A Self-Healing Optoacoustic Patch with High Damage Threshold and Conversion Efficiency for Biomedical Applications

doi:10.1007/s40820-024-01346-z

Abstract

Abstract:

Compared with traditional piezoelectric ultrasonic devices, optoacoustic devices have unique advantages such as a simple preparation process, anti-electromagnetic interference, and wireless long-distance power supply. However, current optoacoustic devices remain limited due to a low damage threshold and energy conversion efficiency, which seriously hinder their widespread applications. In this study, using a self-healing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Fe-Hpdca-PDMS) and carbon nanotube composite, a flexible optoacoustic patch is developed, which possesses the self-healing capability at room temperature, and can even recover from damage induced by cutting or laser irradiation. Moreover, this patch can generate high-intensity ultrasound (> 25 MPa) without the focusing structure. The laser damage threshold is greater than 183.44 mJ cm⁻², and the optoacoustic energy conversion efficiency reaches a major achievement at 10.66 × 10⁻³, compared with other carbon-based nanomaterials and PDMS composites. This patch is also been successfully examined in the application of acoustic flow, thrombolysis, and wireless energy harvesting. All findings in this study provides new insight into designing and fabricating of novel ultrasound devices for biomedical applications.

Key words: Optoacoustic, Self-healing PDMS, Acoustic flow, Thrombolytic, Wireless energy harvesting

Tao Zhang, Cheng-Hui Li, Wenbo Li, Zhen Wang, Zhongya Gu, Jiapu Li, Junru Yuan, Jun Ou-Yang, Xiaofei Yang, Benpeng Zhu. A Self-Healing Optoacoustic Patch with High Damage Threshold and Conversion Efficiency for Biomedical Applications[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 122-.

Tao Zhang, Cheng-Hui Li, Wenbo Li, Zhen Wang, Zhongya Gu, Jiapu Li, Junru Yuan, Jun Ou-Yang, Xiaofei Yang, Benpeng Zhu. [J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2024, 16(1): 122-.

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URL: https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/10.1007/s40820-024-01346-z

https://www.qk.sjtu.edu.cn/nml/EN/Y2024/V16/I1/122

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Design, fabrication, and application of the self-healing optoacoustic patch. a Device preparation method. b Optoacoustic patch under 532 nm laser excitation. c Acoustic field distribution of the patch. Applications in d acoustic flow, e thrombolytic, and f wireless energy harvesting

Fig. 2 Acoustic performance test of the self-healing optoacoustic patch. a Size/shape of the ordinary PDMS and self-healing PDMS (10.0 wt% CNT). b Comparison of thermogravimetric analysis between the self-healing PDMS and ordinary PDMS. c DSC test of the self-healing PDMS. d Peak sound pressure output of the optoacoustic device based on the self-healing PDMS and ordinary PDMS under different laser intensities. Points P1 and P2 represent the peak points of fitted curves. e Heat map of laser damage thresholds between the self-healing patch and ordinary device. The left patches are at the initial state, and the right are post-damage, on a scale bar of 50 μm. f Laser absorption in different CNT concentrations (0.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.7, 8.3, and 10.0 wt%). g Changes of peak sound pressure at different excitation laser energies in various CNT concentrations. h Optoacoustic energy conversion efficiency in different CNT concentrations at 10 mJ pulse⁻¹. i Optoacoustic energy conversion efficiency with 6.7 wt% of CNT at different excitation laser intensities

Fig. 3 Self-healing performance examination of the self-healing optoacoustic patch. The damage track after a cut and b self-healing. c Ultrasonic peak pressure and d output waveform before cut (initial state), after cut, and after self-healing at different input laser energy. Each experiment is repeated four times. The damage track after e burning and f self-healing. g Ultrasonic peak pressure and h output waveform before burning (initial state), after burning, and after self-healing. Each experiment is repeated four times. i Schematic diagram of self-healing process. j Peak sound pressure and center frequency after several times of cut/self-healing

Fig. 4 Acoustic flow experiment of the self-healing optoacoustic patch. a Schematic diagram of experimental design. b Setup of the experiment. c Initial state. d-g Ink state change at 10^th, 20^th, 30^th, and 40^th s after laser irradiation. h Ink state after turning off the laser for 2 s. i-k Ink state change at 5^th, 15^th, and 21^th s after turning on the laser again. l Ink state after turning off the laser again at 4^th s

Fig. 5 Thrombolytic experiment of self-healing optoacoustic patch. a Schematic diagram of experimental design. b Setup of the experiment. c State changes of thin blood clots at the initial moment, 2^th, 5^th, 10^th, 15^th, and 20^th minute of optoacoustic action. d Thin blood clot in its initial state and after 20 min of ultrasound treatment. e Normalized mass change curve of thin blood clots, in which the control group (red line) without ultrasound treatment and the experimental group (green line) with ultrasound treatment (n = 4). f Changes in the state of thick blood clots at the initial moment, 5^th, 10^th, 20^th, 30^th, and 40^th minute of optoacoustic application. g Thick blood clot in its initial state and after 40 mins of ultrasound treatment. h Normalized mass change curve of thick blood clots, in which the control group (red line) without ultrasound treatment and the experimental group (green line) with ultrasound treatment (n = 4)

Fig. 6 Wireless energy harvesting of the self-healing optoacoustic patch. a Schematic diagram of experimental design. b Setup of the experiment. c Open circuit voltage of wireless energy harvesting devices based on self-healing optoacoustic patches at different laser intensities. d Rectification output at 5 mJ pulse⁻¹ laser intensity. e Oscilloscope readout (40 V) of wireless energy harvesting device. f Output voltage and output power of a wireless energy harvesting device based on self-healing optoacoustic patches at the load impedances of 47, 120, 510, 1, 5, 10, 51, 100, 510 kΩ, and 1 MΩ. Each experiment is repeated four times. g Charging voltage change of the 47 μF capacitor. The inset denotes the saturation voltage. h Setup of the lighting experiment. i Open circuit voltage of pure laser driven piezoelectric ceramics. j Open circuit voltage amplification of a piezoelectric ceramic driven at 20 mJ pulse⁻¹ laser intensity. k Oscilloscope readout (7.1 V) of a pure laser driven piezoelectric ceramic

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