Gao, S. Zhang, F. Wang, B. Wen, C. Han et al., Graphene networks with low percolation threshold in ABS nanocomposites: selective localization and electrical and rheological properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 12252-12260 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am501843s
185.	D. Wang, X. Zhang, J.-W. Zha, J. Zhao, Z.-M. Dang et al., Dielectric properties of reduced graphene oxide/polypropylene composites with ultralow percolation threshold. Polymer 54, 1916-1922 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.02.012
186.	H. Pang, T. Chen, G. Zhang, B. Zeng, Z.-M. Li, An electrically conducting polymer/graphene composite with a very low percolation threshold. Mater. Lett. 64, 2226-2229 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.07.001
187.	L. Yang, Z. Wang, Y. Ji, J. Wang, G. Xue, Highly ordered 3D graphene-based polymer composite materials fabricated by “particle-constructing” method and their outstanding conductivity. Macromolecules 47, 1749-1756 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma402364r
188.	P. Wang, H. Chong, J. Zhang, H. Lu, Constructing 3D graphene networks in polymer composites for significantly improved electrical and mechanical properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 22006-22017 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07328
189.	D.-X. Yan, H. Pang, B. Li, R. Vajtai, L. Xu et al., Structured reduced graphene oxide/polymer composites for ultra-efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 559-566 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201403809
190.	Q. Zhang, X. Xu, H. Li, G. Xiong, H. Hu et al., Mechanically robust honeycomb graphene aerogel multifunctional polymer composites. Carbon 93, 659-670 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.05.102
191.	G. Tang, Z.-G. Jiang, X. Li, H.-B. Zhang, A. Dasari et al., Three dimensional graphene aerogels and their electrically conductive composites. Carbon 77, 592-599 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.063
192.	Z. Fan, F. Gong, S.T. Nguyen, H.M. Duong, Advanced multifunctional graphene aerogel-Poly (methyl methacrylate) composites: experiments and modeling. Carbon 81, 396-404 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.09.072
193.	R. Ram, M. Rahaman, A. Aldalbahi, D. Khastgir, Determination of percolation threshold and electrical conductivity of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/short carbon fiber (SCF) composites: effect of SCF aspect ratio. Polym. Int. 66, 573-582 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5294
194.	X. Liu, X. Sun, Z. Wang, X. Shen, Y. Wu et al., Planar porous graphene woven fabric/epoxy composites with exceptional electrical, mechanical properties, and fracture toughness. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 21455-21464 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06476
195.	X. Shen, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Liu, Y.-B. He et al., A three-dimensional multilayer graphene web for polymer nanocomposites with exceptional transport properties and fracture resistance. Mater. Horiz. 5, 275-284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7MH00984D
196.	X.-Y. Qi, D. Yan, Z. Jiang, Y.-K. Cao, Z.-Z. Yu et al., Enhanced electrical conductivity in polystyrene nanocomposites at ultra-low graphene content. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 3130-3133 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/am200628c
197.	X. Wang, H. Bai, Z. Yao, A. Liu, G. Shi, Electrically conductive and mechanically strong biomimetic chitosan/reduced graphene oxide composite films. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 9032-9036 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM01852J
198.	F.-Y. Yuan, H.-B. Zhang, X. Li, H.-L. Ma, X.-Z. Li et al., In situ chemical reduction and functionalization of graphene oxide for electrically conductive phenol formaldehyde composites. Carbon 68, 653-661 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.046
199.	L. Yang, W. Weng, X. Fei, L. Pan, X. Li et al., Revealing the interrelation between hydrogen bonds and interfaces in graphene/PVA composites towards highly electrical conductivity. Chem. Eng. J. 383, 123126 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123126
200.	V.H. Pham, T.T. Dang, S.H. Hur, E.J. Kim, J.S. Chung, Highly conductive poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-reduced graphene oxide composite prepared by self-assembly of PMMA latex and graphene oxide through electrostatic interaction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 2630-2636 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/am300297j
201.	P. Yang, S. Ghosh, T. Xia, J. Wang, M.A. Bissett et al., Joule heating and mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene based aerogel composite. Compos. Sci. Technol. 218, 109199 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109199
202.	C. Huang, J. Peng, S. Wan, Y. Du, S. Dou et al., Ultra-tough inverse artificial nacre based on epoxy-graphene by freeze-casting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 58, 7636-7640 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902410
203.	L.-C. Tang, Y.-J. Wan, D. Yan, Y.-B. Pei, L. Zhao et al., The effect of graphene dispersion on the mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy composites. Carbon 60, 16-27 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.050
204.	M. Fang, Z. Zhang, J. Li, H. Zhang, H. Lu et al., Constructing hierarchically structured interphases for strong and tough epoxy nanocomposites by amine-rich graphene surfaces. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 9635-9643 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM01620A
326.	Y. Chen, H. Zhang, G. Zeng, Tunable and high performance electromagnetic absorber based on ultralight 3D graphene foams with aligned structure. Carbon 140, 494-503 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.014
327.	Z. Zeng, C. Wang, Y. Zhang, P. Wang, S.I. Seyed Shahabadi et al., Ultralight and highly elastic graphene/lignin-derived carbon nanocomposite aerogels with ultrahigh electromagnetic interference shielding performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 8205-8213 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b19427
328.	Z. Zeng, Y. Zhang, X.Y.D. Ma, S.I.S. Shahabadi, B. Che et al., Biomass-based honeycomb-like architectures for preparation of robust carbon foams with high electromagnetic interference shielding performance. Carbon 140, 227-236 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.061
329.	Q. Zhang, Z. Du, M. Hou, Z. Ding, X. Huang et al., Ultralight, anisotropic, and self-supported graphene/MWCNT aerogel with high-performance microwave absorption. Carbon 188, 442-452 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.11.047
330.	S. Zhao, H.-B. Zhang, J.-Q. Luo, Q.-W. Wang, B. Xu et al., Highly electrically conductive three-dimensional Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/reduced graphene oxide hybrid aerogels with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding performances. ACS Nano 12, 11193-11202 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b05739
331.	L. Liang, Q. Li, X. Yan, Y. Feng, Y. Wang et al., Multifunctional magnetic Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/graphene aerogel with superior electromagnetic wave absorption performance. ACS Nano 15, 6622-6632 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c09982
205.	S. Chandrasekaran, N. Sato, F. Tölle, R. Mülhaupt, B. Fiedler et al., Fracture toughness and failure mechanism of graphene based epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 97, 90-99 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.03.014
206.	L. Peng, Z. Xu, Z. Liu, Y. Guo, P. Li et al., Ultrahigh thermal conductive yet superflexible graphene films. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700589 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700589
207.	P. Liu, F. An, X. Lu, X. Li, P. Min et al., Highly thermally conductive phase change composites with excellent solar-thermal conversion efficiency and satisfactory shape stability on the basis of high-quality graphene-based aerogels. Compos. Sci. Technol. 201, 108492 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108492
208.	G. Lian, C.-C. Tuan, L. Li, S. Jiao, Q. Wang et al., Vertically aligned and interconnected graphene networks for high thermal conductivity of epoxy composites with ultralow loading. Chem. Mater. 28, 6096-6104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01595
209.	J. Yang, E. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Qu et al., Cellulose/graphene aerogel supported phase change composites with high thermal conductivity and good shape stability for thermal energy storage. Carbon 98, 50-57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.082
210.	J. Yang, G.-Q. Qi, Y. Liu, R.-Y. Bao, Z.-Y. Liu et al., Hybrid graphene aerogels/phase change material composites: thermal conductivity, shape-stabilization and light-to-thermal energy storage. Carbon 100, 693-702 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.063
211.	K.M.F. Shahil, A.A. Balandin, Graphene-multilayer graphene nanocomposites as highly efficient thermal interface materials. Nano Lett. 12, 861-867 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203906r
212.	X. Shen, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Liu, Y.-B. He et al., Multilayer graphene enables higher efficiency in improving thermal conductivities of graphene/epoxy composites. Nano Lett. 16, 3585-3593 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00722
213.	M. Shtein, R. Nadiv, M. Buzaglo, K. Kahil, O. Regev, Thermally conductive graphene-polymer composites: size, percolation, and synergy effects. Chem. Mater. 27, 2100-2106 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm504550e
214.	A. Li, C. Zhang, Y.-F. Zhang, RGO/TPU composite with a segregated structure as thermal interface material. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 101, 108-114 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.06.009
215.	A. Gao, F. Zhao, F. Wang, G. Zhang, S. Zhao et al., Highly conductive and light-weight acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer/reduced graphene nanocomposites with segregated conductive structure. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 122, 1-7 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.04.019
216.	K.H. Kim, J.U. Jang, G.Y. Yoo, S.H. Kim, M.J. Oh et al., Enhanced electrical and thermal conductivities of polymer composites with a segregated network of graphene nanoplatelets. Materials 16, 5329 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155329
217.	N. Song, D. Cao, X. Luo, Q. Wang, P. Ding et al., Highly thermally conductive polypropylene/graphene composites for thermal management. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 135, 105912 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105912
218.	H. Ji, D.P. Sellan, M.T. Pettes, X. Kong, J. Ji et al., Enhanced thermal conductivity of phase change materials with ultrathin-graphite foams for thermal energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1185-1192 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42573H
219.	Q. Yan, J. Gao, D. Chen, P. Tao, L. Chen et al., A highly orientational architecture formed by covalently bonded graphene to achieve high through-plane thermal conductivity of polymer composites. Nanoscale 14, 11171-11178 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nr02265f
220.	J. Gong, Z. Liu, J. Yu, D. Dai, W. Dai et al., Graphene woven fabric-reinforced polyimide films with enhanced and anisotropic thermal conductivity. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 87, 290-296 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.010
221.	C. Shu, H.-Y. Zhao, S. Zhao, W. Deng, P. Min et al., Highly thermally conductive phase change composites with anisotropic graphene/cellulose nanofiber hybrid aerogels for efficient temperature regulation and solar-thermal-electric energy conversion applications. Compos. Part B Eng. 248, 110367 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110367
222.	N. Yousefi, X. Sun, X. Lin, X. Shen, J. Jia et al., Highly aligned graphene/polymer nanocomposites with excellent dielectric properties for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Mater. 26, 5480-5487 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305293
223.	C.A. Bashur, L.A. Dahlgren, A.S. Goldstein, Effect of fiber diameter and orientation on fibroblast morphology and proliferation on electrospun poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) meshes. Biomaterials 27, 5681-5688 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.005
224.	I.C. Parrag, P.W. Zandstra, K.A. Woodhouse, Fiber alignment and coculture with fibroblasts improves the differentiated phenotype of murine embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109, 813-822 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.23353
225.	S.H. McGee, R.L. McCullough, Characterization of fiber orientation in short-fiber composites. J. Appl. Phys. 55, 1394-1403 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.333230
226.	M. Guc, S. Levcenko, I.V. Bodnar, V. Izquierdo-Roca, X. Fontane et al., Polarized Raman scattering study of kesterite type Cu₂ZnSnS 4 single crystals. Sci. Rep. 6, 19414 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19414
227.	Z. Zhang, C.-S. Lee, W. Zhang, Vertically aligned graphene nanosheet arrays: synthesis, properties and applications in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700678 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700678
228.	Y. Wu, X. Lin, X. Shen, X. Sun, X. Liu et al., Exceptional dielectric properties of chlorine-doped graphene oxide/poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites. Carbon 89, 102-112 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.02.074
229.	K. Chu, F. Wang, X.-H. Wang, D.-J. Huang, Anisotropic mechanical properties of graphene/copper composites with aligned graphene. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 713, 269-277 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.080
230.	Z. Li, R.J. Young, N.R. Wilson, I.A. Kinloch, C. Vallés et al., Effect of the orientation of graphene-based nanoplatelets upon the Young’s modulus of nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 123, 125-133 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.12.005
231.	Z. Li, R.J. Young, I.A. Kinloch, N.R. Wilson, A.J. Marsden et al., Quantitative determination of the spatial orientation of graphene by polarized Raman spectroscopy. Carbon 88, 215-224 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.02.072
232.	H. Yang, H. Hu, Z. Ni, C.K. Poh, C. Cong et al., Comparison of surface-enhanced Raman scattering on graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphene surfaces. Carbon 62, 422-429 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.027
233.	T. Chatterjee, C.A. Mitchell, V.G. Hadjiev, R. Krishnamoorti, Oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes-poly(ethylene oxide) nanocomposites. Macromolecules 45, 9357-9363 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma301476r
234.	R. Pérez, S. Banda, Z. Ounaies, Determination of the orientation distribution function in aligned single wall nanotube polymer nanocomposites by polarized Raman spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 103, 074302 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2885347
235.	T. Liu, S. Kumar, Quantitative characterization of SWNT orientation by polarized Raman spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 378, 257-262 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(03)01287-9
236.	C.-S. Tsao, E.-W. Huang, M.-H. Wen, T.-Y. Kuo, S.-L. Jeng et al., Phase transformation and precipitation of an Al-Cu alloy during non-isothermal heating studied by in situ small-angle and wide-angle scattering. J. Alloys Compd. 579, 138-146 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.201
237.	S.A. Pabit, A.M. Katz, I.S. Tolokh, A. Drozdetski, N. Baker et al., Understanding nucleic acid structural changes by comparing wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) experiments to molecular dynamics simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 144, 205102 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4950814
238.	J. Jing, Y. Chen, S. Shi, L. Yang, P. Lambin, Facile and scalable fabrication of highly thermal conductive polyethylene/graphene nanocomposites by combining solid-state shear milling and FDM 3D-printing aligning methods. Chem. Eng. J. 402, 126218 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126218
239.	S. Ansari, A. Kelarakis, L. Estevez, E.P. Giannelis, Oriented arrays of graphene in a polymer matrix by in situ reduction of graphite oxide nanosheets. Small 6, 205-209 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200900765
240.	G. Xin, T. Yao, H. Sun, S.M. Scott, D. Shao et al., Highly thermally conductive and mechanically strong graphene fibers. Science 349, 1083-1087 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa6502
241.	Z. Xu, Y. Liu, X. Zhao, L. Peng, H. Sun et al., Ultrastiff and strong graphene fibers via full-scale synergetic defect engineering. Adv. Mater. 28, 6449-6456 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201506426
242.	Y. Cheng, G. Cui, C. Liu, Z. Liu, L. Yan et al., Electric Current aligning component units during graphene fiber joule heating. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2103493 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103493
243.	J.J. Hermans, P.H. Hermans, D. Vermaas, A. Weidinger Quantitative evaluation of orientation in cellulose fibres from the X-ray fibre diagram. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 65, 427-447 (1946). https://doi.org/10.1002/recl.19460650605
244.	S. Lin, J. Tang, K. Zhang, T.S. Suzuki, Q. Wei et al., High-rate supercapacitor using magnetically aligned graphene. J. Power. Sources 482, 228995 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228995
245.	X. Lu, X. Feng, J.R. Werber, C. Chu, I. Zucker et al., Enhanced antibacterial activity through the controlled alignment of graphene oxide nanosheets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, E9793-E9801 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710996114
246.	L. Wu, M. Ohtani, M. Takata, A. Saeki, S. Seki et al., Magnetically induced anisotropic orientation of graphene oxide locked by in situ hydrogelation. ACS Nano 8, 4640-4649 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5003908
247.	X. Wang, W. Yu, L. Wang, H. Xie, Vertical orientation graphene/MXene hybrid phase change materials with anisotropic properties, high enthalpy, and photothermal conversion. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 65, 882-892 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-021-1997-4
248.	C. Shu, H.-Y. Zhao, X.-H. Lu, P. Min, Y. Zhang et al., High-quality anisotropic graphene aerogels and their thermally conductive phase change composites for efficient solar-thermal-electrical energy conversion. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11, 11991-12003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02154
249.	H. Ren, M. Tang, B. Guan, K. Wang, J. Yang et al., Hierarchical graphene foam for efficient omnidirectional solar-thermal energy conversion. Adv. Mater. 29, 1702590 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702590
250.	K.-T. Lin, H. Lin, T. Yang, B. Jia, Structured graphene metamaterial selective absorbers for high efficiency and omnidirectional solar thermal energy conversion. Nat. Commun. 11, 1389 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15116-z
251.	K. Sun, H. Dong, Y. Kou, H. Yang, H. Liu et al., Flexible graphene aerogel-based phase change film for solar-thermal energy conversion and storage in personal thermal management applications. Chem. Eng. J. 419, 129637 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129637
252.	Z. Luo, D. Yang, J. Liu, H.-Y. Zhao, T. Zhao et al., Nature-inspired solar-thermal gradient reduced graphene oxide aerogel-based bilayer phase change composites for self-adaptive personal thermal management. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2212032 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202212032
253.	G. Qi, J. Yang, R. Bao, D. Xia, M. Cao et al., Hierarchical graphene foam-based phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity and shape stability for efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion and storage. Nano Res. 10, 802-813 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1333-1
254.	J. Feng, X. Liu, F. Lin, S. Duan, K. Zeng et al., Aligned channel Gelatin@nanoGraphite aerogel supported form-stable phase change materials for solar-thermal energy conversion and storage. Carbon 201, 756-764 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.09.064
255.	X. Wu, L. Tang, S. Zheng, Y. Huang, J. Yang et al., Hierarchical unidirectional graphene aerogel/polyaniline composite for high performance supercapacitors. J. Power. Sources 397, 189-195 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.031
256.	Q. Huang, S. Ni, M. Jiao, X. Zhong, G. Zhou et al., Aligned carbon-based electrodes for fast-charging batteries: a review. Small 17, e2007676 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202007676
257.	Z.P. Cano, D. Banham, S. Ye, A. Hintennach, J. Lu et al., Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets. Nat. Energy 3, 279-289 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0108-1
258.	J.B. Goodenough, K.-S. Park, The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 1167-1176 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3091438
259.	G.-L. Zhu, C.-Z. Zhao, J.-Q. Huang, C. He, J. Zhang et al., Fast charging lithium batteries: recent progress and future prospects. Small 15, e1805389 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805389
260.	K.-H. Chen, M.J. Namkoong, V. Goel, C. Yang, S. Kazemiabnavi et al., Efficient fast-charging of lithium-ion batteries enabled by laser-patterned three-dimensional graphite anode architectures. J. Power. Sources 471, 228475 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228475
261.	G. Tan, L. Chong, R. Amine, J. Lu, C. Liu et al., Toward highly efficient electrocatalyst for Li-O₂ batteries using biphasic N-doping Cobalt@Graphene multiple-capsule heterostructures. Nano Lett. 17, 2959-2966 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00207
262.	J. Zhou, M. Xie, F. Wu, G. Wei, Y. Mei et al., Toward uniform Li plating/stripping by optimizing Li-ion transport and nucleation of engineered graphene aerogel. Chem. Eng. J. 427, 130967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130967
263.	L. Dong, L. Zhang, S. Lin, Z. Chen, Y. Wang et al., Building vertically-structured, high-performance electrodes by interlayer-confined reactions in accordion-like, chemically expanded graphite. Nano Energy 70, 104482 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104482
264.	H. Chen, A. Pei, J. Wan, D. Lin, R. Vilá et al., Tortuosity effects in lithium-metal host anodes. Joule 4, 938-952 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.03.008
265.	S. Long, Y. Feng, F. He, J. Zhao, T. Bai et al., Biomass-derived, multifunctional and wave-layered carbon aerogels toward wearable pressure sensors, supercapacitors and triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 85, 105973 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105973
266.	J.D. Afroze, L. Tong, M.J. Abden, Y. Chen, Multifunctional hierarchical graphene-carbon fiber hybrid aerogels for strain sensing and energy storage. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 6, 18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00594-0
267.	P.-X. Li, G.-Z. Guan, X. Shi, L. Lu, Y.-C. Fan et al., Bidirectionally aligned MXene hybrid aerogels assembled with MXene nanosheets and microgels for supercapacitors. Rare Met. 42, 1249-1260 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02189-6
268.	Y. Zhao, Y. Alsaid, B. Yao, Y. Zhang, B. Zhang et al., Wood-inspired morphologically tunable aligned hydrogel for high-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1909133 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201909133
269.	Y. Yoon, K. Lee, S. Kwon, S. Seo, H. Yoo et al., Vertical alignments of graphene sheets spatially and densely piled for fast ion diffusion in compact supercapacitors. ACS Nano 8, 4580-4590 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500150j
270.	Z. Peng, C. Yu, W. Zhong, Facile preparation of a 3D porous aligned graphene-based wall network architecture by confined self-assembly with shape memory for artificial muscle, pressure sensor, and flexible supercapacitor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 17739-17753 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00987
271.	H. Liu, T. Xu, C. Cai, K. Liu, W. Liu et al., Multifunctional superelastic, superhydrophilic, and ultralight nanocellulose-based composite carbon aerogels for compressive supercapacitor and strain sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2270149 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202270149
272.	L.E. Bell, Cooling, heating, generating power, and recovering waste heat with thermoelectric systems. Science 321, 1457-1461 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158899
273.	G. Li, D. Dong, G. Hong, L. Yan, X. Zhang et al., High-efficiency cryo-thermocells assembled with anisotropic holey graphene aerogel electrodes and a eutectic redox electrolyte. Adv. Mater. 31, e1901403 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901403
274.	J. Duan, B. Yu, L. Huang, B. Hu, M. Xu et al., Liquid-state thermocells: opportunities and challenges for low-grade heat harvesting. Joule 5, 768-779 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.009
275.	E. Zhu, K. Pang, Y. Chen, S. Liu, X. Liu et al., Ultra-stable graphene aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding. Sci. China Mater. 66, 1106-1113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-022-2208-x
276.	T. Chen, M. Li, L. Zhou, X. Ding, D. Lin et al., Bio-inspired biomass-derived carbon aerogels with superior mechanical property for oil-water separation. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 6458-6465 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00910
277.	C. Dai, W. Sun, Z. Xu, J. Liu, J. Chen et al., Assembly of ultralight dual network graphene aerogel with applications for selective oil absorption. Langmuir 36, 13698-13707 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02664
278.	X. Cao, J. Zhang, S. Chen, R.J. Varley, K. Pan, 1D/2D nanomaterials synergistic, compressible, and response rapidly 3D graphene aerogel for piezoresistive sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2003618 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202003618
279.	X. Peng, K. Wu, Y. Hu, H. Zhuo, Z. Chen et al., A mechanically strong and sensitive CNT/rGO-CNF carbon aerogel for piezoresistive sensors. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 23550-23559 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA09322A
280.	Q. Zheng, J.-H. Lee, X. Shen, X. Chen, J.-K. Kim, Graphene-based wearable piezoresistive physical sensors. Mater. Today 36, 158-179 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.12.004
281.	X. He, Q. Liu, W. Zhong, J. Chen, D. Sun et al., Strategy of constructing light-weight and highly compressible graphene-based aerogels with an ordered unique configuration for wearable piezoresistive sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 19350-19362 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b02591
282.	X. Chen, D. Lai, B. Yuan, M.-L. Fu, Fabrication of superelastic and highly conductive graphene aerogels by precisely “unlocking” the oxygenated groups on graphene oxide sheets. Carbon 162, 552-561 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.082
283.	Q. Wu, Y. Qiao, R. Guo, S. Naveed, T. Hirtz et al., Triode-mimicking graphene pressure sensor with positive resistance variation for physiology and motion monitoring. ACS Nano 14, 10104-10114 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03294
284.	C. Long, X. Xie, J. Fu, Q. Wang, H. Guo et al., Supercapacitive brophene-graphene aerogel as elastic-electrochemical dielectric layer for sensitive pressure sensors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 601, 355-364 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.116
285.	H. Tian, Y. Shu, X.F. Wang, M.A. Mohammad, Z. Bie et al., A graphene-based resistive pressure sensor with record-high sensitivity in a wide pressure range. Sci. Rep. 5, 8603 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08603
286.	J. Xiao, Y. Tan, Y. Song, Q. Zheng, A flyweight and superelastic graphene aerogel as a high-capacity adsorbent and highly sensitive pressure sensor. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 9074-9080 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA11348J
287.	T. Zhai, L. Verdolotti, S. Kacilius, P. Cerruti, G. Gentile et al., High piezo-resistive performances of anisotropic composites realized by embedding rGO-based chitosan aerogels into open cell polyurethane foams. Nanoscale 11, 8835-8844 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00157c
288.	T. Zhai, J. Li, X. Wang, W. Yan, C. Zhang et al., Carbon-based aerogel in three-dimensional polyurethane scaffold: the effect of in situ unidirectional aerogel growth on piezoresistive properties. Sens. Actuat. A Phys. 333, 113306 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2021.113306
289.	H. Zhuo, Y. Hu, X. Tong, Z. Chen, L. Zhong et al., A supercompressible, elastic, and bendable carbon aerogel with ultrasensitive detection limits for compression strain, pressure, and bending angle. Adv. Mater. 30, e1706705 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706705
290.	S. Wu, S. Tian, R. Jian, L. Zhou, T. Luo et al., Bio-inspired salt-fouling resistant graphene evaporators for solar desalination of hypersaline brines. Desalination 546, 116197 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.116197
291.	H. Zhang, H. Liu, S. Chen, X. Zhao, F. Yang et al., Preparation of three-dimensional graphene-based sponge as photo-thermal conversion material to desalinate seawater. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 38, 1425-1434 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-022-1500-8
292.	X. Meng, J. Yang, S. Ramakrishna, Y. Sun, Y. Dai, Gradient-aligned Au/graphene meshes with confined heat at multiple levels for solar evaporation and anti-gravity catalytic conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 16570-16581 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA04986G
293.	Y. Hu, H. Yao, Q. Liao, T. Lin, H. Cheng et al., The promising solar-powered water purification based on graphene functional architectures. EcoMat 4, e12205 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12205
294.	L. Chen, J. Wei, Q. Tian, Z. Han, L. Li et al., Dual-functional graphene oxide-based photothermal materials with aligned channels and oleophobicity for efficient solar steam generation. Langmuir 37, 10191-10199 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01647
295.	Z. Luo, X. Wang, D. Yang, S. Zhang, T. Zhao et al., Photothermal hierarchical carbon nanotube/reduced graphene oxide microspherical aerogels with radially orientated microchannels for efficient cleanup of crude oil spills. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 570, 61-71 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.097
296.	X. Ming, A. Guo, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, F. Yu et al., 3D macroscopic graphene oxide/MXene architectures for multifunctional water purification. Carbon 167, 285-295 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.06.023
297.	M. Jin, Z. Wu, F. Guan, D. Zhang, B. Wang et al., Hierarchically designed three-dimensional composite structure on a cellulose-based solar steam generator. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 12284-12294 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c24847
298.	X. Zhao, X.-J. Zha, L.-S. Tang, J.-H. Pu, K. Ke et al., Self-assembled core-shell polydopamine@MXene with synergistic solar absorption capability for highly efficient solar-to-vapor generation. Nano Res. 13, 255-264 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2608-0
299.	Z. Lei, X. Sun, S. Zhu, K. Dong, X. Liu et al., Nature inspired MXene-decorated 3D honeycomb-fabric architectures toward efficient water desalination and salt harvesting. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 10 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00748-7
300.	F. Wu, S. Qiang, X.-D. Zhu, W. Jiao, L. Liu et al., Fibrous MXene aerogels with tunable pore structures for high-efficiency desalination of contaminated seawater. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 71 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01030-8
301.	Q. Zhang, G. Yi, Z. Fu, H. Yu, S. Chen et al., Vertically aligned Janus MXene-based aerogels for solar desalination with high efficiency and salt resistance. ACS Nano 13, 13196-13207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06180
302.	H. Gao, N. Bing, Z. Bao, H. Xie, W. Yu, Sandwich-structured MXene/wood aerogel with waste heat utilization for continuous desalination. Chem. Eng. J. 454, 140362 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140362
303.	Z. Zheng, H. Liu, D. Wu, X. Wang, Polyimide/MXene hybrid aerogel-based phase-change composites for solar-driven seawater desalination. Chem. Eng. J. 440, 135862 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135862
304.	H. Zhang, X. Shen, E. Kim, M. Wang, J.-H. Lee et al., Integrated water and thermal managements in bioinspired hierarchical MXene aerogels for highly efficient solar-powered water evaporation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2111794 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111794
305.	W. Li, X. Li, W. Chang, J. Wu, P. Liu et al., Vertically aligned reduced graphene oxide/Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid hydrogel for highly efficient solar steam generation. Nano Res. 13, 3048-3056 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2970-y
306.	C. Wu, S. Zhou, C. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Yang et al., Aerogels based on MXene nanosheet/reduced graphene oxide composites with vertically aligned channel structures for solar-driven vapor generation. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 6, 4455-4464 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c05548
307.	X. Hu, J. Zhu, Tailoring aerogels and related 3D macroporous monoliths for interfacial solar vapor generation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1907234 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907234
308.	Z. Yin, H. Wang, M. Jian, Y. Li, K. Xia et al., Extremely black vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays for solar steam generation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 28596-28603 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b08619

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export