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The Enlightenment for the Development of Anti-UAV Equipment from the Offensive and Defensive Operations of UAVs Between Russian and Ukrainian ZHANG Yaoyi, LI Ning Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 34-39.   Abstract （800）      PDF（pc） （924KB）（2808）       Knowledge map    Save According to the offensive and defensive operations of UAVs （Unmanned Aerial Vehicles） in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the methods of countering new air threats represented by UAVs in the future were studied. By reviewing the overall situation of the UAVs employed by Russia and Ukraine, the methods of using various UAVs to build an integrated reconnaissance and offensive system on both sides were summarized. From the perspective of responding to the UAV threat, this paper elaborated on the overall overview of the anti-UAV equipment employed by both sides and summarized the methods of building an integrated anti-UAV system using various soft and hard killing methods. According to the practical experience of warfare, considering the development of strong hostile UAVs and anti-UAV equipment such as the US military, enlightenment and suggestions for the future development of anti-UAV equipment were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Concept of Future Intelligent Kill Web RUAN Kaizhi, SUN Xuean, TONG Yun , LIANG Shuo, XU Tianyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 27-33.   Abstract （709）      PDF（pc） （2786KB）（1439）       Knowledge map    Save The battlefield among great power wars drives the direction of high dynamic and high intensity. A single weapon system or its kill chain is difficult to adapt to future wars. As a new operational concept with high dynamics and high flexibility, the kill web has high self-adaptability, high organization and toughness. Through the extremely fast response speed, the commander can complete the combat groupings and the command control, which significantly enhances the decision-making efficiency. Firstly, this paper conducted research aiming at the combat concept of the kill web. Then, it discussed and analyzed the background of the kill chain, the transition from chain to web, basic concepts, typical cases and key technologies. Finally, utilizing intelligent technology, the paper summarized the concept of a future intelligent kill web. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Target Tracking TANG Shengjing, WANG Taiyan, ZHAO Ganglian, GUO Jie, LI Jiali, YIN Hang（ Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 18-29.   Abstract （640）      PDF（pc） （1875KB）（1045）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing complexity of target-tracking scenarios, single-sensor detection systems cannot satisfy the practical requirements of target tracking. Multi-sensor data fusion technology has thus become an important solution for target tracking in complex scenarios. This paper reviewed the basic principles and research status of two key processes in multi-sensor data fusion: data association and estimating fusion. The relevant research on applying artificial intelligence technologies such as neural networks and reinforcement learning in multi-sensor data fusion was introduced. Finally, the development of multi-sensordata fusion methods in the field of target tracking was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Prospect of Lightweight Technology for Anti-Aircraft Missile Structures XU Bin, HAO Yuchen, YANG Haiyang, LIU Guang, XU Quan, LI Yulin, LIN Nan, HUA Zhou Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 1-13.   Abstract （523）      PDF（pc） （12944KB）（308）       Knowledge map    Save Structural lightweight is a critical technology to improve endurance time and maneuvering performance for the anti-aircraft missile, which is of great significance for the future development of defense equipment. The structure and service environment of the anti-aircraft missile were analyzed in this study. Then, the progress of theory and application of structural optimization methods including size optimization, shape optimization and topology optimization were also studied. The applications of high performance lightweight materials such as metallic material, polymer matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites and metal matrix composites in missiles were reviewed. Finally, advanced manufacturing technologies including near net shape forming technology, additive manufacturing technology, and composite material molding technology were introduced. This paper presents the current challenges faced by the lightweight technology of anti-aircraft missiles, and the trends of research in the future are explained. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Development of High-Performance Magnesium Alloys for Aerospace Applications SU Yang, HAO Liang, LI Yangxin, ZENG Xiaoqin Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 1-11.   Abstract （407）      PDF（pc） （2081KB）（514）       Knowledge map    Save Magnesium alloys, currently recognized as the lightest structural metallic material in practical engineering applications, have broad prospects for application in the aerospace field, where lightweight demands are increasing. However, the three major bottleneck issues, “relatively low absolute strength”, “ weak deformation capacity”, and “insufficient corrosion resistance”, greatly limit the application scope of traditional magnesium alloys. Based on a review of the latest application status of magnesium alloys in the aerospace field, this paper has elaborated on the research progress of high-strength, tough, and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys and prospected the development trends of high-performance magnesium alloys in future aerospace applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Construction of Kill Chain in Beyond-Visual-Range Air Combat Confrontation HOU Kaiyu, ZHAO Qian, ZHONG Yongjian, WU Xinyun Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 1-6.   Abstract （377）      PDF（pc） （1175KB）（438）       Knowledge map    Save With the accelerated development of intelligence, networking and other technologies, the evolution of systematic warfare is accelerating. The traditional kill chain starts gradually shifting from fixed to dynamic, from single to multi-source, and from preset to autonomous. The closure mode of the chain is more flexible, while the robustness and practical combat are enhanced to cope with the future complex adversarial environments, thus effectively expanding the range of killing and improving combat effectiveness. This article has reviewed the theory of the kill chain and analyzed the technological development of the U.S. military’s kill chain. Considering the demand for confrontation, it proposed the concept and key technical characteristics of the kill chain in beyond-visual-range air combat. From the perspective of OODA(Observe, Orient, Decide and Act), it determined the key technologies needed by the construction of the kill chain, providing a reference for the application of beyond-visual-range air combat under future system conditions. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Current Status and Development of Foreign Patrol Air Defense Weapons MEI Zhiwei, YU Huimin, LIU Xiaolei, ZHANG Zilun, LING Li Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 40-45.   Abstract （373）      PDF（pc） （7899KB）（1579）       Knowledge map    Save The traditional cruise missiles have been typically used to carry out ground and sea combat missions. In recent years, under the continuous promotion of military requirements and technology, the application of cruise missiles in air defense operations has developed rapidly. Since the United States dominates the military power, it has launched a series of demonstration and verification projects using cruise air defense weapons, and a few of them have achieved operational combat capabilities, which could become an important part of the future air defense equipment system and profoundly change the future combat style. This paper has comprehensively analyzed the current development status of foreign cruise air defense weapons and sorted out the key technologies that need to be resolved. It then proposed the future development directions for patrol air defense weapons. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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U.S. Army NIFC-CA Kill Chain System Simulation Design and Evaluation JIANG Ruiqi, XU Jinlong, NI Hanqi, SHI Xingyu, ZHANG Wei, HE Zishu Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 82-89.   Abstract （350）      PDF（pc） （1074KB）（494）       Knowledge map    Save Given the problems of the difficulty in multi-platform kill chain simulation, unclear kill assessment indexes, and the lack of close integration with the actual scenarios, the practical implementation of the kill chain in combat situation simulations was studied using the U.S. Army's NIFC-CA kill chain. Firstly, the characteristic information of target nodes was designed, and customized reconnaissance node effectiveness evaluation indexes were designed for E-2D AWACS, F-35 fighter jets and Aegis ship platforms in the NIFC-CA kill chain. It associated the NIFC-CA kill chain with the reconnaissance nodes and also connected the reconnaissance node effectiveness evaluation indexes with the target node information, and evaluated the level of the reconnaissance node's effectiveness in the detection of different targets. Secondly, the influence nodes were introduced to characterize the interference of the reconnaissance node in the combat scenario and the anti-interference effectiveness level of the reconnaissance node itself. Then, the target node, influence node, and reconnaissance node were correlated using a state transfer matrix, and the reconnaissance node, command node, and strike node were correlated using dependency analysis of the Functional Dependency Network Analysis (FDNA), giving the quantitative value of the overall killing capability of different killing chains. Finally, the simulation design of the kill chain model was carried out in the form of an adjacency table. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Development of Anti-Drone Technology for Surface Ships WANG Leting, HUANG Junsong, MA Shihao, ZHANG Chenlu, DAI Jie Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 121-126.   Abstract （338）      PDF（pc） （5846KB）（695）       Knowledge map    Save The current main air threats faced by surface ships are various subsonic and supersonic anti-ship missiles. However, with the rapid development and mass use of UAVs, UAVs and the precision-guided weapons they carry are gradually becoming a new critical threat to surface ships. Existing ship-based air defense systems have a low cost-effectiveness ratio in intercepting UAVs and poor combat effectiveness. Thus, it’s of great practical significance to provide surface ships with low-cost and high-efficiency UAV countermeasures. This paper summarized the classification of existing UAVs equipment and analyzed the potential UAV threats faced by surface ships. After studying the combat capabilities and application characteristics of current main anti-UAV equipment, combing with the current typical patterns of UAV combat and the air defense combat capabilities of surface ships, the paper discussed the future development trend of surface ships' anti-UAV technology including complex target detection, diversification of the interception means, the integration of fire control systems, modularization of weapons, and minimization of equipment costs. Besides, the key technologies of ship-based anti-UAV equipment were investigated, providing a reference for ship-based anti-UAV equipment development. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress Review and Technical Conception on the Digital Mission Engineering Research for Kill-Chain System-of-Systems WANG Weiping, CHEN Lu, WANG Junmin, LI Xiaobo, ZHU Zhi Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 8-17.   Abstract （336）      PDF（pc） （1355KB）（924）       Knowledge map    Save Digital mission engineering (DME) is an advanced approach in the digital era. Based on the long-term research accumulations in Unmanned intelligent system-of-systems (SoS) design optimization, weaponry SoS modeling and simulation and digital decision engineering for strategic management, this paper has studied and explored the origin and progress of foreign military DME research, fusingwith recent domestic research practices in SoS engineering and SoS simulations. Finally, a technical conception of DME research methodsfor kill chain SoS from two aspects was proposed: overall requirement architecture and simulation deduction technology. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Air Defence and Anti-Missile Interception Decision-Making Study Based on Deep Learning CUI Shan, PAN Junyang, WANG Wei, GUO Ye, XU Jiangtao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 54-64.   Abstract （316）      PDF（pc） （1598KB）（428）       Knowledge map    Save In the scenario of complex naval escort missions, the current tactical decision support functions of anti-aircraft missile defense systems face issues such as high dependency on enemy models, poor accuracy in interception decisions, inability to effectively utilize historical battlefield data, and simplistic research objects. To resolve the above problems, a deep learning-based anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model was proposed in this study. Firstly, a battlefield simulation platform was established to model the combat units accordingly. Then, an anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model was designed using Long Short Term Memory neural networks. After that, a pre-battle model was trained using simulated data acquired from a constant proportional guidance particle model. Finally, the pre-battle model was transferred to the battlefield model and fine-tuned with real-time data enhanced with actual battlefield data through small-sample online training. Experiment results show that the proposed anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model can effectively reduce dependency on enemy models and improve the accuracy of air defense missile decision-making. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Energy Optimization Research on Double-Pulse Solid Rocket Motor in Antiaircraft Missile CHEN Keyu, JIA Shiwei, GU Jiayao, ZHENG Tianyu, CHEN Hao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 64-71.   Abstract （281）      PDF（pc） （1904KB）（503）       Knowledge map    Save To resolve the problem of low terminal velocity of high and long-range ballistic missiles, combiningthe application of a double-pulse solid rocket motor in air defense missiles, this study analyzed the influence of thrust of the solid rocket motor and ignition interval of the two-stage engine on the terminal velocity of a high and long-range ballistic missile. Focusing on maximizing the terminal velocity of air defense missiles on highand long-rangetrajectories, the thrust and ignition interval of the double-pulse solid rocket motor were optimized using the improved Classified Chemical Reaction Optimization (CCRO) algorithms established in this study. Finally, the optimal energy distribution scheme for the motorenhancing the missile’s terminal velocity was achieved. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development Dynamics and Trends of Typical Airborne Missiles in the United States and Russia in 2023 LI Yong, ZHANG Shunjia, ZHU Yuhu, KONG Xiaojun, DU Zehong Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 30-37.   Abstract （280）      PDF（pc） （5830KB）（778）       Knowledge map    Save In 2023, the global development of airborne missiles was accelerating. This paper summarized and analyzed the major events in the field of airborne missiles in the United States and Russia, including air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles, hypersonic missiles and anti-radiation missiles. The United States and Russia kept improving and upgrading their air-to-air missiles and accelerating the development of new types of air-to-air missiles. The MUTANT missile project has attracted wide spread attention. The United States has developed a series of air-to-surface missiles and continued to expand its mounting platforms. The F-35 will integrate AGM-158C. Russia is promoting the practical application of airborne hypersonic weapons, and the Kinzhal missile has achieved remarkable results in the Russia-Ukraine War. Meanwhile, the United States is accelerating the development of new anti-radiation capabilities. The AGM-88G has completed multiple flight tests and will be equipped with combat aircraft such as P-8A and F-35. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Future Challenges， Current Status， and Development Direction of Anti-Radiation Missiles Future Challenges, Current Status, and Development Direction of Anti-Radiation Missiles Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 38-46.   Abstract （279）      PDF（pc） （8057KB）（1051）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the integrated air defense system has been well developed, and is forming a multi-domain network. The suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) missions in the future will face more complex electromagnetic environments, radar equipment with upgraded capabilities, and various countermeasures. Under this background, this paper summarized the latest development status of major foreign anti-radiation missiles and analyzed the tactical evolution trend of anti-radiation missiles in performing SEAD missions. Based on the above studies, the future development directions of the anti-radiation missile including systematization, intelligent, multi-mission, low-cost, multi-mode composite guidance were prospected, giving useful reference for strengthening the construction of anti-radiation missile equipment and improving the SEAD combat capability. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Development and Combat System of Air Defense Suppression Equipment XIONG Jian, ZHANG Shunjia, WANG Shichao, KANG Zhenliang, ZHENG Xinyi Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 73-80.   Abstract （269）      PDF（pc） （2837KB）（903）       Knowledge map    Save The modern air battlefield environment is increasingly showing high complexity and high confrontation, and the importance of air defense suppression operations in air control cannot be overstated. Firstly, this paper has reviewed the composition of equipment in U.S. and Russian advanced air defense systems. Based on the Observe-Orient-Decide-Act ring theory, the US military air defense suppression is decomposed and analyzed. Then, the advanced air defense suppression weapons such as anti-radiation missiles, anti-radiation UAVs and electronic warfare aircraft were elaborated. The typical combat styles and tactics were summarized by referring to the combat cases of air defense suppression in modern wars. Finally, focusing on the technical difficulties faced by air defense suppression weapons and the development trends of combat strategies, development suggestions were proposed in the aspects of weapon platform development, collaborative networking technology, and systematic operations. This study presents significant reference in the construction of China’s air defense suppression combat system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Formation Flight Control Methods for Unmanned Autonomous Air Combat LIU Yuanyuan, ZHOU Leimei, LI Hao, GAO Ziyi Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 47-58.   Abstract （268）      PDF（pc） （5524KB）（384）       Knowledge map    Save The application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms in both civilian and military fields has received significant attention in recent years, and one of the key issues is the formation flight control. This study reviewed the relevant literature. First, three ways of organizing UAV formation computation and communication structures were introduced, respectively, centralized, distributed, and hybrid schemes. Then, commonly used formation flight control approaches were introduced respectively the leader-follower approach, virtual structure approach, behavior-based approach, and artificial potential field approach. Besides, these approaches were dissected and compared from different perspectives, including formation generation, formation keeping, obstacle avoidance, achievability, robustness, and computing and communication resources requirements, thus providing a convenient reference for interested readers. Finally, key difficult problems and feasible future research directions were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Theoretical Foundations and Practical Implementations of Digital Engineering for Equipment GUAN Xinping, ZHANG Zhijun, JIANG Haibo, ZHANG Ting, GU Zhichao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 1-7.   Abstract （259）      PDF（pc） （1079KB）（445）       Knowledge map    Save In the era of global digitization, how to improve efficiency and reduce costs in the practice of high-end complex equipment systems engineering is critical. This study proposed that the essence of digital engineering practice was an extension of the application of systems engineering in the whole life cycle of the system and the digital engineering practice could improve the efficiency, research, development, procurement, operation, and maintenance of the complex system, and reduce the costs. Based on the practical application of the U.S. Army, this paper organized a digital engineering practice methodology using one core, driven by three types of practices and guided by four steps. The digital engineering practice method outlined the collection of practices at each stage of the equipment life cycle, dominating the system development from the model-based system demonstration, requirements analysis, prototype design and even equipment operation and maintenance. The all-round and whole-process management of the complex system was realized. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Lightweight Resin-Based Thermal Protection Materials LI Liang, REN Zhiyi, WANG Peng, LUO Yi, SU Zhe, CAI Hongxiang, TIAN Hao, NIU Bo, LONG Donghui Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 58-75.   Abstract （248）      PDF（pc） （5237KB）（290）       Knowledge map    Save Thermal protection systems are significantly important in modern aerospace engineering. When the new generation of vehicles evolves towards higher Mach flight speeds, there is an increasing demand for thermal protection systems that could combine high-temperature resistance, lightweight construction, and integrated thermal protection and insulation. This paper has reviewed the research progress on lightweight resin-based thermal protection materials domestically and internationally and analyzed their development trends in enhanced oxidation resistance, nanoporous structures, and gradient designs. Besides, this study has introduced the thermal protection and insulation mechanisms as well as the mechanical failure mechanisms of nanoporous resin-based materials, thus providing valuable insights for effective design and fabrication. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Flight Path Planning Under Complex Environmental Constraints LI Xu, DONG Wei, DU Zehong Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 99-105.   Abstract （247）      PDF（pc） （4908KB）（199）       Knowledge map    Save With battlefields becoming more complex, timely and accurate information acquisition is crucial for decision-making. Traditional unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) reconnaissance path planning methods can no longer adapt to dynamic and complex environments effectively. This study proposed a reconnaissance path planning technique for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using the optimization of Bézier curves, which can accurately construct flight paths adapted to complex environments by utilizing the flexibility and geometric properties of Bézier curves and combining with the secondary optimization algorithm. The execution efficiency and safety of this path-planning technique were verified in actual flight tests conducted in a simulated battlefield environment. Comparative experiment results show that the proposed technique significantly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of UAV reconnaissance, allowing rapid decision-making and action in battlefields, proving its feasibility and effectiveness in practical applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Power Materials and Technology for Aerospace SHANG Yanxin, QU Wenjie, REN Xuening, LU Hongbo, DU Wei, LI Li, WU Feng, CHEN Renjie Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 12-28.   Abstract （241）      PDF（pc） （4146KB）（467）       Knowledge map    Save The aerospace power subsystem, known as its “energy heart”, is responsible for key tasks such as efficient storage and accurate conversion of electrical energy. Its operational stability affects the smooth operation and overall effectiveness of each subsystem of the spacecraft. The increasing complexity of space missions and the intensification of extreme space environments have led to the need for continuous technological innovation and performance upgrades of power systems. Based on this, in this study, the materials and technologies development trends of solar cells, chemical batteries and other devices were reviewed domestically and abroad from the perspective of extreme environments, including radiation, alternating temperatures and high vacuum. Besides, the key challenges of power devices in the extreme aerospace environment were analyzed, and the potential aerospace mission application prospects were envisioned. This review provides a reference and inspiration for promoting the research and development of advanced aerospace power materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）