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Research and Development of High-Performance Magnesium Alloys for Aerospace Applications SU Yang, HAO Liang, LI Yangxin, ZENG Xiaoqin Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 1-11.   Abstract （2452）      PDF（pc） （2081KB）（937）       Knowledge map    Save Magnesium alloys, currently recognized as the lightest structural metallic material in practical engineering applications, have broad prospects for application in the aerospace field, where lightweight demands are increasing. However, the three major bottleneck issues, “relatively low absolute strength”, “ weak deformation capacity”, and “insufficient corrosion resistance”, greatly limit the application scope of traditional magnesium alloys. Based on a review of the latest application status of magnesium alloys in the aerospace field, this paper has elaborated on the research progress of high-strength, tough, and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys and prospected the development trends of high-performance magnesium alloys in future aerospace applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Review of Equivalent Model-Based State of Charge Estimation Algorithms of Lithium-Ion Battery TANG Diyin, WANG Yufu, ZHENG Wenjian, HUANG Xucong, XING Yalan Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 104-111.   Abstract （1984）      PDF（pc） （1086KB）（1322）       Knowledge map    Save Due to their high energy density and long life, Lithium-ion batteries are widely applied in fields such as aerospace and smart driving. Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of a battery is critical. In recent years, SOC estimation methods based on battery equivalent models have been widely used because oftheir advantages of accurate estimation and easy understanding. This paper has elaborated on the classification of battery equivalent models, SOC estimation algorithms, and factors affecting SOC estimation from three aspects. Firstly, the common types of battery models and their characteristics were analyzed; secondly, the commonly used SOC estimation techniques based on battery models were reviewed; finally, the factors affecting the accuracy of SOC estimation and possible solutions were analyzed. The summary of this paper provides references for future research. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on High-Temperature Resistant Wave Transparent Silicon Nitride Based Ceramics YAO Dongxu, YU Xing, GU Hao, LI Jiahao, LIU Wen, LI Rui Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 46-57.   Abstract （1956）      PDF（pc） （2858KB）（634）       Knowledge map    Save Silicon nitride ceramics comprehensively have excellent properties such as high strength, high elastic modulus, high-temperature resistance, thermal shock resistance, and low dielectric constant. They are the major candidate materials for high-temperature wave transmitting radome. Currently, research in silicon nitride-based ceramics and composites is popular. This paper has reviewed the research status of silicon nitride ceramics, SiALON ceramics, silicon oxynitride ceramics, nitrogen oxide ceramics, and their composite materials in the past five years. Through the combination of material design and different molding processes, including 3D printing, chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), and precursor impregnation cracking (PIP), the preparation of high-strength-low dielectric silicon nitride-based ceramic materials was acquired, which enables the selection of materials and design support for wavetransparent components of high-Mach vehicles. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Lightweight Resin-Based Thermal Protection Materials LI Liang, REN Zhiyi, WANG Peng, LUO Yi, SU Zhe, CAI Hongxiang, TIAN Hao, NIU Bo, LONG Donghui Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 58-75.   Abstract （1943）      PDF（pc） （5237KB）（733）       Knowledge map    Save Thermal protection systems are significantly important in modern aerospace engineering. When the new generation of vehicles evolves towards higher Mach flight speeds, there is an increasing demand for thermal protection systems that could combine high-temperature resistance, lightweight construction, and integrated thermal protection and insulation. This paper has reviewed the research progress on lightweight resin-based thermal protection materials domestically and internationally and analyzed their development trends in enhanced oxidation resistance, nanoporous structures, and gradient designs. Besides, this study has introduced the thermal protection and insulation mechanisms as well as the mechanical failure mechanisms of nanoporous resin-based materials, thus providing valuable insights for effective design and fabrication. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preparation and Electromagnetic Properties of ZIF-67 Derived Carbon Spheres Loaded on Graphene LIU Zhenglin, ZHA Borui, WEI Bo, ZHOU Jintang, TAO Jiaqi, CHENG Zhenyu, LIU Jun, WU Fan Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 120-127.   Abstract （1899）      PDF（pc） （2413KB）（687）       Knowledge map    Save With the arrival of the 5G era, electromagnetic pollution has also become a new public concern, which has already received extensive attention from the social and scientific communities. Thus, it’s significant to develop materials with efficient microwave absorption properties. In this paper, a simple preparation method was used to uniformly load spherical ZIF-67 on graphene nanosheets, and a novel electromagnetic wave absorbing material consisting of twodimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) materials was achieved after high-temperature annealing (spherical ZIF-67 derived carbon spheres loaded on graphene, Co@C/GNs ). Conductivity loss, natural resonance and exchange resonance in the low and middle-frequency bands, as well as polarization loss and eddy current loss in the high-frequency band, can together enhance the effective absorption of electromagnetic waves. Among them, wave absorbers with 5% graphene by mass of ZIF-67 have the best wave absorbing performance, with the minimum reflection loss value of − 31.66 dB at a matching thickness of 2.5 mm and the effective bandwidth up to 5.56 GHz at a matching thickness of 1.5 mm. This work provides an alternative option for the preparation of electromagnetic absorbing composites. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Development of High-Temperature Titanium Alloys for Hypersonic Aircraft CHEN Zhiyong Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 38-45.   Abstract （1860）      PDF（pc） （1510KB）（883）       Knowledge map    Save High-temperature titanium alloys allow broad application prospects in hypersonic aircraft. They have ideal lightweight and heat-resistant metallic materials, enhancing the performance and reliability of hypersonic aircraft in extreme flight environments, thus achieving higher speeds and longer flight distances. Considering the services of thermal structures in China’s hypersonic aircraft, starting from the characteristics of high-temperature titanium alloys, this paper has reviewed the latest development status of high-temperature titanium alloys domestically and abroad. It focused on introducing China’s independent research, development and application of 550-650 °C high-temperature titanium alloys. To achieve higher operating temperature requirements, the research and development of a new 700-750 °C high-temperature titanium alloy Ti750S was proposed, and the respective application directions and prospects of high-temperature titanium alloys for future hypersonic aircraft were prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Advanced of High Modulus and Ductile CNT/Al Composites LI Zhiqiang, XU Bin, LIN Nan, WANG Yichong, FAN Genlian, TAN Zhanqiu, ZHANG Di Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 29-37.   Abstract （1608）      PDF（pc） （2305KB）（746）       Knowledge map    Save Carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminium matrix composite (CNT/Al) is an innovative lightweight structural material for aerospace and weapons equipment. Great progress has been made in its preparation and application technology in recent years. This paper has summarized the preparation technologies of CNT/Al composite and their engineering bottleneck. The preparation technology suitable for industrial production that combined flake powder metallurgy with the element alloying method was highlighted. The mechanical properties and the damping capacity at room temperature and high temperature for the large-size CNT/2A12Al composite were introduced. The strengthening and toughening mechanism and the strategies to simultaneously enhance strength and ductility were reviewed, such as CNT intragranular dispersion architecture and heterogeneous grain size architecture. The deformation processing, application technology of large-size CNT/Al composites, and the application prospect and future research focus were also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Resin Matrix Composites for Air Defense Missiles CHEN Xue, ZHU Longyu, XUE Qinyang, WANG Kexiang, HAN Zhilin, LUO Chuyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 76-95.   Abstract （1579）      PDF（pc） （3146KB）（2034）       Knowledge map    Save Lightweight design is a dominant development trend in advanced air defense missile systems. Resin matrix composites, with the advantages of being lightweight, high strength, high-temperature resistant, corrosion-resistant, and designable, play a key role in promoting the lightweight design of missiles. This paper has reviewed the research progress and current applications of thermoset and thermoplastic composites in air defense missiles. It comprehensively provides an overview of the application progress and development prospects of resin matrix composites in typical missile components, offering insights into the future development of these materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of In-Situ Al Matrix Composite for Storage Tanks WANG Lei, CHEN Zhe, WANG Haowei Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 112-119.   Abstract （1518）      PDF（pc） （2963KB）（69）       Knowledge map    Save To meet the lightweight requirements of the new generation of aerospace, obtaining the optimal heat treatment process parameter combination of in-situ TiB2/2219 composite for storage tanks to improve its comprehensive mechanical properties further has become an urgent problem. In this study, the effect of solution and ageing process on tensile properties of in-situ TiB2/2219 composite was systematically studied through advanced characterization techniques and analysis of tensile test data at room temperature was conducted. The results show that the compositehas the highest hardness of 108 HV at 535 ℃, 1.5 h solution. Pre-stretch can increase the dislocation density, provide more nucleation sites for θ' phase, improve the nucleation rate, and increase the volume fraction of the precipitated phase during ageing. To promote the formation of atomic clusters, increase the nucleation site of the precipitated phase, and further improve the nucleation efficiency of θ' phase, a two-stage ageing system was designed. After ageing at 100 ℃× 8 h and 160 ℃ ×13 h, the yield strength and tensile strength of the composite increased by 40.5% and 12.5%, respectively, while the fracture strain remained 8.0%. The results have accumulated effective experimental data and thus support the engineering application of in-situ aluminum matrix composites for space storage tanks. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Power Materials and Technology for Aerospace SHANG Yanxin, QU Wenjie, REN Xuening, LU Hongbo, DU Wei, LI Li, WU Feng, CHEN Renjie Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 12-28.   Abstract （1394）      PDF（pc） （4146KB）（947）       Knowledge map    Save The aerospace power subsystem, known as its “energy heart”, is responsible for key tasks such as efficient storage and accurate conversion of electrical energy. Its operational stability affects the smooth operation and overall effectiveness of each subsystem of the spacecraft. The increasing complexity of space missions and the intensification of extreme space environments have led to the need for continuous technological innovation and performance upgrades of power systems. Based on this, in this study, the materials and technologies development trends of solar cells, chemical batteries and other devices were reviewed domestically and abroad from the perspective of extreme environments, including radiation, alternating temperatures and high vacuum. Besides, the key challenges of power devices in the extreme aerospace environment were analyzed, and the potential aerospace mission application prospects were envisioned. This review provides a reference and inspiration for promoting the research and development of advanced aerospace power materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Mechanical Properties of Phenolic Modified Epoxy Resins with Different Structures and Their Influence on the Friction and Wear Properties of Coatings XIAO Jintao, LI Jieqiong, WANG Shushu, SHEN Zhaojun, ZHOU Tiandao, JU Pengfei Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 128-134.   Abstract （1124）      PDF（pc） （1704KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the mechanical properties of phenolic resin-modified epoxy resin in different structures and their effects on the friction and wear coating properties, and acquire theoretical support for the design of highperformance, long-life bonded solid lubricating coatings, the relationship between crosslinking density and mechanical properties of modified epoxy resin (EP)/boron phenolic resin (FBB) and epoxy resin (EP)/linear phenolic resin (SG) was analyzed using dynamic thermomechanical property testing (DMA) and V-block friction and wear testing. The influence of different crosslinking density resins of the coating was also investigated. The results showed that when the ratio of epoxy resin/phenolic resin increases, the crosslinking density of the resin gradually decreases, while the elastic modulus first increases before it decreases. When the ratio is 5:1, the elastic modulus reaches its maximum, and the wear resistance life is the longest. Linear phenolic (SG) modified epoxy resin (EP) has a lower crosslink density at the maximum elastic modulus, resulting in a longer wear resistance life. A resin system with suitable crosslinking density can significantly improve the wear resistance life of coatings. By synthesizing resin systems with suitable cross-linking density, the wear resistance life of bonded solid lubricating coatings can be considerably enhanced, providing a scientific basis for developing high-performance coatings with longer life. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Antioxidation of Refractory High Entropy Alloys at High Temperatures CHEN Qiang, ZHU Jinwei, ZHAO Yuchen, LIU Wei, ZHANG Xiaobin, WU Yuan, LIU Xiongjun, WANG Hui, LYU Zhaoping Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 96-103.   Abstract （1117）      PDF（pc） （1140KB）（1003）       Knowledge map    Save High entropy alloys have been newly developed in recent years, among which the refractory high entropy alloys obtain excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, thus showing great potential application as structural materials at ultra-high temperatures. However, their low oxidation resistance at high temperatures limits the practical engineering applications. The conventional way to enhance oxidation resistance is alloying elements such as Al, Cr, Si and so on, but the additional amount is usually restricted by other factors, which greatly limits the oxidation resistance performance. The multi-component characteristics of high-entropy alloys allow them to be more likely to alloy more oxidation resistance-promoting elements. In this paper, the recent progress in improving the oxidation resistance of high-entropy alloys was reviewed. The approaches to improve the oxidation resistance of refractory high-entropy alloys were prospected via adding Al, Cr and Si elements and the formation of antioxidant coatings. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Enlightenment for the Development of Anti-UAV Equipment from the Offensive and Defensive Operations of UAVs Between Russian and Ukrainian ZHANG Yaoyi, LI Ning Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 34-39.   Abstract （1046）      PDF（pc） （924KB）（4070）       Knowledge map    Save According to the offensive and defensive operations of UAVs （Unmanned Aerial Vehicles） in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the methods of countering new air threats represented by UAVs in the future were studied. By reviewing the overall situation of the UAVs employed by Russia and Ukraine, the methods of using various UAVs to build an integrated reconnaissance and offensive system on both sides were summarized. From the perspective of responding to the UAV threat, this paper elaborated on the overall overview of the anti-UAV equipment employed by both sides and summarized the methods of building an integrated anti-UAV system using various soft and hard killing methods. According to the practical experience of warfare, considering the development of strong hostile UAVs and anti-UAV equipment such as the US military, enlightenment and suggestions for the future development of anti-UAV equipment were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Target Tracking TANG Shengjing, WANG Taiyan, ZHAO Ganglian, GUO Jie, LI Jiali, YIN Hang（ Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 18-29.   Abstract （852）      PDF（pc） （1875KB）（1718）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing complexity of target-tracking scenarios, single-sensor detection systems cannot satisfy the practical requirements of target tracking. Multi-sensor data fusion technology has thus become an important solution for target tracking in complex scenarios. This paper reviewed the basic principles and research status of two key processes in multi-sensor data fusion: data association and estimating fusion. The relevant research on applying artificial intelligence technologies such as neural networks and reinforcement learning in multi-sensor data fusion was introduced. Finally, the development of multi-sensordata fusion methods in the field of target tracking was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Concept of Future Intelligent Kill Web RUAN Kaizhi, SUN Xuean, TONG Yun , LIANG Shuo, XU Tianyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 27-33.   Abstract （826）      PDF（pc） （2786KB）（1738）       Knowledge map    Save The battlefield among great power wars drives the direction of high dynamic and high intensity. A single weapon system or its kill chain is difficult to adapt to future wars. As a new operational concept with high dynamics and high flexibility, the kill web has high self-adaptability, high organization and toughness. Through the extremely fast response speed, the commander can complete the combat groupings and the command control, which significantly enhances the decision-making efficiency. Firstly, this paper conducted research aiming at the combat concept of the kill web. Then, it discussed and analyzed the background of the kill chain, the transition from chain to web, basic concepts, typical cases and key technologies. Finally, utilizing intelligent technology, the paper summarized the concept of a future intelligent kill web. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Prospect of Lightweight Technology for Anti-Aircraft Missile Structures XU Bin, HAO Yuchen, YANG Haiyang, LIU Guang, XU Quan, LI Yulin, LIN Nan, HUA Zhou Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 1-13.   Abstract （605）      PDF（pc） （12944KB）（352）       Knowledge map    Save Structural lightweight is a critical technology to improve endurance time and maneuvering performance for the anti-aircraft missile, which is of great significance for the future development of defense equipment. The structure and service environment of the anti-aircraft missile were analyzed in this study. Then, the progress of theory and application of structural optimization methods including size optimization, shape optimization and topology optimization were also studied. The applications of high performance lightweight materials such as metallic material, polymer matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites and metal matrix composites in missiles were reviewed. Finally, advanced manufacturing technologies including near net shape forming technology, additive manufacturing technology, and composite material molding technology were introduced. This paper presents the current challenges faced by the lightweight technology of anti-aircraft missiles, and the trends of research in the future are explained. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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U.S. Army NIFC-CA Kill Chain System Simulation Design and Evaluation JIANG Ruiqi, XU Jinlong, NI Hanqi, SHI Xingyu, ZHANG Wei, HE Zishu Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 82-89.   Abstract （478）      PDF（pc） （1074KB）（1003）       Knowledge map    Save Given the problems of the difficulty in multi-platform kill chain simulation, unclear kill assessment indexes, and the lack of close integration with the actual scenarios, the practical implementation of the kill chain in combat situation simulations was studied using the U.S. Army's NIFC-CA kill chain. Firstly, the characteristic information of target nodes was designed, and customized reconnaissance node effectiveness evaluation indexes were designed for E-2D AWACS, F-35 fighter jets and Aegis ship platforms in the NIFC-CA kill chain. It associated the NIFC-CA kill chain with the reconnaissance nodes and also connected the reconnaissance node effectiveness evaluation indexes with the target node information, and evaluated the level of the reconnaissance node's effectiveness in the detection of different targets. Secondly, the influence nodes were introduced to characterize the interference of the reconnaissance node in the combat scenario and the anti-interference effectiveness level of the reconnaissance node itself. Then, the target node, influence node, and reconnaissance node were correlated using a state transfer matrix, and the reconnaissance node, command node, and strike node were correlated using dependency analysis of the Functional Dependency Network Analysis (FDNA), giving the quantitative value of the overall killing capability of different killing chains. Finally, the simulation design of the kill chain model was carried out in the form of an adjacency table. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Development of Anti-Drone Technology for Surface Ships WANG Leting, HUANG Junsong, MA Shihao, ZHANG Chenlu, DAI Jie Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 121-126.   Abstract （468）      PDF（pc） （5846KB）（1130）       Knowledge map    Save The current main air threats faced by surface ships are various subsonic and supersonic anti-ship missiles. However, with the rapid development and mass use of UAVs, UAVs and the precision-guided weapons they carry are gradually becoming a new critical threat to surface ships. Existing ship-based air defense systems have a low cost-effectiveness ratio in intercepting UAVs and poor combat effectiveness. Thus, it’s of great practical significance to provide surface ships with low-cost and high-efficiency UAV countermeasures. This paper summarized the classification of existing UAVs equipment and analyzed the potential UAV threats faced by surface ships. After studying the combat capabilities and application characteristics of current main anti-UAV equipment, combing with the current typical patterns of UAV combat and the air defense combat capabilities of surface ships, the paper discussed the future development trend of surface ships' anti-UAV technology including complex target detection, diversification of the interception means, the integration of fire control systems, modularization of weapons, and minimization of equipment costs. Besides, the key technologies of ship-based anti-UAV equipment were investigated, providing a reference for ship-based anti-UAV equipment development. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Construction of Kill Chain in Beyond-Visual-Range Air Combat Confrontation HOU Kaiyu, ZHAO Qian, ZHONG Yongjian, WU Xinyun Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 1-6.   Abstract （456）      PDF（pc） （1175KB）（806）       Knowledge map    Save With the accelerated development of intelligence, networking and other technologies, the evolution of systematic warfare is accelerating. The traditional kill chain starts gradually shifting from fixed to dynamic, from single to multi-source, and from preset to autonomous. The closure mode of the chain is more flexible, while the robustness and practical combat are enhanced to cope with the future complex adversarial environments, thus effectively expanding the range of killing and improving combat effectiveness. This article has reviewed the theory of the kill chain and analyzed the technological development of the U.S. military’s kill chain. Considering the demand for confrontation, it proposed the concept and key technical characteristics of the kill chain in beyond-visual-range air combat. From the perspective of OODA(Observe, Orient, Decide and Act), it determined the key technologies needed by the construction of the kill chain, providing a reference for the application of beyond-visual-range air combat under future system conditions. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Energy Optimization Research on Double-Pulse Solid Rocket Motor in Antiaircraft Missile CHEN Keyu, JIA Shiwei, GU Jiayao, ZHENG Tianyu, CHEN Hao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 64-71.   Abstract （453）      PDF（pc） （1904KB）（717）       Knowledge map    Save To resolve the problem of low terminal velocity of high and long-range ballistic missiles, combiningthe application of a double-pulse solid rocket motor in air defense missiles, this study analyzed the influence of thrust of the solid rocket motor and ignition interval of the two-stage engine on the terminal velocity of a high and long-range ballistic missile. Focusing on maximizing the terminal velocity of air defense missiles on highand long-rangetrajectories, the thrust and ignition interval of the double-pulse solid rocket motor were optimized using the improved Classified Chemical Reaction Optimization (CCRO) algorithms established in this study. Finally, the optimal energy distribution scheme for the motorenhancing the missile’s terminal velocity was achieved. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）