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Review of Autonomous Decision-Making and Planning Techniques for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle CHENG Haoyu, ZHANG Shuo, LIU Tailai, XU Shengli, HUANG Hanqiao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 6-15.   Abstract （853）      PDF（pc） （994KB）（3928）       Knowledge map    Save Facing the future with a highly dynamic, strong confrontation and rejection combat environment, intelligence level has become the core factor restricting the UAV mission/environment adaptability and combat effectiveness. Focusing on autonomous decision-making and planning technology, which is a difficult, rapidly updated and broad application prospect, the main research achievements and future development direction of autonomous decision-making and planning technology were reviewed. Firstly, the necessity of autonomous decision-making and planning technology research was elaborated based on the development and current situation of unmanned aerial vehicles. Secondly, this study summarized and analyzed the current research results of autonomous decision-making and planning technology. Finally, the development direction of autonomous decision-making and planning technology of UAVs was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of the Development of Foreign Small Loitering Munitions and Their Early Warning System Response Strategy LI Chao, LI Hao, SU Haoran Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 58-65.   Abstract （545）      PDF（pc） （1082KB）（3806）       Knowledge map    Save The use of small loitering munitions in the Armenia-Azerbaijan and the Russia-Ukraine conflicts has once again driven the interests of global military powers to develop loitering munitions. Taking foreign small loitering munitions as the main research object, this paper has discussed the development history of loitering munitions, including the development status of several typical small loitering munitions and their respective latest development of operational applications, and summarized and compared their performance parameters. According to the study of typical types of operational applications of small loitering munitions and their operational advantages, countermeasure suggestions were proposed for future early warning systems to cope with small loitering munitions operations, thus providing a reference for the construction and development of early warning systems. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Progress of US Military Digital Transformation ZHANG Xue Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 12-16.   Abstract （1269）      PDF（pc） （639KB）（3236）       Knowledge map    Save Digital transformation is strategically required by military transformation. It’s critical to guarantee the reform of military concepts and plays an indispensable link in winning future wars using intelligent technology. To maintain the war advantage, the US military has been actively promoting its digital transformation during the transition of the fourth industrial revolution. This paper has studied the needs, development goals, significance, and implementation approaches of the digital transformation of the current US Army. Then, specific strategies to promote the digital transformation of China’s military were proposed by establishing standards and specifications, building data models, and personnel digital literacy. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Urban Target Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Modal Fusion of UAV WANG Jianyuan, CHEN Xiaotong, ZHANG Yue, SUN Junge, SHI Donghao, CHEN Jinbao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 32-39.   Abstract （902）      PDF（pc） （1812KB）（3113）       Knowledge map    Save Using small drones to detect urban targets such as vehicles at low altitudes in cities has gradually become a mainstream means. Given the existing problems of low detection accuracy of single-mode detection networks affected by visible light detection, inability to work at night and the blurred edge of infrared detection targets in actual scenes, this paper has proposed a multi-modal UAV detection algorithm based on image fusion and deep learning network. Firstly, based on the DUT-VTUAV visible-infrared registration data set and TIF image fusion algorithm, a multi-mode fusion data set was built up. Secondly, by comparing the detection accuracy, speed and several parameters of the existing YOLO series network, the lightweight network YOLO v5n which was most suitable for the mobile deployment of UAVs was decided. Finally, a multi-modal fusion detection algorithm was produced by combining an image fusion algorithm and a target detection model. Comparative experiments on vehicle data sets successfully show that compared with single-mode detection, the detection accuracy of the proposed algorithm is effectively increased, with mAP up to 99.6%, and a set of visible-infrared image fusion detection can be completed within 0.3s, indicating the high real-time performance. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Missile Structural Optimization Design for Additive Manufacturing KE Linda, ZHANG Xiaolong, CUI Zhe, GU Mingfeng, LAI Caifang, LIU Yong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 28-34.   Abstract （567）      PDF（pc） （1107KB）（2964）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of AM (additive manufacturing) technology, the integration of innovative structure design and AM technology must be the critical direction of breakthrough development in missile development and structural design. This paper discussed the application of advanced additive manufacturing technology in missile structure optimization in three parts: the static design, the dynamic structure design and the coupling dynamics. Since the optimization of missile structure involves dynamic characteristics, aeroelasticity, mechanical-thermal coupling etc., relying on its unique advantages, AM technology can break through the traditional design mode and the processing bottleneck, and can further realize the lightweight, small size and functional integration of space weapon equipment. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Enlightenment for the Development of Anti-UAV Equipment from the Offensive and Defensive Operations of UAVs Between Russian and Ukrainian ZHANG Yaoyi, LI Ning Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 34-39.   Abstract （803）      PDF（pc） （924KB）（2811）       Knowledge map    Save According to the offensive and defensive operations of UAVs （Unmanned Aerial Vehicles） in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the methods of countering new air threats represented by UAVs in the future were studied. By reviewing the overall situation of the UAVs employed by Russia and Ukraine, the methods of using various UAVs to build an integrated reconnaissance and offensive system on both sides were summarized. From the perspective of responding to the UAV threat, this paper elaborated on the overall overview of the anti-UAV equipment employed by both sides and summarized the methods of building an integrated anti-UAV system using various soft and hard killing methods. According to the practical experience of warfare, considering the development of strong hostile UAVs and anti-UAV equipment such as the US military, enlightenment and suggestions for the future development of anti-UAV equipment were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation and Supporting Technologies SU Hongjia, LUO Yucheng, LIU Fei Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 29-38.   Abstract （948）      PDF（pc） （619KB）（2744）       Knowledge map    Save Operational effectiveness evaluation has been widely used in various weapon and equipment validation studies to assess the capability of specific operational mission objectives. This paper has provided a summarized analysis of the current problems and challenges. Then, it reviewed three categories of equipment system operational effectiveness evaluation methods: multi-attribute decision-making, complex networks, and machine learning algorithms. The research status of the above approaches was analyzed. In addition, this paper has summarized the supporting technologies for equipment system operational effectiveness evaluation, respectively, indicator reduction and optimization. Finally, according to the current research progress, expected research directions for future evaluation are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Hierarchical Tree Construction Method for Multilevel Process Model of Joint Operations Simulation ZHANG Mingxin, SU JiongMing, ZHANG Mingen, LI Rufei, QIAN Xiaochao Air & Space Defense    0, (): 6-12.   Abstract （294）      PDF（pc） （1041KB）（2650）       Knowledge map    Save The types of models of the joint combat simulation experiments are rich, while the design, the evaluation and the analysis of the simulation experiment are complex. Thus, the scenarios for the application of the experimental results are diverse. Therefore, multi-level models are required for joint combat experiments and analysis. The hierarchy of entities has been generally studied by aggregation and disaggregation but still lacks suitable description, analysis, and integration methods for the hierarchy of combat processes models. According to the existing methods of hierarchical description and analysis, this paper utilized the concept of a hierarchical tree to describe the process models of different levels. The structure, operation and application of the hierarchical tree were analyzed systematically. The specific application of the process hierarchical tree was introduced with examples. The hierarchical tree description of the process model can contribute to the multi-level joint simulation application analysis and multi-level model management, and can effectively improve the interoperability and reusability of models at different levels. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development of the Intelligentization of Precision Strike System of Systems FAN Jinxiang, LIU Yiji, LI Ning, CHAI Juanfang Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 1-11.   Abstract （613）      PDF（pc） （831KB）（2469）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, to accommodate the operational modes being transformed to multi-domain/all-domain joint operation and the weapon equipment being transformed to systematic and cooperative, and to improve the capability of precision strike system of systems in joint-operation and fighting against powerful enemies, USA and other major military powerful countries are making great efforts to carry out the research and development together with preliminary application of intelligentization of precision strike system of systems. They have successfully applied artificial intelligence(AI) in commerce, industry， science and other fields. In this paper, the development of the intelligentization of precision strike systems has been reviewed. The requirements for the intelligentization of advanced precision strike system of systems were investigated. The overall development of intelligentization in the information support system and its engagement chain of precision strike systems were summarized. The key technologies for the intelligentization of precision strike systems were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current Developments in Foreign Hypersonic Vehicles and Defense Systems Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 39-51.   Abstract （581）      PDF（pc） （2112KB）（2263）       Knowledge map    Save With the evolution of combat modes and advancements in hypersonic-related technologies, hypersonic vehicles have emerged as the major threat in future warfare. This will inevitably trigger new tactical strategies and military doctrines. This paper has provided a systematic review of the development of hypersonic vehicles from major military powers and introduced its current stage of equipment for defense systems. Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes three defending strategies against hypersonic vehicles, which includes building a comprehensive information network, creating an all-encompassing interception posture, and improving a full-factor command and control platform. These strategies contribute to the reference for the construction and development of hypersonic vehicle defense systems and are valuable to counter the growing threat posed by hypersonic vehicles in future warfare. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Overview of Foreign Simulation VV&A Standards WANG Bingheng, LI Wei, ZHANG Huan, MA Ping, CHENG Huichuan, ZHANG Jianchao, YANG Ming Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 13-24.   Abstract （723）      PDF（pc） （1612KB）（2179）       Knowledge map    Save With the progress of technology, the engineering system has become increasingly sophisticated and complex. Whether the simulation can represent real entities in the real world has been considered as a major concern. Simulation VV&A is the key to ensuring the correctness and credibility of a simulation. The VV&A standard regulates how to perform its work and standardize its activities, which has engineering practical significance. This article initially summarized the development process of foreign VV&A standards. Then, the similarities and differences between simulation VV&A standards abroad were compared and analyzed. Finally, the future development direction of simulation VV&A standards was proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of Intelligent Perception in OODA Ring of Air Defense and Anti-Missile ZHANG Di, WANG Hui, AN Guochen, GU Cunfeng, FAN Tianzheng Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (1): 1-5.   Abstract （757）      PDF（pc） （1016KB）（2075）       Knowledge map    Save In the future intelligent war, new challenges for detection, perception, command and decision of air defense and anti-missile weapon systems are required and have been put forward. Focusing on intelligent perception countermeasure to empower future air defense and anti-missile combat equipment, the concept and connotation of intelligent perception were analyzed. Centered on the OODA(Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) ring and the typical combat process, the main forms of sensing countermeasures were elaborated, including warning and counter warning, detection and counter detection, and tracking and counter tracking. The core scientific problem was identified, which was feature concealment and recognition. The main application scenarios of perception countermeasure technology in the OODA ring were revealed. Finally, the key technologies that need to be developed to enhance the intelligent level of perception concealment for air defense and anti-missile weapon systems have been proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Laser Bionic Manufacturing Technology for Functional Surface SHEN Hong, REN Haodong, LI Haidong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 12-27.   Abstract （385）      PDF（pc） （3056KB）（2051）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrophobic, anti-icing, anti-corrosion, drag reduction and wave absorption functional surfaces have generated significant interest among researchers to enhance the overall performance of aircraft. Due to its wide range of applications and high precision in processing, laser processing technology has great application potential in material processing, complex morphology construction, micro-nano scale manufacturing and other areas. This paper has comprehensively summarized the research of functional bionic surfaces prepared on different materials in recent years, including hydrophobic, anti-icing, comprehensive anti-corrosion, antibacterial, drag reduction and wave absorption functional surfaces. From the perspective of bionic manufacturing, this paper has presented the biological surface with unique functional characteristics in nature, introduced the underlying basis of achieving a particular function, and listed relevant research on bionic surface manufacturing based on laser processing. Finally, the challenges and trends of development were discussed and prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design and Simulation for the Telescopic Wing of Morphing Aircraft XU Quan, ZHOU Li, XU Shengli, LU Fengwei, LIU Siyu, LIU Guang, Hua Zhou Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 35-42.   Abstract （440）      PDF（pc） （974KB）（1899）       Knowledge map    Save Morphing aircraft can achieve better performance by changing the aerodynamic shape in different flying tasks or various tasks of the same task stage. Telescopic wings are one of the important deformation schemes for aircraft. In order to improving design accuracy and development efficiency, the co-simulation approach has been paid great attention recently. The co-simulation method can verify the influence of parameters on the performance of Telescopic wings during the design phase.Using ADAMS and Simulink,a comprehensive analysis and simulation mechatronic model had been established to study the kinematic and the dynamic characteristics. To meet the standards of real-time deployment of the deformation mechanism, the main parameters of the deformation wing mechanism were simulated and ameliorated. The simulation experimenthas verified the feasibility of the proposed method and provide a foundation for structural optimization design. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Integrated Equipment for Electronic Reconnaissance and Jamming and Localization ZHANG Wenxu, WU Zhennan, LU Manjun, HU Jianbo Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 75-86.   Abstract （817）      PDF（pc） （2476KB）（1886）       Knowledge map    Save The integrated framework for reconnaissance and jamming of sweep guidance, fast guidance and modulation bandwidth converter is analyzed in the paper. Miniaturization, modularization and localization will become the development trend of the integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming. The development status of electronic reconnaissance and jamming technology is analyzed from the aspects of electronic reconnaissance technology, electronic jamming technology and transceiver isolation technology of electronic reconnaissance and jamming system. The wideband digital channelized receiving and transmitting, ultra-wideband jamming, distributed jamming and cognitive jamming will become the development trend of electronic reconnaissance and jamming technology. For the urgent national demand for independent localization application, the localization development status of integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming is studied. The new integrated equipment for electronic reconnaissance and jamming with 100% localization will become the development trend in the future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of the Development and Key Technologies of Missile-borne Integrated Avionics System SHI Dashan, GE Yuhang, MENG Guangwei, JI Biao, CAI Kerong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 52-57.   Abstract （601）      PDF（pc） （571KB）（1810）       Knowledge map    Save The missile-borne integrated avionics system determines the development of the electronic and electrical equipment of the missile. It can effectively improve integration, modularization, and miniaturization while reducing costs. This paper first introduced the concept and system composition of an integrated avionics system. Then, it summarized the development status domestically and abroad and expounded on the development trend and key technologies of missile-brone integrated avionics systems, including high-speed serial bus, time-sharing partition operating systems, and microsystem. Finally, the existing challenges and future development trends were summarized. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evaluation of Phased Array Radar of Anti-jamming Capability Based on Combination Weighting-TOPSIS SU Xintong, YU Haiming, ZHAO Huijuan, XUE Lei, CHEN Wenzhe Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 80-85.   Abstract （316）      PDF（pc） （622KB）（1661）       Knowledge map    Save To evaluate the effectiveness of a phased array radar in complex electromagnetic environments, the anti-jamming evaluation index system and evaluation method were developed. First, the behaviour state changes of the radar after being interfered with were analyzed. Then, three evaluation criteria of anti-interference improvement factor, suppression coefficient and anti-interference ability measurement were constructed, together with four anti-interference measurements including phased array system, frequency agility, multiple frequency fluctuation and side-lobe cancellation. After that, the combination of subjective and objective weight methods determined a relatively more reasonable weight, and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution （TOPSIS) comprehensive evaluation method was applied to resolve and sort the effectiveness of the anti-interference impacts. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by simulation analysis. Compared with the simple analytic hierarchy process, the evaluation results show higher stability and it can be concluded that the model obtains significant application value. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Current Status and Development of Foreign Patrol Air Defense Weapons MEI Zhiwei, YU Huimin, LIU Xiaolei, ZHANG Zilun, LING Li Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 40-45.   Abstract （374）      PDF（pc） （7899KB）（1584）       Knowledge map    Save The traditional cruise missiles have been typically used to carry out ground and sea combat missions. In recent years, under the continuous promotion of military requirements and technology, the application of cruise missiles in air defense operations has developed rapidly. Since the United States dominates the military power, it has launched a series of demonstration and verification projects using cruise air defense weapons, and a few of them have achieved operational combat capabilities, which could become an important part of the future air defense equipment system and profoundly change the future combat style. This paper has comprehensively analyzed the current development status of foreign cruise air defense weapons and sorted out the key technologies that need to be resolved. It then proposed the future development directions for patrol air defense weapons. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Enlightenment of US Army’s Rapid Acquisitionon the Development of China’s Weapon Equipment System JIN Pengfei, KONG Xiaojun, XIE Chunyan, LIANG Weidong, LAI Yu Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (4): 97-102.   Abstract （393）      PDF（pc） （918KB）（1504）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the U.S.army has vigorously promoted the rapid acquisition of new weapon equipment in order to quickly form a "System Cluster" of weapon equipment form, counter potential opponents, and consolidate its military leading advantage. This paper introduces the new adaptive acquisition framework of defense, fast acquisition approaches and the implementation of related projects, and then judges the situation that fast acquisition can actively adapt to the future battlefield and accelerate the forming of weapon equipment system. Finally, it gives some suggestions for the development of our army's acquisition and weapon equipment system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Simulation Model Generation Technology of Solid Rocket Motor Considering Burning Surface Regression Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 62-67.   Abstract （420）      PDF（pc） （1200KB）（1501）       Knowledge map    Save The grain, the structure, the flow field and the acoustic field are critical to solid rocket motor (SRM) design, where engineers are urging for a typical SRM with high efficiency and could realize the adjustment of the parameters within limits. Aiming at evaluating the quality characteristics of the SRM roughly and getting the multi-physics fields used for process simulation rapidly under the burning regression, utilising the Creo platform, this paper proposed a standard process for the parametric design of a solid rocket motor and tracking the burning regression, applying the concept of top-down modelling and the method of feature modelling respectively. Additionally, this paper has conducted the secondary development of Creo, the function of modifying parameters, regenerating models and exporting files was encapsulated in programs, avoiding the complexity and misoperation of manual operation. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Integrated Air Defense Cooperative Networking Operation Research LAI Wenxing, WANG Chuangwei, GU Cunfeng, ZHANG Qing, XU Yongqin, JIA Jun Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (4): 92-96.   Abstract （744）      PDF（pc） （3289KB）（1452）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the current operational background of the development of air attack system towards the integration of sky, ground, sea, network and electronic, and the expansion of operational airspace to near space, outer space and network electronic space, the paper points out the connotation and core content of the integrated air defense cooperative networking operation, analyzes the current situation at home and aboard, proposes the composition of integrated air defense cooperative networking operation, studies the technical approach of adaptive networking architecture, integrated fire control network, distributed command and control system, operational component, discusses its combat capability, combat style, typical scenario and operational process. The operation technology can provide a useful reference for realizing the cross domain networking operation of interconnection and interoperability between different types defense equipment and establishing the integrated aerospace defense system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Concept of Future Intelligent Kill Web RUAN Kaizhi, SUN Xuean, TONG Yun , LIANG Shuo, XU Tianyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 27-33.   Abstract （709）      PDF（pc） （2786KB）（1446）       Knowledge map    Save The battlefield among great power wars drives the direction of high dynamic and high intensity. A single weapon system or its kill chain is difficult to adapt to future wars. As a new operational concept with high dynamics and high flexibility, the kill web has high self-adaptability, high organization and toughness. Through the extremely fast response speed, the commander can complete the combat groupings and the command control, which significantly enhances the decision-making efficiency. Firstly, this paper conducted research aiming at the combat concept of the kill web. Then, it discussed and analyzed the background of the kill chain, the transition from chain to web, basic concepts, typical cases and key technologies. Finally, utilizing intelligent technology, the paper summarized the concept of a future intelligent kill web. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Thoughts on the Resilience of Equipment System-of-Systems GONG Lin, XU Renjie Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 1-5.   Abstract （735）      PDF（pc） （468KB）（1435）       Knowledge map    Save With the introduction of operational concepts such as distributed warfare and mosaic warfare, operational concepts have dramatically emphasized the characteristics of decentralization, increasing the overall resilience of the system-of-systems. The fundamental theoretical understanding of the resilience of the equipment system-of-systems (ESoS) impacts theoretical and practical research and focuses on the latest research of ESoS. First, this paper has expounded on the understanding of the concept of ESoS resilience. Then, the tenacity behaviour of ESoS was analyzed in advance, during and after the system-of-systems confrontation. Finally, suggestions for improving the resilience of the ESoS and thoughts on the construction of a strong and resilient ESoS were proposed. This paper thus provides a reference for the construction and development of the domestic military's robust and resilient ESoS. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Research on Software-Defined System Technologies ZHANG Tao, ZHANG Long, ZHANG Guoqun, JIA Guifen, SUN Junge Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (2): 1-7.   Abstract （347）      PDF（pc） （756KB）（1412）       Knowledge map    Save Missile weapon equipment is currently characterized by a trend towards technology-intensive, diverse mission specifications, and complex functionalities. Faced with high-speed technological iterations, the conventional approach of independent development using a single specification suffers from disadvantages such as high development costs, low technological reusability, tight coupling of components, and complex system interconnections. This study focuses on the emerging software-defined system technology, providing a summary of critical sub-technologies including open software-defined system architecture, model-driven plus software-defined system development, software-defined system application service management framework, payload rapid access management based on software-defined, and software-defined elastic network. This study also elaborated on the development status and deficiencies of relevant technologies and analyzed the development trend of software-defined system technology in our country, thus providing a reference for breakthroughs in related technological challenges in missile weapon equipment. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Multivariable Preset Performance Control of Hypersonic Variable Sweep Vehicle ZHANG Xiaoyu, LYU Shuo, GOU Xinyi, GU Xiaotong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 95-103.   Abstract （258）      PDF（pc） （1370KB）（1356）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, a controller combining multivariable preset performance and sliding mode was designed for the attitude control of hypersonic variable sweep vehicles. Initially, the strong coupling nonlinear variable sweep vehicle model was created, where the preset performance control flow chart was produced, and the effectiveness of the controller was commissioned. Then, the preset performance function was designed for the attitude angle of the aircraft, and the error was homeomorphically mapped to resolve the constraints in the controller. After that, , the sliding mode controller and error compensator were established according to the converted error. Finally, the effectiveness of the attitude controller in the variable sweep process of the aircraft was verified via simulation; the superiority of the controller was verified by comparison with the sliding mode control; and the robustness of the controller was verified under wind disturbance. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Φ120 Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Flow Field Calibration RONG Zhen, HU Wenjie, QIU Yunlong, ZHANG Yujian, WANG Yizhuang, JIANG Zhongzheng, CHEN Weifang Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (3): 58-64.   Abstract （406）      PDF（pc） （4794KB）（1321）       Knowledge map    Save This paper introduces the design performance parameters, flow field calibration results and standard model force measurements of Φ120 hypersonic wind tunnel of Zhejiang University. This wind tunnel adopts conventional "blow-suck" layout. The diameter of the nozzle outlet is 120 mm; the design operation Mach number is 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0; the total pressure of the incoming flow is 0.2~2.0 MPa; the total temperature of the incoming flow is 400~700 K; and the running time is not less than 10 seconds. The flow field calibration results show that the uniform region diameters of the 5.0/6.0/7.0 nozzles are more than 90mm; the average Mach numbers of the uniform region are 5.07, 6.05 and 6.94; the rms deviations are 0.018, 0.015 and 0.023; and the axial Mach gradients of the uniform region are 0.021, 0.016 and 0.031 respectively. All the above key parameters reach the GJB1179A-2012 qualified indices, and some parameters reach the GJB1179A-2012 advanced indices. The aerodynamic force measurement results of the AGARD HB-2 standard model in the Φ120 hypersonic wind tunnel are consistent with the simulation results of in-house code GRAND and the reference experimental results in GJB4399-2002. In summary, Φ120 hypersonic wind tunnel has a wide range of parameters, which is applicable for hypersonic aerodynamic teaching experiments and advanced scientific research subjects such as hypersonic complex flow mechanism and flow control for heat and drag reduction. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Method for Evaluating the Effect and Accuracy of 3D Reconstruction Based on Infrared Image CHEN Jichi, WEI Guohua, CHAI Juanfang Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 42-50.   Abstract （504）      PDF（pc） （2202KB）（1296）       Knowledge map    Save Since the current 3D reconstruction evaluation indexes are only suitable for the reconstruction of target visible images, they lack attention to the overall accuracy measurement of the model and ignore the local correctness of the model, indicating that they’re not fully applicable to the 3D reconstruction evaluation of infrared images. In this study, a composite index evaluation model was proposed, including indicators such as the key feature integrity of the reconstruction model, the accuracy of camera pose estimation, and the error benchmark distance of 3D reconstruction evaluation. The simulation results show that the proposed reconstruction model evaluation method performs well robustness under different reconstruction qualities and avoids the problem that a single evaluation index cannot characterize the reconstruction accuracy of the infrared reconstruction model effectively. In addition, this proposed model can accurately quantify the reconstruction effect of point cloud and textured models, especially when compared with the existing three-dimensional reconstruction evaluation method, it is much more comprehensive. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on New Aerospace Defense Technologies Inspired by the Threat of Starlink System GU Cunfeng, YANG Yang, YANG Bowen, QIANG Jiajiu, JIA Yuhang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (2): 8-15.   Abstract （482）      PDF（pc） （1781KB）（1287）       Knowledge map    Save As a core technique for the US military's layout of the aerospace battlefield, the Starlink system will likely subvert the current operational model and break the balance of major powers by penetrating reconnaissance, command, striking, assessment, support and other operational links. This paper has reviewed the basic attributes, development status and capability characteristics of the Starlink system, analyzed its future operational application model referring to the Russia-Ukraine conflict cases, evaluated the threat of Starlink under the future aerospace situation, and proposed targeted new aerospace defense technology. It thus provides the references for the construction of aerospace security under the impact of Starlink. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Structural Optimization and Additive Manufacturing on High-Speed Aircraft Structures DING Xiaohong, ZHANG Heng, SHEN Hong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 1-11.   Abstract （579）      PDF（pc） （2578KB）（1236）       Knowledge map    Save Lightweight, high stiffness and high strength structures are the key elements to achieving high speed, long range and strong aircraft manoeuvrability. In recent years, fundamental research and design technology development on innovative design methods, such as structural topology optimization and bionic design, have provided powerful design tools for the design of high-speed aircraft structures. This paper first analyzes the design requirements of high-speed aircraft structures. Then reviews the related research on the integration method of structural topology optimization, bionic design and additive manufacturing at domestic and abroad in recent years from the perspectives of research methods and classification applications. Finally summarizes the main problems in the innovative design methods and applications of aircraft structures, and proposes the key breakthrough technologies in the near future, thus providing a reference for the structural design of the new generation high-speed aircraft. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Multi-UAV Cooperative Target Tracking and Guidance Law Design LUO Tong, ZHANG Min, LIANG Chengyu Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (3): 113-118.   Abstract （415）      PDF（pc） （1091KB）（1226）       Knowledge map    Save The multi-unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have the advantages of strong robustness, high detection accuracy, and high mission efficiency in the cooperative tracking of ground-moving targets, and therefore have significant research impacts. To solve the limitations of sensor information, how to use as little target state information to effectively achieve stable tracking of targets has become one of the critical problems where fixed-wing UAVs shall achieve fixed-range hover tracking. Based on tracking stability, a multi-UAV cooperative guidance law with an equal phase difference between neighbouring aircraft was designed to solve the problem of multi-UAV cooperative target tracking. It was generated by combining the two laws to form a multi-UAV cooperative target tracking and guidance law. Finally, the experimental simulation results of tracking variable-speed moving targets have verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the scheme, which is critical to the cooperative target tracking of multi-UAV. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review on Film Cooling Technology in High Supersonic Flow DAI Siming, XU Ziran, DOU Yibin, MA Haiteng, ZHAO Ruiyi Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 24-30.   Abstract （564）      PDF（pc） （609KB）（1174）    PDF（mobile） （625KB）（6）    Knowledge map    Save Film cooling, characterized by long-lasting duration, high cooling efficiency, and reusability, is considered a highly promising thermal protection technology for spacecraft in Earth-to-orbit missions. In the supersonic flow scenario, the research on film cooling has mainly focused on the configuration of tangential slots. Besides, investigations into the use of film cooling by reverse jet on the blunt nose in high supersonic flow have emerged, with promising results indicating effective thermal protection and drag reduction. Considering coolant properties, molecular weight, specific heat, viscosity, and speed of sound all influence the cooling efficiency, the specific heat playing a significant role requires careful evaluation in scaling studies. In the flow conditions, the blowing ratio, the shock waves, and the boundary layer state also affect the film cooling effectiveness. For tangential film cooling conditions, the presence of impinging shock waves diminishes the cooling efficiency, because these shocks elevate the local adiabatic wall temperature while accelerating the coolant's dissipation. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on the interaction between shock waves and cross-jet film cooling, thus further detailed investigations to explore the underlying principles and mechanisms are necessary. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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An In-Service Mission Reliability Assessment Method of Complex Equipment System LI Shigang, WANG Kunyun, YUAN Ye, ZHU Ge, WANG Xin Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (1): 23-28.   Abstract （295）      PDF（pc） （893KB）（1173）       Knowledge map    Save According to the principle of facing the troops and facing the actual combat, equipment reliability, as one of the important capabilities, is always in the working link of equipment life cycle test and identification. Considering that complex equipment systems usually go through multiple mission profiles after being delivered for use, and the environmental profiles and stress levels between different missions vary greatly, the orderer pays more attention to the mission reliability facing the actual combat conditions during the equipment in-service assessment. This paper presents an in-service evaluation method for the multi-mission reliability of complex equipment systems, taking the failure rate of equipment under different mission profiles as a classification index. When the failure rate under the multi-mission profile is the same, the evaluation model is given by using the principle of truncated test and Gamma distribution; when the failure rate of multi-mission profile is different, the law of large numbers and analytic method are used to model the reliability, and the corresponding evaluation method is given. Finally, an example shows that the method presented in this paper can provide a reasonable and feasible model and method for the in-service assessment of the mission reliability of complex equipment. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Virtual Thermal Test System Based on Simulink and Comsol Co-simulation ZHOU Xingguang, WANG Zhaoxi, LIU Bo, LIANG Di, LIU Shiling, FU Ye Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (2): 84-87.   Abstract （495）      PDF（pc） （564KB）（1162）       Knowledge map    Save A virtual thermal test system was produced using the co-simulation of Simulink and Comsol to realize the complete virtualization of the thermal test. The co-simulation technology enabled the comprehensive simulation analysis of the control system, electric field, and thermal field. The data states of every single observation point can be acquired directly, including the output states information both of the power amplifier and the heater and the thermal states information of the test. The virtual thermal test system has a predictive and guiding role for engineering thermal tests and is capable to simulate the thermal environment beyond the actual existing thermal environment, thus providing a basic tool for the future development of models. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Resin Matrix Composites for Air Defense Missiles CHEN Xue, ZHU Longyu, XUE Qinyang, WANG Kexiang, HAN Zhilin, LUO Chuyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 76-95.   Abstract （180）      PDF（pc） （3146KB）（1119）       Knowledge map    Save Lightweight design is a dominant development trend in advanced air defense missile systems. Resin matrix composites, with the advantages of being lightweight, high strength, high-temperature resistant, corrosion-resistant, and designable, play a key role in promoting the lightweight design of missiles. This paper has reviewed the research progress and current applications of thermoset and thermoplastic composites in air defense missiles. It comprehensively provides an overview of the application progress and development prospects of resin matrix composites in typical missile components, offering insights into the future development of these materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress and Prospect of Radar/Infrared Compound Guidance and Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Technology PANG Bo, LI Yanhong, TIAN Yi, ZHENG Guodong Air & Space Defense    2023, 6 (4): 17-23.   Abstract （370）      PDF（pc） （1489KB）（1115）       Knowledge map    Save The radar/infrared compound hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) simulation is a critical means to the design, development and evaluation of compound precision guidance equipment. In this study, the research status of foreign seekers were introduced initially, and then the development status of radar/infrared compound guide HWIL simulation technology domestically and abroad was given. After that, the characteristics of various compound HWIL simulation systems were analyzed, and finally, the prospect of the composite HWIL simulation technology was proposed. This study thus provides a reference for the construction of the simulation system and the implementation of the simulation test. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Missile Model with Direct Force and Aerodynamic Force Compound Control Technology ZHAO Zhongliang, LI Hao, LAI Jiang, YANG Haiyong, WANG Xiaobing, LI Yuping Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (3): 1-9.   Abstract （550）      PDF（pc） （4676KB）（1064）       Knowledge map    Save The direct force and aerodynamic force compound control technology is proposed for achieving the rapid turning and precise guided strike in high-maneuver tactical missiles. To investigate the coupling interaction problems in the compound control method, both wind tunnel experiments and unsteady numerical simulations are conducted on a typical missile configuration with transverse jet nozzles. Specially, dynamic response to the direct force/aerodynamic force control are carried out experimentally in wind tunnel. The results shows that the rear transverse jets provide beneficial interaction for aerodynamic characteristics. As a consequence of the pitching motion, the upstream separation region is largely affected by the unsteady interaction flow. And the aerodynamic coefficients experience obvious dynamic hysteresis, which is enhanced by the pitching motion rate. The amplification factor of pitch moment is more seriously affected under large angle-of-attack in the pitching motion, which is deviated from the static counterparts and leads to unfavorable impact. The direct force/aerodynamic force compound control is proven to be capable of increasing the pitching-up velocity, and it is a reliable option for rapid turning and precise attitude control. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Brief Analysis on “Asymmetric” Airstrike and Defense System in Israeli-Palestinian Conflict LIU Jie, YUAN Xuejun, PENG Hao, WANG Chuangwei, JIA Jun, WU Kai Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (2): 16-21.   Abstract （401）      PDF（pc） （905KB）（1057）       Knowledge map    Save Since the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in 2023, the “Asymmetric” airstrike weapons represented by rockets and drones have become an important means for Hamas to “resist the strong with the weak”, inflicting more pressure on Israel. At the same time, the Israeli defense system successfully fought against various and multiple “asymmetric” threats in this conflict, demonstrating higher actual combat ability. In this study, the characteristics of “asymmetric” airstrike weapons and features of airstrike operations by Hamas and other “Axis of Resistance” armed forces in this conflict were reviewed and analyzed. Besides, the Israeli defense weapons and features of the “asymmetric” defense system in this conflict were summarized according to public information, thus giving a reference for future military equipment development. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Future Challenges， Current Status， and Development Direction of Anti-Radiation Missiles Future Challenges, Current Status, and Development Direction of Anti-Radiation Missiles Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 38-46.   Abstract （279）      PDF（pc） （8057KB）（1054）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the integrated air defense system has been well developed, and is forming a multi-domain network. The suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) missions in the future will face more complex electromagnetic environments, radar equipment with upgraded capabilities, and various countermeasures. Under this background, this paper summarized the latest development status of major foreign anti-radiation missiles and analyzed the tactical evolution trend of anti-radiation missiles in performing SEAD missions. Based on the above studies, the future development directions of the anti-radiation missile including systematization, intelligent, multi-mission, low-cost, multi-mode composite guidance were prospected, giving useful reference for strengthening the construction of anti-radiation missile equipment and improving the SEAD combat capability. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Target Tracking TANG Shengjing, WANG Taiyan, ZHAO Ganglian, GUO Jie, LI Jiali, YIN Hang（ Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 18-29.   Abstract （641）      PDF（pc） （1875KB）（1047）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing complexity of target-tracking scenarios, single-sensor detection systems cannot satisfy the practical requirements of target tracking. Multi-sensor data fusion technology has thus become an important solution for target tracking in complex scenarios. This paper reviewed the basic principles and research status of two key processes in multi-sensor data fusion: data association and estimating fusion. The relevant research on applying artificial intelligence technologies such as neural networks and reinforcement learning in multi-sensor data fusion was introduced. Finally, the development of multi-sensordata fusion methods in the field of target tracking was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Operational Effectiveness Evaluation Method of Reconnaissance and Strike Integrated UAV Equipment Based on Improved Grey-AHP LUO Jing, ZHANG Yinan Air & Space Defense    2022, 5 (2): 1-7.   Abstract （564）      PDF（pc） （614KB）（1034）       Knowledge map    Save In order to meet the needs of operational effectiveness evaluation of reconnaissance and strike integrated UAV equipment in the evaluation and finalization stage, the operational effectiveness evaluation index system of UAV equipment is constructed, and an improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is put forward to weight the operational effectiveness evaluation index of UAV equipment. Improved grey-AHP model for UAV equipment operational effectiveness evaluation is established. Compared with the traditional one, the method proposed in this paper is easier and weight value calculated is more closed to the real value. The operational effectiveness of UAV equipment of three development schemes are sorted to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of this method. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）