Based on the offensive and defensive employment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in the India-Pakistan conflict, this paper studies future methodologies for UAV and counter-UAV warfare. Firstly, by reviewing the UAV forces deployed by both sides, it summarizes the tactical methods of cluster-coordinated reconnaissance and strike. Secondly, from the perspective of counter-UAV operations, it systematically analyzes the counter-UAV equipment employed by both sides and summarizes their approaches to constructing integrated counter-UAV systems. Finally, based on conflict experience and referencing the practices of strong adversaries such as the U.S. military in UAV warfare and counter-UAV equipment development, several insights and recommendations are proposed for future UAV operations and counter-UAV system development.

Targeting the challenges of high-dimensional continuous decision non-convergence, low exploration efficiency, and insufficient policy robustness in multi-to-multi red-blue quadrotor swarm zero-sum penetration games within three-dimensional airspace, this paper proposes a Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) solution framework integrating artificial potential field priors with opponent strategy prediction. First, the three-degree-of-freedom UAV kinematics are embedded into a complete-information differential game, designing a "mission-threat-cooperation" three-tier reward structure, and introducing differentiable potential field energy to transform sparse terminal rewards into dense gradient signals, achieving explicit representation of the "seeking-advantage-avoiding-disadvantage" prior. Second, a potential field-guided hybrid exploration mechanism is constructed, online modulating Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process (OU) noise using potential energy directions, and offline smoothing target Q-values with potential field regularization, improving sample utilization and suppressing overestimation. Furthermore, a lightweight opponent strategy predictor is integrated, introducing a meta-game term into the Actor gradient, enabling red-team policy updates to simultaneously minimize opponent expected payoffs, proactively disrupting enemy decision consistency and accelerating convergence to Nash equilibrium. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves stable win rates exceeding 90% in 2v2 and 4v4 dense confrontations, systematically induces blue team to generate redundant accelerations and energy dissipation, continuously creates spatial-temporal gaps to complete collision-free penetration, significantly outperforming MADDPG without prediction, validating the framework's scalability, real-time performance, and robustness in multi-to-multi zero-sum games.

Based on the Newton-Euler theorem, this paper constructs a control model for small attack Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), integrating the Dryden turbulence wind field and recoil force models. Position and attitude controllers are designed using Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) theory. Comparative experiments with traditional PID control demonstrate that the ADRC controller possesses stronger anti-disturbance capability and faster dynamic response under wind disturbances and step disturbances. Stability factor analysis indicates that: with increased firing angle, the maximu•m yaw and pitch angles gradually decrease, while the maximum roll angle exhibits a nonlinear variation of initial increase followed by decrease; with increased firing frequency, the pitch angle disturbance presents a superposition effect, aggravating attitude deviation. The research results provide a new approach for high-precision stability control of small attack UAV in complex battlefield environments, and have important application value in military reconnaissance, precision strike and other fields.

To effectively address the new challenges posed by the rapid closure, dynamic reconfiguration and intelligent autonomy of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarm kill chains, and achieve adaptive dynamic construction of counter-UAV swarm kill chains, this paper proposes intelligent kill chain reconfiguration technology. Firstly, the development status of UAV swarm and counter-UAV swarm offensive and defensive operations is reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of existing counter-UAV swarm technical means are systematically analyzed. Secondly, starting from solving the problems caused by the significant operational advantages of UAV swarms, such as low detect ability, low cost, distributed decentralization and autonomous intelligence, the necessity of intelligent reconfiguration capability for counter-UAV swarm kill chains is demonstrated. Finally, the concept and connotation of intelligent kill chain reconfiguration are defined, and a technical framework for intelligent kill chain reconfiguration is proposed from the perspective of the full-process closed loop of "detection, positioning, tracking, decision-making, strike and assessment".

In complex electronic countermeasure environments, efficient selection of jamming signal parameters has remained a critical challenge. This paper proposes an adaptive decision-making method for navigation signal jamming based on deep reinforcement learning, modeling the optimization of jamming signal parameters as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). By rationally designing the state space, action space and reward function, and introducing deep reinforcement learning algorithms, the agent can achieve dynamic adaptive optimization of jamming parameters and autonomously adjust jamming strategies under environmental changes, thereby effectively balancing jamming effectiveness and resource utilization efficiency. Full-link simulation results based on the missile seeker digital simulation platform demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits good convergence and adaptability in scenarios with action spaces of 50 and 100, achieving a final jamming success rate of 99% and frequency band matching success rate of 98%, approaching the performance upper bound of exhaustive search. Further reward function ablation experiments indicate that the designed reward function can effectively guide the agent to achieve reasonable trade-offs among jamming effectiveness, frequency band selection and power consumption, thus forming an efficient, stable and engineering-feasible jamming decision strategy. This research provides new ideas for the development of seeker navigation jamming technology, and can be used to evaluate the anti-jamming capability boundaries of missile navigation signals.

To address the issues of large computational data volume, long processing time and difficulty in handling high-frequency broadband target signals in conventional electrical-domain hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) multi-target simulation systems, this paper proposes a high-frequency broadband multi-target signal generation method based on microwave photonic technology. In this method, high-frequency broadband target echo signals are modulated onto optical carriers through electro-optic modulators, target signal replication is achieved using active fiber loops, different delay values are introduced through optical switch switching in the fiber loops, and tunable Doppler frequency shifts are applied to the replicated target signals using acousto-optic modulators. Consequently, this method possesses the characteristics of delay switching and tunable Doppler frequency shift while generating high-frequency broadband multi-target signals. By leveraging microwave photonic technology to realize high-frequency broadband multi-target signal generation, the use of high-speed digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and digital storage delay devices can be avoided, thereby effectively solving the problems of large computational data volume and long processing time existing in conventional electrical-domain HIL simulation systems. Simulation results in this paper verify the feasibility of the proposed high-frequency broadband multi-target signal generation method, as well as its characteristics of delay switching and tunable Doppler frequency shift.

With the rapid development of target detection and tracking technologies, multi-device cooperative detection and tracking operations have imposed increasingly stringent requirements on simulation systems in terms of scale, real-time performance and signal-level fidelity. However, traditional simulation methods struggle to simultaneously meet the demands of multi-device cooperative detection and tracking and closed-loop real-time verification. To address these issues, this paper proposes a design method of real-time simulation system for target detection and tracking devices based on digital-physical integration. This method achieves coordinated operation of digital simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation, focusing on solving key technical problems in achieving equivalence between digital simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation in terms of real-time performance and signal-level fidelity. Meanwhile, a joint simulation architecture is constructed, comprising multiple digital target detection and tracking devices and one hardware-in-the-loop target detection and tracking device, for testing multi-device cooperative detection and tracking systems and verifying information cooperative interaction. The system comprehensively employs key technologies such as virtual scene generation, relative motion modeling between detection devices and targets, and distributed real-time simulation networks, forming a high-fidelity, scalable simulation environment. Experimental results demonstrate that, under the premise of ensuring real-time closed-loop operation, the system can achieve performance consistency verification between digital target detection and tracking devices and hardware-in-the-loop target detection and tracking devices, effectively reducing testing costs and cycle, and providing a feasible technical approach for engineering development and system verification of multi-device cooperative detection and tracking systems.

In maritime regional air defense operations, numerous participating forces maneuver frequently with a highly dynamic airspace structure. Existing airspace management methods face difficulties in meeting the requirements for real-time performance, fine-grained control and collaborative decision-making in actual combat. To address this issue, this paper proposes a collaborative airspace management approach for air defense based on digital grids. This approach adopts multi-level three-dimensional airspace grids as the digital foundation, structurally encodes airspace objects and their usage states, and constructs an integrated digital model of space-time-attribute, enabling computable representation and collaborative management of heterogeneous aircraft airspace usage. On this basis, methods for digital airspace generation and adaptive planning are designed, and an airspace conflict detection mechanism based on grid-level matching is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that under scenarios of 100-500 airspace usage plans, the proposed method improves conflict detection efficiency by 50%-60% compared with traditional geometric calculation methods, significantly reducing computational complexity under multi-task parallel conditions.

To meet the equipment support capability requirements of systematic, intelligent and informationized warfare, this study analyzes the functional positioning of various intelligent technologies in the equipment support process, and proposes an intelligent equipment support system architecture by combining the functional requirements of intelligent equipment support in various operational phases. Through analyzing the intelligent support requirements under current combat environments and the development status of technologies at home and abroad, this study summarizes the requirements for weapon equipment support in terms of technical architecture, situational awareness, decision support and execution means. Taking "intelligence + data" as the basic model, the technical development vision is proposed for equipment support in digital application, data operation and maintenance, training and simulation, and decision-making application, providing a reference for the intelligent development of equipment support.

In 2025, foreign air and missile defense equipment has accelerated its evolution driven by emerging threats and strategic competition, exhibiting notable characteristics of multi-domain integration, intelligent upgrading, and combat-driven iteration. Through system integration, equipment development and modernization, technological innovation, and lessons learned from regional conflicts and exercises, foreign militaries have comprehensively enhanced the operational effectiveness of air and missile defense capabilities. This paper reviews the annual progress of major military powers such as the United States and Russia in three dimensions: defense architecture, air and missile defense equipment, and defense technologies, covering system construction, equipment deployment, technological development, and operational employment. Furthermore, it assesses the development trends in foreign air and missile defense domains, providing support for future defense equipment development.

With the maturation and accelerated fielding of hypersonic strike weapon systems worldwide, traditional air and missile defense architectures face the risk of capability negation. The United States, Russia, and other military powers are actively advancing top-level planning, operational concept development, and system acquisition for near-space defense. Leveraging existing missile defense assets, these nations are constructing hypersonic defense architectures, developing novel sensors and interceptors, and seeking to establish segmented, multi-layered defense systems in the near-space domain to fill critical capability gaps. This paper analyzes the current development of foreign near-space defense systems, evaluates U.S. near-space fire interception performance metrics, examines typical U.S. defensive operational processes, and contrasts the divergent development approaches of the United States and Russia in hypersonic defense, offering insights for the construction of indigenous near-space defense capabilities.

In 2025, military powers led by the United States and Russia have continued to advance the upgrade and modernization of in-service air-to-air missiles (AAM) while accelerating the development of next-generation variants, with emphasis on enhancing long-range strike, network-centric coordination, and intelligent combat capabilities. This paper first reviews the latest developments in AAM programs across the United States, Russia, Israel, South Korea and Europe from the perspective of evolving operational scenarios and employment modes, covering missile variant progress, technological breakthroughs, operational testing and validation, and deployment trends. Secondly, detailed analysis is conducted on representative systems including the AIM-260A, AIM-174B, R-77M, R-37M, and Meteor missiles. Finally, development characteristics are summarized from the dimensions of kill chain closure, combat radius extension, platform coordination, and system integration, with prospects on future trends such as intelligent collaboration and cross-domain lethality, aiming to provide references for understanding the evolution patterns of air combat equipment and assessing confrontation paradigms.

The 2025 aerial combat engagements, exemplified by the India-Pakistan, Iran-Israel, and Thailand-Cambodia conflicts, demonstrate the evolutionary trajectory and victory mechanisms of modern air combat. This paper systematically analyzes these cases across four dimensions: operational context, conflict progression, technological characteristics, and tactical implications. The India-Pakistan air combat reveals that system-of-systems integration capabilities have surpassed individual platform performance as the primary determinant of air combat outcomes, with electromagnetic spectrum superiority emerging as the new commanding height. Meanwhile, the Iran-Israel and Thailand-Cambodia conflicts illustrate that technological disparities can create a battlefield of unilateral transparency, where disadvantaged forces employing asymmetric countermeasures can substantially increase adversaries' operational costs. Future air power development must seek a balance aligned with strategic needs among pursuing cutting-edge breakthroughs, reinforcing system-of-systems integration, maintaining parity between offense and defense, and developing low-cost asymmetric capabilities.

In 2025, driven by global geopolitical competition and combat imperatives from regional conflicts, foreign intelligent airborne equipment has entered a critical stage characterized by enhanced technological maturity, deepened system-of-systems application, and restructured operational patterns, with intelligentization emerging as a core trend in air combat equipment development. Based on publicly available foreign literature, this paper employs an integrated methodology combining situational analysis, technical survey, and scenario-based validation to conduct research across three dimensions: evolution of operational concepts and patterns, equipment development progress, and typical scenario applications. It analyzes four core evolutionary directions of combat paradigms, systematically reviews domain-specific equipment and technological achievements, and evaluates technological verification and maturity levels in scenarios such as beyond-visual-range (BVR) air combat. On this basis, five development characteristics of foreign intelligent airborne equipment are identified, including a distinct combat-driven orientation. Future development trends are assessed from four aspects: offensive-defensive confrontation, geopolitical competition, and others. The research findings provide important references for understanding the intelligent development trajectory of this domain and conducting relevant research and practice.

In 2025, amid intensifying geopolitical confrontations and the rapid transformation of air and space offensive threats, traditional air and missile defense firepower equipment faces unprecedented penetration challenges. Particularly under combat conditions and system-of-systems empowerment, such equipment is undergoing accelerated evolution and upgrading. This paper reviews the development dynamics and technological trends of global air and missile defense firepower equipment in 2025. Firstly, it analyzes the progress in three domains: air defense, missile defense, and new-quality capabilities： across key nations and regions including the United States, Russia, Europe, and Israel. Secondly, it systematically summarizes the main characteristics in traditional equipment modernization, new-quality force development, and frontier technology exploration. Finally, it provides an assessment of global air and missile defense technological development trends, aiming to offer reference for the future construction of air and space defense capabilities.

This paper investigates the global development trends of hypersonic weapons in 2025, with a focus on technological exploration, test validation, and operational application of hypersonic weapons by the United States, Russia, and other major nations. Key technological advances are summarized in multi-level test validation and digital twin, overall design, propulsion systems, thermal protection materials and thermal management, as well as high-precision guidance, navigation, and control (GNC). Furthermore, the operational characteristics and development trends of hypersonic weapons are discussed to provide references for future hypersonic defense system construction and technical research.

With the rapid advancement of intelligent and unmanned military technologies, unmanned air defense systems are exerting a significant impact on the evolution of warfare paradigms, serving as essential equipment for the transformation of future air and space offensive and defensive operations toward non-contact, asymmetric, and zero-casualty engagements. This paper investigates the current development status of unmanned air defense equipment in major military powers. It analyzes the characteristics and disparities in foreign unmanned air defense equipment development, assesses future development trends, and summarizes the military requirements for unmanned air defense operations and equipment capabilities. Based on the evolution patterns of operational styles, typical operational scenarios for unmanned air defense equipment are constructed. Key technologies are proposed with emphasis on unmanned platforms, situational awareness, autonomous decision-making, and interceptor payloads, providing references for the establishment of unmanned air defense equipment system architecture.