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Research and Development of High-Performance Magnesium Alloys for Aerospace Applications SU Yang, HAO Liang, LI Yangxin, ZENG Xiaoqin Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 1-11.   Abstract （2682）      PDF（pc） （2081KB）（1009）       Knowledge map    Save Magnesium alloys, currently recognized as the lightest structural metallic material in practical engineering applications, have broad prospects for application in the aerospace field, where lightweight demands are increasing. However, the three major bottleneck issues, “relatively low absolute strength”, “ weak deformation capacity”, and “insufficient corrosion resistance”, greatly limit the application scope of traditional magnesium alloys. Based on a review of the latest application status of magnesium alloys in the aerospace field, this paper has elaborated on the research progress of high-strength, tough, and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys and prospected the development trends of high-performance magnesium alloys in future aerospace applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on High-Temperature Resistant Wave Transparent Silicon Nitride Based Ceramics YAO Dongxu, YU Xing, GU Hao, LI Jiahao, LIU Wen, LI Rui Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 46-57.   Abstract （2086）      PDF（pc） （2858KB）（680）       Knowledge map    Save Silicon nitride ceramics comprehensively have excellent properties such as high strength, high elastic modulus, high-temperature resistance, thermal shock resistance, and low dielectric constant. They are the major candidate materials for high-temperature wave transmitting radome. Currently, research in silicon nitride-based ceramics and composites is popular. This paper has reviewed the research status of silicon nitride ceramics, SiALON ceramics, silicon oxynitride ceramics, nitrogen oxide ceramics, and their composite materials in the past five years. Through the combination of material design and different molding processes, including 3D printing, chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), and precursor impregnation cracking (PIP), the preparation of high-strength-low dielectric silicon nitride-based ceramic materials was acquired, which enables the selection of materials and design support for wavetransparent components of high-Mach vehicles. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Lightweight Resin-Based Thermal Protection Materials LI Liang, REN Zhiyi, WANG Peng, LUO Yi, SU Zhe, CAI Hongxiang, TIAN Hao, NIU Bo, LONG Donghui Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 58-75.   Abstract （2079）      PDF（pc） （5237KB）（810）       Knowledge map    Save Thermal protection systems are significantly important in modern aerospace engineering. When the new generation of vehicles evolves towards higher Mach flight speeds, there is an increasing demand for thermal protection systems that could combine high-temperature resistance, lightweight construction, and integrated thermal protection and insulation. This paper has reviewed the research progress on lightweight resin-based thermal protection materials domestically and internationally and analyzed their development trends in enhanced oxidation resistance, nanoporous structures, and gradient designs. Besides, this study has introduced the thermal protection and insulation mechanisms as well as the mechanical failure mechanisms of nanoporous resin-based materials, thus providing valuable insights for effective design and fabrication. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Review of Equivalent Model-Based State of Charge Estimation Algorithms of Lithium-Ion Battery TANG Diyin, WANG Yufu, ZHENG Wenjian, HUANG Xucong, XING Yalan Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 104-111.   Abstract （2078）      PDF（pc） （1086KB）（1372）       Knowledge map    Save Due to their high energy density and long life, Lithium-ion batteries are widely applied in fields such as aerospace and smart driving. Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of a battery is critical. In recent years, SOC estimation methods based on battery equivalent models have been widely used because oftheir advantages of accurate estimation and easy understanding. This paper has elaborated on the classification of battery equivalent models, SOC estimation algorithms, and factors affecting SOC estimation from three aspects. Firstly, the common types of battery models and their characteristics were analyzed; secondly, the commonly used SOC estimation techniques based on battery models were reviewed; finally, the factors affecting the accuracy of SOC estimation and possible solutions were analyzed. The summary of this paper provides references for future research. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Development of High-Temperature Titanium Alloys for Hypersonic Aircraft CHEN Zhiyong Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 38-45.   Abstract （2000）      PDF（pc） （1510KB）（1033）       Knowledge map    Save High-temperature titanium alloys allow broad application prospects in hypersonic aircraft. They have ideal lightweight and heat-resistant metallic materials, enhancing the performance and reliability of hypersonic aircraft in extreme flight environments, thus achieving higher speeds and longer flight distances. Considering the services of thermal structures in China’s hypersonic aircraft, starting from the characteristics of high-temperature titanium alloys, this paper has reviewed the latest development status of high-temperature titanium alloys domestically and abroad. It focused on introducing China’s independent research, development and application of 550-650 °C high-temperature titanium alloys. To achieve higher operating temperature requirements, the research and development of a new 700-750 °C high-temperature titanium alloy Ti750S was proposed, and the respective application directions and prospects of high-temperature titanium alloys for future hypersonic aircraft were prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preparation and Electromagnetic Properties of ZIF-67 Derived Carbon Spheres Loaded on Graphene LIU Zhenglin, ZHA Borui, WEI Bo, ZHOU Jintang, TAO Jiaqi, CHENG Zhenyu, LIU Jun, WU Fan Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 120-127.   Abstract （1924）      PDF（pc） （2413KB）（757）       Knowledge map    Save With the arrival of the 5G era, electromagnetic pollution has also become a new public concern, which has already received extensive attention from the social and scientific communities. Thus, it’s significant to develop materials with efficient microwave absorption properties. In this paper, a simple preparation method was used to uniformly load spherical ZIF-67 on graphene nanosheets, and a novel electromagnetic wave absorbing material consisting of twodimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) materials was achieved after high-temperature annealing (spherical ZIF-67 derived carbon spheres loaded on graphene, Co@C/GNs ). Conductivity loss, natural resonance and exchange resonance in the low and middle-frequency bands, as well as polarization loss and eddy current loss in the high-frequency band, can together enhance the effective absorption of electromagnetic waves. Among them, wave absorbers with 5% graphene by mass of ZIF-67 have the best wave absorbing performance, with the minimum reflection loss value of − 31.66 dB at a matching thickness of 2.5 mm and the effective bandwidth up to 5.56 GHz at a matching thickness of 1.5 mm. This work provides an alternative option for the preparation of electromagnetic absorbing composites. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Resin Matrix Composites for Air Defense Missiles CHEN Xue, ZHU Longyu, XUE Qinyang, WANG Kexiang, HAN Zhilin, LUO Chuyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 76-95.   Abstract （1842）      PDF（pc） （3146KB）（2232）       Knowledge map    Save Lightweight design is a dominant development trend in advanced air defense missile systems. Resin matrix composites, with the advantages of being lightweight, high strength, high-temperature resistant, corrosion-resistant, and designable, play a key role in promoting the lightweight design of missiles. This paper has reviewed the research progress and current applications of thermoset and thermoplastic composites in air defense missiles. It comprehensively provides an overview of the application progress and development prospects of resin matrix composites in typical missile components, offering insights into the future development of these materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Advanced of High Modulus and Ductile CNT/Al Composites LI Zhiqiang, XU Bin, LIN Nan, WANG Yichong, FAN Genlian, TAN Zhanqiu, ZHANG Di Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 29-37.   Abstract （1711）      PDF（pc） （2305KB）（824）       Knowledge map    Save Carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminium matrix composite (CNT/Al) is an innovative lightweight structural material for aerospace and weapons equipment. Great progress has been made in its preparation and application technology in recent years. This paper has summarized the preparation technologies of CNT/Al composite and their engineering bottleneck. The preparation technology suitable for industrial production that combined flake powder metallurgy with the element alloying method was highlighted. The mechanical properties and the damping capacity at room temperature and high temperature for the large-size CNT/2A12Al composite were introduced. The strengthening and toughening mechanism and the strategies to simultaneously enhance strength and ductility were reviewed, such as CNT intragranular dispersion architecture and heterogeneous grain size architecture. The deformation processing, application technology of large-size CNT/Al composites, and the application prospect and future research focus were also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of In-Situ Al Matrix Composite for Storage Tanks WANG Lei, CHEN Zhe, WANG Haowei Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 112-119.   Abstract （1599）      PDF（pc） （2963KB）（78）       Knowledge map    Save To meet the lightweight requirements of the new generation of aerospace, obtaining the optimal heat treatment process parameter combination of in-situ TiB2/2219 composite for storage tanks to improve its comprehensive mechanical properties further has become an urgent problem. In this study, the effect of solution and ageing process on tensile properties of in-situ TiB2/2219 composite was systematically studied through advanced characterization techniques and analysis of tensile test data at room temperature was conducted. The results show that the compositehas the highest hardness of 108 HV at 535 ℃, 1.5 h solution. Pre-stretch can increase the dislocation density, provide more nucleation sites for θ' phase, improve the nucleation rate, and increase the volume fraction of the precipitated phase during ageing. To promote the formation of atomic clusters, increase the nucleation site of the precipitated phase, and further improve the nucleation efficiency of θ' phase, a two-stage ageing system was designed. After ageing at 100 ℃× 8 h and 160 ℃ ×13 h, the yield strength and tensile strength of the composite increased by 40.5% and 12.5%, respectively, while the fracture strain remained 8.0%. The results have accumulated effective experimental data and thus support the engineering application of in-situ aluminum matrix composites for space storage tanks. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Power Materials and Technology for Aerospace SHANG Yanxin, QU Wenjie, REN Xuening, LU Hongbo, DU Wei, LI Li, WU Feng, CHEN Renjie Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 12-28.   Abstract （1555）      PDF（pc） （4146KB）（1393）       Knowledge map    Save The aerospace power subsystem, known as its “energy heart”, is responsible for key tasks such as efficient storage and accurate conversion of electrical energy. Its operational stability affects the smooth operation and overall effectiveness of each subsystem of the spacecraft. The increasing complexity of space missions and the intensification of extreme space environments have led to the need for continuous technological innovation and performance upgrades of power systems. Based on this, in this study, the materials and technologies development trends of solar cells, chemical batteries and other devices were reviewed domestically and abroad from the perspective of extreme environments, including radiation, alternating temperatures and high vacuum. Besides, the key challenges of power devices in the extreme aerospace environment were analyzed, and the potential aerospace mission application prospects were envisioned. This review provides a reference and inspiration for promoting the research and development of advanced aerospace power materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Mechanical Properties of Phenolic Modified Epoxy Resins with Different Structures and Their Influence on the Friction and Wear Properties of Coatings XIAO Jintao, LI Jieqiong, WANG Shushu, SHEN Zhaojun, ZHOU Tiandao, JU Pengfei Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 128-134.   Abstract （1476）      PDF（pc） （1704KB）（121）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the mechanical properties of phenolic resin-modified epoxy resin in different structures and their effects on the friction and wear coating properties, and acquire theoretical support for the design of highperformance, long-life bonded solid lubricating coatings, the relationship between crosslinking density and mechanical properties of modified epoxy resin (EP)/boron phenolic resin (FBB) and epoxy resin (EP)/linear phenolic resin (SG) was analyzed using dynamic thermomechanical property testing (DMA) and V-block friction and wear testing. The influence of different crosslinking density resins of the coating was also investigated. The results showed that when the ratio of epoxy resin/phenolic resin increases, the crosslinking density of the resin gradually decreases, while the elastic modulus first increases before it decreases. When the ratio is 5:1, the elastic modulus reaches its maximum, and the wear resistance life is the longest. Linear phenolic (SG) modified epoxy resin (EP) has a lower crosslink density at the maximum elastic modulus, resulting in a longer wear resistance life. A resin system with suitable crosslinking density can significantly improve the wear resistance life of coatings. By synthesizing resin systems with suitable cross-linking density, the wear resistance life of bonded solid lubricating coatings can be considerably enhanced, providing a scientific basis for developing high-performance coatings with longer life. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Antioxidation of Refractory High Entropy Alloys at High Temperatures CHEN Qiang, ZHU Jinwei, ZHAO Yuchen, LIU Wei, ZHANG Xiaobin, WU Yuan, LIU Xiongjun, WANG Hui, LYU Zhaoping Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 96-103.   Abstract （1341）      PDF（pc） （1140KB）（1668）       Knowledge map    Save High entropy alloys have been newly developed in recent years, among which the refractory high entropy alloys obtain excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, thus showing great potential application as structural materials at ultra-high temperatures. However, their low oxidation resistance at high temperatures limits the practical engineering applications. The conventional way to enhance oxidation resistance is alloying elements such as Al, Cr, Si and so on, but the additional amount is usually restricted by other factors, which greatly limits the oxidation resistance performance. The multi-component characteristics of high-entropy alloys allow them to be more likely to alloy more oxidation resistance-promoting elements. In this paper, the recent progress in improving the oxidation resistance of high-entropy alloys was reviewed. The approaches to improve the oxidation resistance of refractory high-entropy alloys were prospected via adding Al, Cr and Si elements and the formation of antioxidant coatings. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The United States Military's Manned/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Collaborative Combat Projects， Tests Introduction and Development Trends Research and Judgment ZHAO Qian, ZHAO Wei, WANG Hang, ZHU Yuhu, KONG Xiaojun Air & Space Defense    2025, 8 (1): 24-30.   Abstract （717）      PDF（pc） （945KB）（451）       Knowledge map    Save With the significant improvement of the anti-access/area denial capabilities of adversaries, the traditional offensive weapons of the United States face critical challenges. To this end, the United States must attempt great importance to the development of manned/unmanned aerial vehicle collaborative combat technology, hoping to improve complex task management and precise cooperation capabilities using its artificial intelligence technology to deal with various threats in a highly confrontation-complex battlefield environment. This paper reviewed the concept, top-level planning and related projects of manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative combat in the United States was commended and its development trend was evaluated. In the future, manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative combat will develop in stronger comprehensive system confrontation, higher architecture flexibility, lower cost of system combat capability and faster generation. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Anti-UAV Cluster Technology WU Tong, QI Tongshuai, XIE Weipeng Air & Space Defense    2025, 8 (1): 17-23.   Abstract （679）      PDF（pc） （734KB）（362）       Knowledge map    Save UAV cluster operations have significant advantages, including high combat effectiveness, strong battlefield survivability, and extremely high cost-effectiveness. Thus, they are widely used in combat tasks such as infiltration reconnaissance, deception and interference, saturation attacks, and regional blockades, bringing great challenges to traditional air defense systems. This paper has summarized the characteristics of UAV combat, analyzed the relevant target characteristics, and combined UAV cluster countermeasures technology to form an Anti-UAV system construction idea, contributing to the development of UAV cluster countermeasures. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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U.S. Army NIFC-CA Kill Chain System Simulation Design and Evaluation JIANG Ruiqi, XU Jinlong, NI Hanqi, SHI Xingyu, ZHANG Wei, HE Zishu Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 82-89.   Abstract （622）      PDF（pc） （1074KB）（1347）       Knowledge map    Save Given the problems of the difficulty in multi-platform kill chain simulation, unclear kill assessment indexes, and the lack of close integration with the actual scenarios, the practical implementation of the kill chain in combat situation simulations was studied using the U.S. Army's NIFC-CA kill chain. Firstly, the characteristic information of target nodes was designed, and customized reconnaissance node effectiveness evaluation indexes were designed for E-2D AWACS, F-35 fighter jets and Aegis ship platforms in the NIFC-CA kill chain. It associated the NIFC-CA kill chain with the reconnaissance nodes and also connected the reconnaissance node effectiveness evaluation indexes with the target node information, and evaluated the level of the reconnaissance node's effectiveness in the detection of different targets. Secondly, the influence nodes were introduced to characterize the interference of the reconnaissance node in the combat scenario and the anti-interference effectiveness level of the reconnaissance node itself. Then, the target node, influence node, and reconnaissance node were correlated using a state transfer matrix, and the reconnaissance node, command node, and strike node were correlated using dependency analysis of the Functional Dependency Network Analysis (FDNA), giving the quantitative value of the overall killing capability of different killing chains. Finally, the simulation design of the kill chain model was carried out in the form of an adjacency table. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Air Defence and Anti-Missile Interception Decision-Making Study Based on Deep Learning CUI Shan, PAN Junyang, WANG Wei, GUO Ye, XU Jiangtao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 54-64.   Abstract （517）      PDF（pc） （1598KB）（876）       Knowledge map    Save In the scenario of complex naval escort missions, the current tactical decision support functions of anti-aircraft missile defense systems face issues such as high dependency on enemy models, poor accuracy in interception decisions, inability to effectively utilize historical battlefield data, and simplistic research objects. To resolve the above problems, a deep learning-based anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model was proposed in this study. Firstly, a battlefield simulation platform was established to model the combat units accordingly. Then, an anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model was designed using Long Short Term Memory neural networks. After that, a pre-battle model was trained using simulated data acquired from a constant proportional guidance particle model. Finally, the pre-battle model was transferred to the battlefield model and fine-tuned with real-time data enhanced with actual battlefield data through small-sample online training. Experiment results show that the proposed anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model can effectively reduce dependency on enemy models and improve the accuracy of air defense missile decision-making. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress Review and Technical Conception on the Digital Mission Engineering Research for Kill-Chain System-of-Systems WANG Weiping, CHEN Lu, WANG Junmin, LI Xiaobo, ZHU Zhi Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 8-17.   Abstract （484）      PDF（pc） （1355KB）（1146）       Knowledge map    Save Digital mission engineering (DME) is an advanced approach in the digital era. Based on the long-term research accumulations in Unmanned intelligent system-of-systems (SoS) design optimization, weaponry SoS modeling and simulation and digital decision engineering for strategic management, this paper has studied and explored the origin and progress of foreign military DME research, fusingwith recent domestic research practices in SoS engineering and SoS simulations. Finally, a technical conception of DME research methodsfor kill chain SoS from two aspects was proposed: overall requirement architecture and simulation deduction technology. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Key Technologies for Collaborative Situational Awareness Based on Swarm-to-Swarm Interception LI Keyong, LI Chuchen, CAI Yunze Air & Space Defense    2025, 8 (1): 1-9.   Abstract （435）      PDF（pc） （654KB）（266）       Knowledge map    Save UAV swarms are a real threat on the current battlefield. Their low cost, high flexibility, and cluster combat characteristics have brought huge challenges to air defense interception. Using swarms to defend swarms is a critical means to counter UAV threats. This paper analyzed the combat process of swarm-to-swarm battle and concluded that the collaborative situational awareness capability of intercepting aircraft was the core step to achieving swarm-to-swarm intelligent interception. Collaborative situational awareness for swarm-to-swarm interception can be used to solve the problems of image registration and multi-target tracking under conditions of few available information dimensions, large spatial error dispersion, and complex dynamic scenes. The development direction of related technologies in swarm-to-swarm interception scenarios is determined from a collective analysis of image registration and multi-target tracking technologies. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Theoretical Foundations and Practical Implementations of Digital Engineering for Equipment GUAN Xinping, ZHANG Zhijun, JIANG Haibo, ZHANG Ting, GU Zhichao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 1-7.   Abstract （424）      PDF（pc） （1079KB）（628）       Knowledge map    Save In the era of global digitization, how to improve efficiency and reduce costs in the practice of high-end complex equipment systems engineering is critical. This study proposed that the essence of digital engineering practice was an extension of the application of systems engineering in the whole life cycle of the system and the digital engineering practice could improve the efficiency, research, development, procurement, operation, and maintenance of the complex system, and reduce the costs. Based on the practical application of the U.S. Army, this paper organized a digital engineering practice methodology using one core, driven by three types of practices and guided by four steps. The digital engineering practice method outlined the collection of practices at each stage of the equipment life cycle, dominating the system development from the model-based system demonstration, requirements analysis, prototype design and even equipment operation and maintenance. The all-round and whole-process management of the complex system was realized. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Path Planning and Control of UAV Cluster Cooperative Reconnaissance Multi-Point Targets HE Tong, WEI Yali, LU Qing, BI Qian Air & Space Defense    2025, 8 (1): 31-40.   Abstract （411）      PDF（pc） （1998KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the background of multi-UAV cooperative reconnaissance of multi-point targets, a clustering algorithm using reconnaissance coverage was designed in this study. The path planning and control problem of multi-point targets was solved by employing the ant colony algorithm and consistency algorithm. Firstly, a clustering algorithm was designed to reintegrate the target points to resolve the problem of repeated reconnaissance of target points. Then, the UAV flight path was projected according to the integrated target clustering results, and the reconnaissance sequence was determined from the clustered virtual target points. Finally, the consistency algorithm was applied to complete the formation-keeping and path-tracking algorithm of the UAV formation so that the UAV cluster could maintain a certain formation and complete the reconnaissance task according to the reconnaissance sequence. Simulation verification was carried out using the above algorithm, and the effectiveness of the clustering algorithm, path planning, UAV control and path control were verified. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）