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The Enlightenment for the Development of Anti-UAV Equipment from the Offensive and Defensive Operations of UAVs Between Russian and Ukrainian ZHANG Yaoyi, LI Ning Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 34-39.   Abstract （803）      PDF（pc） （924KB）（2811）       Knowledge map    Save According to the offensive and defensive operations of UAVs （Unmanned Aerial Vehicles） in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the methods of countering new air threats represented by UAVs in the future were studied. By reviewing the overall situation of the UAVs employed by Russia and Ukraine, the methods of using various UAVs to build an integrated reconnaissance and offensive system on both sides were summarized. From the perspective of responding to the UAV threat, this paper elaborated on the overall overview of the anti-UAV equipment employed by both sides and summarized the methods of building an integrated anti-UAV system using various soft and hard killing methods. According to the practical experience of warfare, considering the development of strong hostile UAVs and anti-UAV equipment such as the US military, enlightenment and suggestions for the future development of anti-UAV equipment were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Current Status and Development of Foreign Patrol Air Defense Weapons MEI Zhiwei, YU Huimin, LIU Xiaolei, ZHANG Zilun, LING Li Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 40-45.   Abstract （374）      PDF（pc） （7899KB）（1584）       Knowledge map    Save The traditional cruise missiles have been typically used to carry out ground and sea combat missions. In recent years, under the continuous promotion of military requirements and technology, the application of cruise missiles in air defense operations has developed rapidly. Since the United States dominates the military power, it has launched a series of demonstration and verification projects using cruise air defense weapons, and a few of them have achieved operational combat capabilities, which could become an important part of the future air defense equipment system and profoundly change the future combat style. This paper has comprehensively analyzed the current development status of foreign cruise air defense weapons and sorted out the key technologies that need to be resolved. It then proposed the future development directions for patrol air defense weapons. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Concept of Future Intelligent Kill Web RUAN Kaizhi, SUN Xuean, TONG Yun , LIANG Shuo, XU Tianyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 27-33.   Abstract （709）      PDF（pc） （2786KB）（1446）       Knowledge map    Save The battlefield among great power wars drives the direction of high dynamic and high intensity. A single weapon system or its kill chain is difficult to adapt to future wars. As a new operational concept with high dynamics and high flexibility, the kill web has high self-adaptability, high organization and toughness. Through the extremely fast response speed, the commander can complete the combat groupings and the command control, which significantly enhances the decision-making efficiency. Firstly, this paper conducted research aiming at the combat concept of the kill web. Then, it discussed and analyzed the background of the kill chain, the transition from chain to web, basic concepts, typical cases and key technologies. Finally, utilizing intelligent technology, the paper summarized the concept of a future intelligent kill web. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Resin Matrix Composites for Air Defense Missiles CHEN Xue, ZHU Longyu, XUE Qinyang, WANG Kexiang, HAN Zhilin, LUO Chuyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 76-95.   Abstract （180）      PDF（pc） （3146KB）（1119）       Knowledge map    Save Lightweight design is a dominant development trend in advanced air defense missile systems. Resin matrix composites, with the advantages of being lightweight, high strength, high-temperature resistant, corrosion-resistant, and designable, play a key role in promoting the lightweight design of missiles. This paper has reviewed the research progress and current applications of thermoset and thermoplastic composites in air defense missiles. It comprehensively provides an overview of the application progress and development prospects of resin matrix composites in typical missile components, offering insights into the future development of these materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Future Challenges， Current Status， and Development Direction of Anti-Radiation Missiles Future Challenges, Current Status, and Development Direction of Anti-Radiation Missiles Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 38-46.   Abstract （279）      PDF（pc） （8057KB）（1054）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the integrated air defense system has been well developed, and is forming a multi-domain network. The suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) missions in the future will face more complex electromagnetic environments, radar equipment with upgraded capabilities, and various countermeasures. Under this background, this paper summarized the latest development status of major foreign anti-radiation missiles and analyzed the tactical evolution trend of anti-radiation missiles in performing SEAD missions. Based on the above studies, the future development directions of the anti-radiation missile including systematization, intelligent, multi-mission, low-cost, multi-mode composite guidance were prospected, giving useful reference for strengthening the construction of anti-radiation missile equipment and improving the SEAD combat capability. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Target Tracking TANG Shengjing, WANG Taiyan, ZHAO Ganglian, GUO Jie, LI Jiali, YIN Hang（ Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 18-29.   Abstract （641）      PDF（pc） （1875KB）（1047）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing complexity of target-tracking scenarios, single-sensor detection systems cannot satisfy the practical requirements of target tracking. Multi-sensor data fusion technology has thus become an important solution for target tracking in complex scenarios. This paper reviewed the basic principles and research status of two key processes in multi-sensor data fusion: data association and estimating fusion. The relevant research on applying artificial intelligence technologies such as neural networks and reinforcement learning in multi-sensor data fusion was introduced. Finally, the development of multi-sensordata fusion methods in the field of target tracking was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress Review and Technical Conception on the Digital Mission Engineering Research for Kill-Chain System-of-Systems WANG Weiping, CHEN Lu, WANG Junmin, LI Xiaobo, ZHU Zhi Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 8-17.   Abstract （336）      PDF（pc） （1355KB）（924）       Knowledge map    Save Digital mission engineering (DME) is an advanced approach in the digital era. Based on the long-term research accumulations in Unmanned intelligent system-of-systems (SoS) design optimization, weaponry SoS modeling and simulation and digital decision engineering for strategic management, this paper has studied and explored the origin and progress of foreign military DME research, fusingwith recent domestic research practices in SoS engineering and SoS simulations. Finally, a technical conception of DME research methodsfor kill chain SoS from two aspects was proposed: overall requirement architecture and simulation deduction technology. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the Influence of Combustor Configuration on Combustion Characteristics of Solid Rocket Scramjet ZHAO Libei, XIA Zhixun, MA Likun, CHEN Binbin, FENG Yunchao, YANG Pengnian, LI Chaolong, LIU Yandong Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 54-63.   Abstract （147）      PDF（pc） （3153KB）（914）       Knowledge map    Save To improve the combustion performance of solid rocket scramjet and understand the effect of combustor design parameters on combustion mode and performance, this study has analyzed the impact of the minimum geometric throat of combustor and the distance between the front edge of cavity and fuel injector port on the flow and gas-solid two-phase combustion characteristics in the combustor using numerical simulation. The results show that the minimum geometric throat of the combustor affects the position of the thermal throat by changing the degree of obstruction in the combustor. With the increasing distance between the front edge of the cavity and the fuel injector port, the resulting low-speed zone presents a stronger blocking effect on the air flow, thus increasing the retention time of the particulate phase fuel and improving the combustion efficiency. The combustion efficiency of particulate phase fuel is the key factor that dominates the overall combustion efficiency, and affects the improvement of the combustor performance and the modification of combustion mode. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development Status and Trend of Countermeasure Technology of Airborne Active Protection System BI Peng, CHEN Yongpeng, ZHU Wensheng, ZHANG Chaofei, YUAN Dazhong, LYU Ruiheng Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 67-72.   Abstract （192）      PDF（pc） （4097KB）（908）       Knowledge map    Save In the current battlefield, the establishment of the airborne terminal active protection system is a practical way to improve the survivability of military aircraft. Acting as the final action link of the strike chain, the damage unit’s effectiveness dominates the operation efficiency of the active protection system. Considering the antagonistic principle of the airborne active protection system, this paper reviewed the development status of the airborne active protection system, proposed a general design concept of building the integrated active protection system with soft and hard cooperation, and offered ideas and suggestions for developing active protection system countermeasure technology from the perspective of soft and hard damages. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Development and Combat System of Air Defense Suppression Equipment XIONG Jian, ZHANG Shunjia, WANG Shichao, KANG Zhenliang, ZHENG Xinyi Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 73-80.   Abstract （269）      PDF（pc） （2837KB）（905）       Knowledge map    Save The modern air battlefield environment is increasingly showing high complexity and high confrontation, and the importance of air defense suppression operations in air control cannot be overstated. Firstly, this paper has reviewed the composition of equipment in U.S. and Russian advanced air defense systems. Based on the Observe-Orient-Decide-Act ring theory, the US military air defense suppression is decomposed and analyzed. Then, the advanced air defense suppression weapons such as anti-radiation missiles, anti-radiation UAVs and electronic warfare aircraft were elaborated. The typical combat styles and tactics were summarized by referring to the combat cases of air defense suppression in modern wars. Finally, focusing on the technical difficulties faced by air defense suppression weapons and the development trends of combat strategies, development suggestions were proposed in the aspects of weapon platform development, collaborative networking technology, and systematic operations. This study presents significant reference in the construction of China’s air defense suppression combat system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development Dynamics and Trends of Typical Airborne Missiles in the United States and Russia in 2023 LI Yong, ZHANG Shunjia, ZHU Yuhu, KONG Xiaojun, DU Zehong Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 30-37.   Abstract （280）      PDF（pc） （5830KB）（781）       Knowledge map    Save In 2023, the global development of airborne missiles was accelerating. This paper summarized and analyzed the major events in the field of airborne missiles in the United States and Russia, including air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles, hypersonic missiles and anti-radiation missiles. The United States and Russia kept improving and upgrading their air-to-air missiles and accelerating the development of new types of air-to-air missiles. The MUTANT missile project has attracted wide spread attention. The United States has developed a series of air-to-surface missiles and continued to expand its mounting platforms. The F-35 will integrate AGM-158C. Russia is promoting the practical application of airborne hypersonic weapons, and the Kinzhal missile has achieved remarkable results in the Russia-Ukraine War. Meanwhile, the United States is accelerating the development of new anti-radiation capabilities. The AGM-88G has completed multiple flight tests and will be equipped with combat aircraft such as P-8A and F-35. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Development of Anti-Drone Technology for Surface Ships WANG Leting, HUANG Junsong, MA Shihao, ZHANG Chenlu, DAI Jie Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 121-126.   Abstract （338）      PDF（pc） （5846KB）（695）       Knowledge map    Save The current main air threats faced by surface ships are various subsonic and supersonic anti-ship missiles. However, with the rapid development and mass use of UAVs, UAVs and the precision-guided weapons they carry are gradually becoming a new critical threat to surface ships. Existing ship-based air defense systems have a low cost-effectiveness ratio in intercepting UAVs and poor combat effectiveness. Thus, it’s of great practical significance to provide surface ships with low-cost and high-efficiency UAV countermeasures. This paper summarized the classification of existing UAVs equipment and analyzed the potential UAV threats faced by surface ships. After studying the combat capabilities and application characteristics of current main anti-UAV equipment, combing with the current typical patterns of UAV combat and the air defense combat capabilities of surface ships, the paper discussed the future development trend of surface ships' anti-UAV technology including complex target detection, diversification of the interception means, the integration of fire control systems, modularization of weapons, and minimization of equipment costs. Besides, the key technologies of ship-based anti-UAV equipment were investigated, providing a reference for ship-based anti-UAV equipment development. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design for Combat Deduction System of Maritime Air and Missile Defense based on Hybrid Advancing Mechanism XU Wenteng, LIU Lei, LIU Mengjue Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 111-116.   Abstract （200）      PDF（pc） （1682KB）（644）       Knowledge map    Save The hybrid advancing mechanism mixes logical and real-time advancing mechanisms. Logical advancing mechanisms can increase simulation efficiency, and real-time advancing mechanisms can increase simulation fidelity. The hybrid advancing mechanism combines the benefits of both the logical and real-time advancing mechanisms. In this study, the layered design pattern was employed to evaluate and deduct maritime anti-air weapon system-of-system. Emulating the integration of LVC, the architecture of the combat deduction system of maritime air and missile defense was designed. The function design and the interaction design of the system were completed. Real weapons and simulators were applied to expand the capability of the combat deduction system. The results show that the proposed system can veritably reflect the influence on the war of operational personnel quality and key weapons and improve combat deduction of high confidence coefficient. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preparation and Electromagnetic Properties of ZIF-67 Derived Carbon Spheres Loaded on Graphene LIU Zhenglin, ZHA Borui, WEI Bo, ZHOU Jintang, TAO Jiaqi, CHENG Zhenyu, LIU Jun, WU Fan Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 120-127.   Abstract （156）      PDF（pc） （2413KB）（558）       Knowledge map    Save With the arrival of the 5G era, electromagnetic pollution has also become a new public concern, which has already received extensive attention from the social and scientific communities. Thus, it’s significant to develop materials with efficient microwave absorption properties. In this paper, a simple preparation method was used to uniformly load spherical ZIF-67 on graphene nanosheets, and a novel electromagnetic wave absorbing material consisting of twodimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) materials was achieved after high-temperature annealing (spherical ZIF-67 derived carbon spheres loaded on graphene, Co@C/GNs ). Conductivity loss, natural resonance and exchange resonance in the low and middle-frequency bands, as well as polarization loss and eddy current loss in the high-frequency band, can together enhance the effective absorption of electromagnetic waves. Among them, wave absorbers with 5% graphene by mass of ZIF-67 have the best wave absorbing performance, with the minimum reflection loss value of − 31.66 dB at a matching thickness of 2.5 mm and the effective bandwidth up to 5.56 GHz at a matching thickness of 1.5 mm. This work provides an alternative option for the preparation of electromagnetic absorbing composites. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current Development Status and Practice Dimensions of Model-Based Systems Engineering GU Zhichao, TAO Zhenji, FENG Nanhao, JIANG Haibo, CAI Binni Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 28-35.   Abstract （201）      PDF（pc） （1166KB）（553）       Knowledge map    Save The inconsistencies and inadequacies of traceability in conventional systems engineering facing complexity have prompted the search for alternative methodologies. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has been proposed as a promising solution, gaining widespread recognition in academia and industry. Leveraging mathematical models and graphical representations, MBSE supports a systematic unified description and analysis, shifting the paradigm from document-driven to model-driven. This approach enhances traceability, testability, and verifiability. This paper has comprehensively analysed MBSE practices from four perspectives: time, logic, knowledge, and organization, thus empowering engineers to better understand and apply MBSE in real-world engineering projects. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Development of High-Performance Magnesium Alloys for Aerospace Applications SU Yang, HAO Liang, LI Yangxin, ZENG Xiaoqin Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 1-11.   Abstract （408）      PDF（pc） （2081KB）（528）       Knowledge map    Save Magnesium alloys, currently recognized as the lightest structural metallic material in practical engineering applications, have broad prospects for application in the aerospace field, where lightweight demands are increasing. However, the three major bottleneck issues, “relatively low absolute strength”, “ weak deformation capacity”, and “insufficient corrosion resistance”, greatly limit the application scope of traditional magnesium alloys. Based on a review of the latest application status of magnesium alloys in the aerospace field, this paper has elaborated on the research progress of high-strength, tough, and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys and prospected the development trends of high-performance magnesium alloys in future aerospace applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Energy Optimization Research on Double-Pulse Solid Rocket Motor in Antiaircraft Missile CHEN Keyu, JIA Shiwei, GU Jiayao, ZHENG Tianyu, CHEN Hao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 64-71.   Abstract （282）      PDF（pc） （1904KB）（503）       Knowledge map    Save To resolve the problem of low terminal velocity of high and long-range ballistic missiles, combiningthe application of a double-pulse solid rocket motor in air defense missiles, this study analyzed the influence of thrust of the solid rocket motor and ignition interval of the two-stage engine on the terminal velocity of a high and long-range ballistic missile. Focusing on maximizing the terminal velocity of air defense missiles on highand long-rangetrajectories, the thrust and ignition interval of the double-pulse solid rocket motor were optimized using the improved Classified Chemical Reaction Optimization (CCRO) algorithms established in this study. Finally, the optimal energy distribution scheme for the motorenhancing the missile’s terminal velocity was achieved. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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U.S. Army NIFC-CA Kill Chain System Simulation Design and Evaluation JIANG Ruiqi, XU Jinlong, NI Hanqi, SHI Xingyu, ZHANG Wei, HE Zishu Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 82-89.   Abstract （350）      PDF（pc） （1074KB）（494）       Knowledge map    Save Given the problems of the difficulty in multi-platform kill chain simulation, unclear kill assessment indexes, and the lack of close integration with the actual scenarios, the practical implementation of the kill chain in combat situation simulations was studied using the U.S. Army's NIFC-CA kill chain. Firstly, the characteristic information of target nodes was designed, and customized reconnaissance node effectiveness evaluation indexes were designed for E-2D AWACS, F-35 fighter jets and Aegis ship platforms in the NIFC-CA kill chain. It associated the NIFC-CA kill chain with the reconnaissance nodes and also connected the reconnaissance node effectiveness evaluation indexes with the target node information, and evaluated the level of the reconnaissance node's effectiveness in the detection of different targets. Secondly, the influence nodes were introduced to characterize the interference of the reconnaissance node in the combat scenario and the anti-interference effectiveness level of the reconnaissance node itself. Then, the target node, influence node, and reconnaissance node were correlated using a state transfer matrix, and the reconnaissance node, command node, and strike node were correlated using dependency analysis of the Functional Dependency Network Analysis (FDNA), giving the quantitative value of the overall killing capability of different killing chains. Finally, the simulation design of the kill chain model was carried out in the form of an adjacency table. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Maneuvering Trajectory Design for Hypersonic Gliding Vehicles Based on Analytical Solutions LIU Zhengzhuo, WANG Wei, ZHANG Bo, HE Xiang, YAN Jie Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 102-110.   Abstract （158）      PDF（pc） （2129KB）（484）       Knowledge map    Save This study delves into the design methodology for typical maneuvering trajectories to enhance the maneuver penetration capability of hypersonic glide vehicles. Firstly, a high-precision altitude-velocity analytical solution was derived and used as the foundation for longitudinal trajectory designing. Secondly, based on the altitude and crossrange analytical solutions, longitudinal and lateral maneuver modes were devised to execute longitudinal skip and lateral weaving maneuvers. The effects of these modes on the vehicle's overload were analyzed, providing a basis for the choice of maneuver mode in the practical penetration. By meticulously designing the amplitude, frequency, and phase of trajectories in both longitudinal and lateral maneuver modes, spatial spiral and pendulum maneuvers were acquired. Finally, the effectiveness of the maneuver trajectory design method was simulated and verified, presenting high accuracy and meeting penetration requirements. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Accurate Modeling of Infrared Spectral Radiation Characteristics of Rocket Engine Plume During Boost Phase WANG Biao, BAI Lu, LI Jinlu, GUO Xing, WU Jiaji Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 46-53.   Abstract （185）      PDF（pc） （2678KB）（467）       Knowledge map    Save An improved statistical narrow band (I-SNB) model was proposed in this study to calculate the infrared radiation characteristics of the rocket engine plumes. This model can discretize the spectral lines within a narrow band in a non-uniform mode, thus the discretized spectral lines perform similar behaviour when temperature and concentration change simultaneously to adapt to the highly non-uniform plume flow field. The modelling accuracy of the I-SNB model has been evaluated using FTIR reference measurement spectral data and line-by-line (LBL) benchmark solutions, and the results show that the accuracy is significantly better than that from the traditional statistical narrow-band ( SNB) model. Based on the American Atlas 5 launch vehicle configuration and combining the rocket flight ballistic parameters in the boost stage, the infrared spectral radiation characteristics of rocket engine plumes in the boost stage were studied. The calculated band range was respectively from 2.0 to 5.0 μm and 8.0 to 12.0 μm. The calculated spectral radiation characteristics included spectral radiation intensity, characteristic band radiation image and integrated radiation intensity. This study provides the oretical support for space-based infrared early warning system for booster phase interception. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress in Power Materials and Technology for Aerospace SHANG Yanxin, QU Wenjie, REN Xuening, LU Hongbo, DU Wei, LI Li, WU Feng, CHEN Renjie Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 12-28.   Abstract （242）      PDF（pc） （4146KB）（467）       Knowledge map    Save The aerospace power subsystem, known as its “energy heart”, is responsible for key tasks such as efficient storage and accurate conversion of electrical energy. Its operational stability affects the smooth operation and overall effectiveness of each subsystem of the spacecraft. The increasing complexity of space missions and the intensification of extreme space environments have led to the need for continuous technological innovation and performance upgrades of power systems. Based on this, in this study, the materials and technologies development trends of solar cells, chemical batteries and other devices were reviewed domestically and abroad from the perspective of extreme environments, including radiation, alternating temperatures and high vacuum. Besides, the key challenges of power devices in the extreme aerospace environment were analyzed, and the potential aerospace mission application prospects were envisioned. This review provides a reference and inspiration for promoting the research and development of advanced aerospace power materials. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Overall Performance Analysis of Combined Cycle Based on Turbine Augmented for Wide-Range Aviation Platforms HE Guoqiang, QIN Fei, WEI Xianggeng, ZHANG Duo, YU Xuanfei, WEI Liming Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 7-17.   Abstract （197）      PDF（pc） （3492KB）（448）       Knowledge map    Save According to the power requirements of wide-ranged aviation platforms, a new turbine-augmented combined cycle engine which balances acceleration and fuel economy was proposed in this study. The feasibility of achieving high acceleration and high specific impulse performance using a series connected configuration was initially clarified concerning both engine components and working principles. Firstly, wide-ranged performance of turbine-augmented mode and ramjet mode was assessed using the self-developed performance evaluation model. After that, three-dimensional simulations of typical flight conditions were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the self-developed model. Then, based on the calculations, the engine fueled by liquid oxygen (LO2) and liquid methane (LCH4) reached a specific impulse of approximately 800~1 000 s with a maximum specific thrust of 145 s when working with Mach 0 to 3. Besides, when working at ramjet mode with an equivalence ratio of 1.0, a specific impulse of more than 1 300 s was reached in a Ma4 flight condition and more than 1 000 s in Ma6. Secondly, a preliminary demonstration of the two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) Astro vehicle based on the turbine-augmented combined cycle engine was carried out. The results have shown the previously mentioned engine can manage high-efficiency reusable space transportation missions with its outstanding wide-ranged acceleration performance. The combined cycle engine was also applicable in the propulsion system for wide-range airborne unmanned platforms covering subsonic to hypersonic speeds, enabling autonomous acceleration and ultra-high-speed cruise. Finally, critical technologies for engine manufacturing were sorted out and summarized. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Theoretical Foundations and Practical Implementations of Digital Engineering for Equipment GUAN Xinping, ZHANG Zhijun, JIANG Haibo, ZHANG Ting, GU Zhichao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 1-7.   Abstract （259）      PDF（pc） （1079KB）（445）       Knowledge map    Save In the era of global digitization, how to improve efficiency and reduce costs in the practice of high-end complex equipment systems engineering is critical. This study proposed that the essence of digital engineering practice was an extension of the application of systems engineering in the whole life cycle of the system and the digital engineering practice could improve the efficiency, research, development, procurement, operation, and maintenance of the complex system, and reduce the costs. Based on the practical application of the U.S. Army, this paper organized a digital engineering practice methodology using one core, driven by three types of practices and guided by four steps. The digital engineering practice method outlined the collection of practices at each stage of the equipment life cycle, dominating the system development from the model-based system demonstration, requirements analysis, prototype design and even equipment operation and maintenance. The all-round and whole-process management of the complex system was realized. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Construction of Kill Chain in Beyond-Visual-Range Air Combat Confrontation HOU Kaiyu, ZHAO Qian, ZHONG Yongjian, WU Xinyun Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 1-6.   Abstract （377）      PDF（pc） （1175KB）（438）       Knowledge map    Save With the accelerated development of intelligence, networking and other technologies, the evolution of systematic warfare is accelerating. The traditional kill chain starts gradually shifting from fixed to dynamic, from single to multi-source, and from preset to autonomous. The closure mode of the chain is more flexible, while the robustness and practical combat are enhanced to cope with the future complex adversarial environments, thus effectively expanding the range of killing and improving combat effectiveness. This article has reviewed the theory of the kill chain and analyzed the technological development of the U.S. military’s kill chain. Considering the demand for confrontation, it proposed the concept and key technical characteristics of the kill chain in beyond-visual-range air combat. From the perspective of OODA(Observe, Orient, Decide and Act), it determined the key technologies needed by the construction of the kill chain, providing a reference for the application of beyond-visual-range air combat under future system conditions. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Air Defence and Anti-Missile Interception Decision-Making Study Based on Deep Learning CUI Shan, PAN Junyang, WANG Wei, GUO Ye, XU Jiangtao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 54-64.   Abstract （316）      PDF（pc） （1598KB）（428）       Knowledge map    Save In the scenario of complex naval escort missions, the current tactical decision support functions of anti-aircraft missile defense systems face issues such as high dependency on enemy models, poor accuracy in interception decisions, inability to effectively utilize historical battlefield data, and simplistic research objects. To resolve the above problems, a deep learning-based anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model was proposed in this study. Firstly, a battlefield simulation platform was established to model the combat units accordingly. Then, an anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model was designed using Long Short Term Memory neural networks. After that, a pre-battle model was trained using simulated data acquired from a constant proportional guidance particle model. Finally, the pre-battle model was transferred to the battlefield model and fine-tuned with real-time data enhanced with actual battlefield data through small-sample online training. Experiment results show that the proposed anti-missile interception intelligent decision-making model can effectively reduce dependency on enemy models and improve the accuracy of air defense missile decision-making. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Adaptive Trajectory Prediction Method Based on Improved Attention Mechanism HUANG Quanyin, CAI Yichao, LI Hao, TANG Xiao, WANG Chenyang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 94-101.   Abstract （157）      PDF（pc） （2018KB）（413）       Knowledge map    Save The existing recurrent neural networks are subject to training overfitting, low prediction accuracy, poor generalization ability, and weak adaptability in solving target trajectory prediction. A target trajectory prediction method using an improved attention mechanism and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) was proposed, which could automatically terminate the network training process through an early stopping method to prevent overfitting during training. It saved the optimal network parameters during network training through the model checkpoint function. By introducing an attention mechanism into the GRU network and assigning different weights to trajectory features to focus on key trajectory information, the predictive performance of the network was optimized Finally, simulation experiments results show that the proposed method effectively improves the prediction accuracy, generalization, and adaptability of recurrent neural networks. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the Factors Influencing the Modal Characteristics of Combustion Chamber Sound Cavity FAN Bochao, ZHANG Gang, QI Jianglong, DU Yunxiang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 72-78.   Abstract （106）      PDF（pc） （5538KB）（404）       Knowledge map    Save To study the unstable combustion performance of solid rocket motors, this paper utilized both experimental testing and numerical simulation to explore the influence of the side pipe's position and length on the chamber's acoustic mode. The differences in the acoustic mode under different experimental boundaries were compared, and the influence of airflow velocity and temperature on the acoustic mode characteristics of the combustion chamber was analyzed. Results show that when the side branch pipeline collapses inward and the length of the side branch pipeline decreases, the modal frequency value gradually increases; when the opening area increases, the acoustic modal frequency value increases. The acoustic modal results of the pipeline-connected state are close to those of the single-end open state; When the flow velocity increases, the modal values of each order of the sound cavity gradually decrease; when the temperature increases, the modal values of each order of the cavity gradually increase. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Formation Flight Control Methods for Unmanned Autonomous Air Combat LIU Yuanyuan, ZHOU Leimei, LI Hao, GAO Ziyi Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 47-58.   Abstract （268）      PDF（pc） （5524KB）（385）       Knowledge map    Save The application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms in both civilian and military fields has received significant attention in recent years, and one of the key issues is the formation flight control. This study reviewed the relevant literature. First, three ways of organizing UAV formation computation and communication structures were introduced, respectively, centralized, distributed, and hybrid schemes. Then, commonly used formation flight control approaches were introduced respectively the leader-follower approach, virtual structure approach, behavior-based approach, and artificial potential field approach. Besides, these approaches were dissected and compared from different perspectives, including formation generation, formation keeping, obstacle avoidance, achievability, robustness, and computing and communication resources requirements, thus providing a convenient reference for interested readers. Finally, key difficult problems and feasible future research directions were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Development of High-Temperature Titanium Alloys for Hypersonic Aircraft CHEN Zhiyong Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 38-45.   Abstract （227）      PDF（pc） （1510KB）（347）       Knowledge map    Save High-temperature titanium alloys allow broad application prospects in hypersonic aircraft. They have ideal lightweight and heat-resistant metallic materials, enhancing the performance and reliability of hypersonic aircraft in extreme flight environments, thus achieving higher speeds and longer flight distances. Considering the services of thermal structures in China’s hypersonic aircraft, starting from the characteristics of high-temperature titanium alloys, this paper has reviewed the latest development status of high-temperature titanium alloys domestically and abroad. It focused on introducing China’s independent research, development and application of 550-650 °C high-temperature titanium alloys. To achieve higher operating temperature requirements, the research and development of a new 700-750 °C high-temperature titanium alloy Ti750S was proposed, and the respective application directions and prospects of high-temperature titanium alloys for future hypersonic aircraft were prospected. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and Prospect of Lightweight Technology for Anti-Aircraft Missile Structures XU Bin, HAO Yuchen, YANG Haiyang, LIU Guang, XU Quan, LI Yulin, LIN Nan, HUA Zhou Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 1-13.   Abstract （524）      PDF（pc） （12944KB）（308）       Knowledge map    Save Structural lightweight is a critical technology to improve endurance time and maneuvering performance for the anti-aircraft missile, which is of great significance for the future development of defense equipment. The structure and service environment of the anti-aircraft missile were analyzed in this study. Then, the progress of theory and application of structural optimization methods including size optimization, shape optimization and topology optimization were also studied. The applications of high performance lightweight materials such as metallic material, polymer matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites and metal matrix composites in missiles were reviewed. Finally, advanced manufacturing technologies including near net shape forming technology, additive manufacturing technology, and composite material molding technology were introduced. This paper presents the current challenges faced by the lightweight technology of anti-aircraft missiles, and the trends of research in the future are explained. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Lightweight Resin-Based Thermal Protection Materials LI Liang, REN Zhiyi, WANG Peng, LUO Yi, SU Zhe, CAI Hongxiang, TIAN Hao, NIU Bo, LONG Donghui Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 58-75.   Abstract （248）      PDF（pc） （5237KB）（294）       Knowledge map    Save Thermal protection systems are significantly important in modern aerospace engineering. When the new generation of vehicles evolves towards higher Mach flight speeds, there is an increasing demand for thermal protection systems that could combine high-temperature resistance, lightweight construction, and integrated thermal protection and insulation. This paper has reviewed the research progress on lightweight resin-based thermal protection materials domestically and internationally and analyzed their development trends in enhanced oxidation resistance, nanoporous structures, and gradient designs. Besides, this study has introduced the thermal protection and insulation mechanisms as well as the mechanical failure mechanisms of nanoporous resin-based materials, thus providing valuable insights for effective design and fabrication. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Collaborative Optimization Decision Algorithm for Multi-Missile Clusters XIONG Jingyi, HU Weijun, YIN Wei, ZHANG Weijie, YANTao Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 86-93.   Abstract （201）      PDF（pc） （1450KB）（288）       Knowledge map    Save Taking cluster-to-sea combat as the application background, this article focuses on the spatiotemporal configuration and target allocation decision-making problems of multi-missile and multi-spatial dispersion. It established a missile active perception collaborative detection model in typical collaborative scenarios of multiple missiles and designed models and corresponding algorithms for missile cooperative detection and collaborative attacks. Initially, a three-degree-freedom model for missiles and a two-degree-freedom model for ships, an evaluation model for missile flight capability, an evaluation model for missile penetration probability, and a missile threat evaluation model were established, thus allowing the accurate measurements of changes in missile detection and strike capabilities. Then, this study designed an active perception collaborative detection model and collaborative attack model for missiles under incomplete information conditions, maximizing the benefits of missile collaborative operations and maximizing the destruction of enemy forces. After that, to address the problems of target allocation and missile formation configuration in missile coordinated strike, a particle swarm optimization algorithm incorporating a genetic algorithms (GAPSO) was introduced and compared with the traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms, which allows a multi- dimensional consideration of battlefield situation information and integrated detection and attack of enemy targets. Finally, this article simulated the established combat model and obtained algorithm simulation graphs and statistical data from multiple simulations of the algorithm. Compared with other algorithms, this algorithm has obvious advantages, thus significantly improving the intelligent confrontation level and penetration strike ability of missiles. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Reflection on the Utilization of Firepower in Future Air Combat for Aircraft-Missile Integration LI Xiaodong, ZHU Yuhu, JIN Pengfei, KONG Xiaojun, WU Xinyun Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 59-66.   Abstract （206）      PDF（pc） （4297KB）（266）       Knowledge map    Save The future air combat will have new features such as “intelligence, unmanned, autonomy, distribution, and collaboration”. Under the support of the system and network, the combination of long-term hovering and firepower strikes will be flexible, presenting a trend of deep integration of aircraft and missiles. The existing strike chain and firepower utilization will be significantly revolutionized. This study first reviewed the development overview of aircraft-missile integration technology in the United States, proposed the concept of aircraft-missile integration firepower reconstruction, and then described the new utilization methods of aircraft-missile integration in various stages of OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) through typical scenarios involving long-range denial, medium-range air combat, active aircraft protection and aircraft-missile integration air patrol. Finally, several prospects for the development of aircraft-missile integration were presented. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preparation of High Temperature Resistant Silicone Resin Coating for Temperature Indication LUO Yanmei, LIU Jiangfeng, DOU Yibin, WANG Wenfang, LIU Luguang, XU Bin, ZHONG Zhengxiang Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (3): 79-85.   Abstract （141）      PDF（pc） （4847KB）（253）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the rapid development of China's aerospace industry has driven higher requirements for the temperature and distribution test of engine turbines, combustion chambers and other high temperature components, attracting widespread attention to thermo chromic paints. To address the temperature measurement challenges of high-temperature components such as aero-engine, it is necessary to further improve the upper limit of color change temperature and color display performance of temperature indicator paint. In this study, TEOS hybrid methylphenyl silicone resin (SR) was prepared by TEOS, diphenyl dimethoxy silane (DMDPS) and trimethylxy silane (TMPS). The flexibility of the resin was increased by adjusting the ratio of TEOS to DMDPS. A hybrid silicone resin with both toughness and high temperature resistance was produced by modifying the toughened SR with heptaisobutyl trisilane hydroxyl POSS that can cure at room temperature, retaining 82% of its weight at 500 ℃ . Pigments such as new carmine, tungsten trioxide, chromium trioxide, iron oxide, aluminum silicate were selected, along with zirconium powder and boron trioxide as high temperature fillers, and anhydrous ethanol as solvent. These were mixed and ground with the prepared high-temperature resistant silicone resin to produce a high temperature indicating paint. The effect and mechanism of color display at 400, 500, 800, 900, 1 000, 1 150 and 1 300 ℃ were analyzed. The results show that the paint achieves excellent properties in technology, high temperature resistance and color display performance, and can be used to measure the temperature of high temperature parts. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Review of Equivalent Model-Based State of Charge Estimation Algorithms of Lithium-Ion Battery TANG Diyin, WANG Yufu, ZHENG Wenjian, HUANG Xucong, XING Yalan Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 104-111.   Abstract （120）      PDF（pc） （1086KB）（250）       Knowledge map    Save Due to their high energy density and long life, Lithium-ion batteries are widely applied in fields such as aerospace and smart driving. Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of a battery is critical. In recent years, SOC estimation methods based on battery equivalent models have been widely used because oftheir advantages of accurate estimation and easy understanding. This paper has elaborated on the classification of battery equivalent models, SOC estimation algorithms, and factors affecting SOC estimation from three aspects. Firstly, the common types of battery models and their characteristics were analyzed; secondly, the commonly used SOC estimation techniques based on battery models were reviewed; finally, the factors affecting the accuracy of SOC estimation and possible solutions were analyzed. The summary of this paper provides references for future research. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Advanced of High Modulus and Ductile CNT/Al Composites LI Zhiqiang, XU Bin, LIN Nan, WANG Yichong, FAN Genlian, TAN Zhanqiu, ZHANG Di Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (6): 29-37.   Abstract （163）      PDF（pc） （2305KB）（217）       Knowledge map    Save Carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminium matrix composite (CNT/Al) is an innovative lightweight structural material for aerospace and weapons equipment. Great progress has been made in its preparation and application technology in recent years. This paper has summarized the preparation technologies of CNT/Al composite and their engineering bottleneck. The preparation technology suitable for industrial production that combined flake powder metallurgy with the element alloying method was highlighted. The mechanical properties and the damping capacity at room temperature and high temperature for the large-size CNT/2A12Al composite were introduced. The strengthening and toughening mechanism and the strategies to simultaneously enhance strength and ductility were reviewed, such as CNT intragranular dispersion architecture and heterogeneous grain size architecture. The deformation processing, application technology of large-size CNT/Al composites, and the application prospect and future research focus were also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Efficiency Evaluation of Airborne Fire-Control Radar in Complex Electromagnetic Environment NI Hanqi, WANG Wei, JIANG Ruiqi, ZHANG Wei, HE Zishu Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 73-81.   Abstract （143）      PDF（pc） （801KB）（217）       Knowledge map    Save Facing the rapid development of electronic warfare, in order to solve the problem of how to quickly obtain the battlefield situation,the effectiveness evaluation of airborne fire-control radar systems in complex electromagnetic environments was proposed in this paper. Based on the analysis of mission requirements and targets for airborne fire-control radars in actual combat scenarios, this study has decomposed their various capabilities and indicators, constructed an evaluation index system framework for airborne fire-control radar effectivenessin complex electromagnetic environments, and focused on analyzing effective evaluation indicators for clutter suppression and anti-jamming capabilities, along with detailed designs for their quantification methods. In experimental simulations, the study utilizedthe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to acquire the weights of evaluation indicators and employed comprehensive evaluation methods to calculate the valuesof various capabilities, which verified the practicality and effectiveness of the model. This study provides support for relevant decision-making regarding airborne fire-control radars in operational environments. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Validation Method for Missile Motion Simulation Model GAO Yu, JIANG Zhenyu Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 103-109.   Abstract （129）      PDF（pc） （680KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Save Verifying missile motion simulation models using flight test data is an effective way to create simulation models. This paper systematically introduced a verification method which combined qualitative analysis using dynamic performance consistency checking and quantitative analysis using static performance consistency checking. Based on the above, verification indicators and reliability calculation methods for missile motion simulation models were confirmed. The results show that although flight test samples are limited, as long as the methods are appropriate, reliable validation results have been obtained. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Flight Path Planning Under Complex Environmental Constraints LI Xu, DONG Wei, DU Zehong Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (4): 99-105.   Abstract （247）      PDF（pc） （4908KB）（199）       Knowledge map    Save With battlefields becoming more complex, timely and accurate information acquisition is crucial for decision-making. Traditional unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) reconnaissance path planning methods can no longer adapt to dynamic and complex environments effectively. This study proposed a reconnaissance path planning technique for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using the optimization of Bézier curves, which can accurately construct flight paths adapted to complex environments by utilizing the flexibility and geometric properties of Bézier curves and combining with the secondary optimization algorithm. The execution efficiency and safety of this path-planning technique were verified in actual flight tests conducted in a simulated battlefield environment. Comparative experiment results show that the proposed technique significantly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of UAV reconnaissance, allowing rapid decision-making and action in battlefields, proving its feasibility and effectiveness in practical applications. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Digital Prototype Technology of Solid Rocket Divert and Attitude Control Motor ZHANG Weihua, WANG Donghui, ZHOU Zhitan, LI Yiqing Air & Space Defense    2024, 7 (5): 18-27.   Abstract （185）      PDF（pc） （1667KB）（160）       Knowledge map    Save Focus on the digital research and development needs of the solid attitude orbit control engine, the application of digital prototype technology in the solid attitude orbit control engine needs to be improved. In this study, the geometric modelling method of a solid attitude orbit control engine utilizing knowledge rules was constructed. The high-precision simulation model of the internal flow field of the solid attitude orbit control engine based on the SST k-ω turbulence model was established, and the uncertainty analysis method of the performance of the solid attitude orbit control engine was proposed. The research on the integration and validation method of the multilevel digital model of solid attitude orbit control engine was conducted. The results show that the pressure and thrust steady state performance deviation of the constructed digital prototype of a solid attitude-orbit control engine is respectively 4% and 3.6%, and the pressure and thrust performance deviation of the digital prototype during the continuous thrust adjustment process is respectively 4.98% and 6% indicating a high-performance prediction accuracy. Besides, the research results can be applied in the overall design of the engine program and the program performance rapid assessment, which can promote the development of China's solid attitude-orbit control engine and its performance. The research results can also be applied to the rapid evaluation of the performance of the program, which can promote the change of the R&D mode of the domestic solid attitude-orbit control engine, powering the innovative development of the solid engine design technology, driving the overall strength of the solid engine industry, and building the technical foundation for the development of intelligent solid engine technology in the future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）