In February 2024, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released the 2022 Global Cancer Statistics Report. In 2022, there were nearly 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million deaths. The report provides statistics on the incidence and mortality of 36 different types of cancer in 185 countries around the world, analyzing geographic, gender-based, and Human Development Index (HDI)-related differences. It also predicts the global burden of cancer disease by 2050. Demographic forecasts suggest that by 2050, the number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to reach 35 million annually-an increase of 77% compared to 2022. Geographically, cancer incidence and mortality rates show significant regional disparities. In 2022, nearly half (49.2%) of the world's new cases and the majority (56.1%) of cancer deaths occurred in Asia. In terms of gender distribution, the overall cancer incidence and mortality rate among females were lower than those among males in 2022. With respect to HDI, the risk of developing cancer increases with higher HDI levels. In 2022, the top 5 newly diagnosed cancer cases worldwide are lung cancer, female breast cancer cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer in turn. There were nearly 2.5 million new lung cancer cases and over 1.8 million related deaths. Breast cancer in women accounted for 2.3 million new cases and nearly 670 000 deaths. Colorectal cancer, including anal cancer, had more than 1.9 million new cases and over 900 000 deaths. Prostate cancer recorded 1.5 million new cases and nearly 400 000 deaths. There were nearly 970 000 newly-diagnosed cases of gastric cancer and 660 000 related deaths. In China in 2022, lung cancer still ranks first in the cancer incidence spectrum in China, accounting for 22.0% of the total new cases of cancer in China. This proportion has further increased compared to 2018 data (17.9%), followed by colorectal cancer (10.7%), thyroid cancer (9.7%), liver cancer (7.6%), and gastric cancer (7.4%), which account for more than half of the total new cases in China (57.4%). This paper reviews the data sources and statistical methods used in the report, interprets the epidemiological trends of major cancer types, and analyzes the incidence and burden of major cancers prevalent in China, provi-ding an overview of their disease burden and epidemiological trends.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, recurrent, nonspecific inflammatory intestinal disorders of unknown etiology, primarily comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Over the past 30 years, IBD has transitioned from a traditional "Western disease" to a truly global disease. The prevalence of IBD in North America and Europe has stabilized at 0.5%-1.0%, while newly industrialized countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa are experiencing a 5 to 10-fold surge in IBD incidence. It is projected that the total number of IBD patients in Asia will exceed 4 million by 2035. From 1990 to 2019, the number of IBD patients in China increased from 133 000 to 484 000 in males and from 107 000 to 427 000 in females. The age-standardized incidence of IBD in Chinese males and females increased from 1.72/100 000 and 1.20/100 000 to 3.35/100 000 and 2.65/100 000, respectively. By 2030, the number of IBD patients in China is projected to exceed 1 million. In terms of diagnosis, magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), computed tomography enterography (CTE), and video capsule endoscopy (VCE) have significantly improved the visualization of small bowel lesions. Fecal calprotectin (FC) (optimal threshold of 152 μg/g) can predict relapse, with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 74%. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) can also provide a non-invasive basis for differentiating UC and CD. The multidisciplinary team (MDT) model has improved the diagnosis rate of difficult cases by 20%. In the field of treatment, conventional therapies including 5-aminosalicylic acid, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators remain the foundation. However, biologics and small molecule targeted drugs such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents, anti-interleukin (IL)-12/23 agents, and Janus kinase inhibitors have become the core treatments for patients with moderate to severe IBD, achieving induction remission rates of 50%-70%. Endoscopic dilation, endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, or laparoscopic surgery combined with enhanced recovery after surgery can significantly reduce trauma. Exclusive enteral nutrition and probiotic interventions can achieve a remission rate of 60%-70% in pediatric CD patients. However, the accessibility of biologics in primary hospitals in China is less than 30%, and the implementation rate of enhanced recovery after surgery is below 40%, indica-ting a significant gap compared with Europe and America. In the future, a national IBD registry system should be established, and research on early diagnostic models based on artificial intelligence (AI) and pharmacoeconomics should be conducted to achieve precise prevention and treatment of IBD and alleviate the societal burden of the disease.

According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data for 2021, the global age-standardized prevalence of asthma is 3 340.1/100 000, with a total of about 260 million patients, a mortality rate of 5.2/100 000, and 436 000 deaths. A 2012-2015 survey conducted in China shows that the prevalence of wheezing-related asthma among people aged 20 and above is 4.2%, with a total of about 45.7 million patients. However, the diagnosis rate is only 28.8%, and the control rate is only 28.5%, far below the international level, highlighting the urgent need for better asthma management and intervention. In March 2024, the Chinese Thoracic Society (CTS) released the Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Bronchial Asthma (2024 Edition) (hereinafter referred to as the "2024 Guidelines"). For diagnostic pathways, the 2024 Guidelines improve the diagnostic criteria for asthma, emphasizing the evidence for variable expiratory airflow (such as bronchodilator tests, provocation tests, etc.). A "presumptive diagnosis pathway" is proposed for primary care and resource-limited medical institutions to improve the diagnosis rate and avoid overtreatment. In terms of staging and classification, the concept of "clinical remission" is introduced, defined as being asymptomatic for ≥1 year without the need for systemic glucocorticoid therapy. The classification of "intermittent state" is eliminated, and asthma severity is now simplified into three levels—mild, moderate and severe—with a dynamic assessment model proposed. The assessment system newly includes a type 2 inflammatory phenotype assessment, recommending the measurement of biomarkers such as peripheral blood eosinophil count (EOS) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) to guide individualized treatment, while also emphasizing comorbidity screening and risk factor assessment. In terms of treatment strategies, a stepwise management approach is used for chronic persistent treatment, with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-formoterol recommended as the preferred reliever (Pathway 1) to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations. The management of severe asthma emphasizes the use of biological targeted drugs, such as anti-IgE and anti-interleukin (IL)-5 monoclonal antibodies, while the treatment of acute exacerbations is recommended based on the severity level. Despite the significant progress made in the 2024 Guidelines, challenges remain. Epidemiological data on asthma in China are outdated, highlighting the urgent need for nationwide surveys to reflect the latest disease burden. Diagnosis rates in primary care are low, and inflammation assessment and dynamic mana-gement are insufficient, requiring strengthened capacity building at the primary care level. Real-world data on biologics in China are limited, restricting their application in precision therapy. The application of information technology in asthma management is still at an exploratory stage, and technologies like 5G should be leveraged to enhance patient education and follow-up efficiency. In the future, asthma prevention and treatment in China need to further optimize strategies for early diagnosis and early treatment, dynamically identify inflammatory phenotypes, establish drug response prediction models, and promote AI-assisted diagnosis and treatment to achieve more precise management.

In 2021, there were 93.816 million prevalent cases of stroke worldwide [age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR) 1 099/100 000], with 11.946 million new cases in that year [age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR) 142/100 000]. Among these new cases, ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounted for 65.3% (7.804 million), 28.8% (3.444 million), and 5.8% (0.697 million), respectively. In the same year, stroke caused 7.253 million deaths, accounting for 10.7% of all global deaths. Deaths caused by IS, ICH, and SAH accounted for 49.5% (3.591 million), 45.6% (3.308 million), and 4.9% (353 000), respectively. In 2021, stroke remained the second leading cause of death worldwide, with its core disease burden indicator — disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) — exceeding 160 million, ranking third among all global total disease burdens. In terms of economic burden, the global direct medical costs and productivity losses caused by stroke reached 890 billion USD in 2021 (accounting for 0.66% of the global GDP), and are projected to exceed 1.8 trillion USD by 2050 if the current growth rate persists. The global stroke burden exhibits a dual trend of "increasing absolute numbers but decreasing age-standardized rates". Low- and middle-income countries bear most of the disease burden, and the incidence of stroke shows a coexistence of younger and older onset. In terms of risk factors, the burden of traditional behavior-related risks has decreased, while the attributable burden of metabolic and climate-related risks is rapidly increasing. China bears the heaviest stroke burden globally, characterized by a “four-high” pattern of “high incidence, high prevalence, medium-to-high mortality, and medium-to-high DALYs”, with significant urban-rural and regional disparities. This condition results from the combined effects of accelerated population aging and continuously increasing exposure to risk factors. In 2021, there were 26.335 million prevalent cases in China, with ASPR of 1 301.4/100 000. In 2021, there were 4.09 million new stroke cases in China (ASIR 204.8/100 000), accounting for 34.2% of all new global cases—far exceeding China's proportion of the world's population (about 20%). IS accounted for 67.8% [2.772 million cases, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) 135.8/100 000], and ICH accounted for 28.7% (1.173 million cases, ASIR 61.2/100 000). The annual total economic burden of stroke in China has exceeded 400 billion RMB, with its proportion in the national healthcare expenditure continuing to increase. Direct medical costs account for about 60%, while indirect costs (including productivity losses and caregiving expenses) account for 40%, imposing a dual pressure on both society and families. To address this challenge, a stratified precision prevention and control system centered on the coordination of "policy-healthcare-society" should be established, covering primordial, primary, and secondary prevention levels. Emphasis should be placed on cross-sector collaboration, data-driven approaches, and international experience sharing to achieve effective control of the stroke burden and promote global health equity.

Objective To investigate the auxiliary value of diffuse hepatic ¹³¹I uptake (DHU) levels on post-therapy whole-body scan (Rx-WBS) images in assessing metastatic tumor burden in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accompanied by lung metastases who underwent total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) and subsequently received ¹³¹I therapy for non-resectable distant or regional metastases. Methods A total of 22 PTC patients with lung metastases scheduled for ¹³¹I metastatic ablation therapy were retrospectively enrolled from the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, between June 2020 and February 2025. The patients met the following three criteria: (1) total thyroidectomy; (2) completion of ¹³¹I RRA; (3) multiple pulmonary nodules detected on ¹³¹I RRA-period whole-body scan or chest CT, with stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) >10 ng/mL. Bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the correlations of target-to-background ratios (TBR) of liver (TBR_liver) and lung metastases (TBR_lung) for ¹³¹I uptake with clinical parameters including sTg, thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and administered ¹³¹I dose. Results TBR_liver showed a significant positive correlation with TBR_lung (r=0.510, P<0.05). No significant correlations were found between TBR_liver and sTg (r=0.218, P=0.331) or administered dose (r=0.334, P=0.128). Multiple linear regression analysis identified TBR_lung as an independent influencing factor of TBR_liver (β=0.511, 95% CI: 0.053-0.453, P<0.05). Conclusion In PTC patients with lung metastases after thyroidectomy and RRA, TBR_liver demonstrates a significant correlation with the functional status of ¹³¹I uptake in lung metastases. Particularly when ¹³¹I scanning shows negative pulmonary nodules, elevated TBR_liver may serve as an indicator of the presence of lung metastases.

The prevalence of diabetes in China has been increasing annually. In 2021, the prevalence rate of diabetes reached 13.79% among individuals aged 20–79, with an undiagnosed rate as high as 56.0%. This indicates that China's diabetes prevention and control faces significant challenges. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease. Poor blood glucose control increases the risk of serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy, which impose a heavy burden on both individual health and socioeconomic development. Early detection of diabetes and the implementation of effective interventions are crucial for preventing complications. Currently, China's diabetes diagnosis primarily adopts international standards, using the 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the gold standards for diagnosis. However, due to disparities in detection technologies and other factors, these methods still have certain limitations in clinical practice, especially in primary medical institutions where diabetes screening capacity and standardization level require further improvement. In addition, China demonstrates relatively low levels of awareness, treatment, and control rates of diabetes. According to 2021 data, the awareness rate of diabetes in China was 36.5%, the treatment rate was 33.2%, and the control rate was 49.2%. Although China has made some progress in diabetes prevention and treatment in recent years, there is still significant room for improvement. To address the challenges of diabetes prevention and treatment, a series of diabetes guidelines and consensus statements have been released by domestic experts, emphasizing the individualized and stratified management of diabetes patients. Different blood glucose control targets and treatment plans have been formulated for children and adolescents, pregnant women, and elderly patients. Meanwhile, the promotion of glucose monitoring technologies is considered an important approach to improve the rate of achieving blood glucose control targets. However, clinical attention remains inadequate for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, gestational diabetes, and elderly diabetes with sarcopenia, lacking standardized treatment strategies and high-quality medical evidence. For the current state of diabetes diagnosis and treatment in China, it remains imperative to further improve the diagnostic testing level, the coverage of examinations, and the ability of stratified management for different population groups.

Diabetes has become a major global public health issue. As of 2021， China had approximately 141 million diabetic patients， with 2/3 remaining undiagnosed， making China the country with the highest number of diabetes globally. This current status poses severe challenges to the prevention and control of diabetes and its complications. To effectively address these challenges， strategies must be comprehensive and involve multi-sectoral collaboration， including nationwide primary prevention， primary prevention for high-risk groups， and secondary prevention for diabetic patients. For the general population， it is critical to promote healthy lifestyles through health education， policy guidance， and technical resource support. For high-risk groups， emphasis should be placed on the importance of diabetes screening， coupled with combined measures of lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatments. For diabetic patients， the focus should be on the monitoring and management of pan-risk factors associated with cardiovascular complications. China has introduced a new model for diabetes management—the National Metabolic Management Center （MMC）. By providing structured training and education for physicians within its network， the MMC promotes standardized， one-stop management solutions for diabetes， reducing regional disparities in diabetes management and effectively improving the diagnosis and treatment efficiency of diabetes and its complications. To achieve the goals of the "Healthy China 2030" initiative， concerted efforts from governments， sectors， communities， and individuals are required to raise diabetes awareness， expand standardized management coverage， and improve treatment and control rates， while reducing the incidence of diabetes and its complications. These efforts will lay a solid foundation for improving public health and building a healthy China for all.

The 2022 WHO classification of endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors (5th edition) categorizes thyroid follicular cell-derived tumors into benign, low-risk, and malignant types. Benign tumors now include thyroid follicular nodular lesions. A newly added category previously termed "borderline tumors" have been revised to low-risk follicular cell-derived tumors, which encompass non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential, and hyalinizing trabecular tumors. The new WHO classification stratifies malignant follicular cell-derived tumors based on molecular characteristics and invasiveness: papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with various histological subtypes represents BRAF-like malignancies; invasive encapsulated follicular variant PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma represent RAS-like malignancies. Oncocytic carcinoma is now recognized as a distinct entity, specifically referring to tumors composed of ≥75% oncocytic follicular cells lacking PTC nuclear features and high-grade characteristics (necrosis and mitotic figures ≥3/2 mm²). A new category termed "high-grade follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma" has been added, encompassing traditional poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and differentiated high-grade thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma(ATC) remains the most undifferentiated type, with thyroid squamous cell carcinoma now classified as a subtype of ATC. The term "papillary thyroid microcarcinoma" is no longer recommended as a distinct subtype. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is no longer classified as a subtype of PTC, but is instead categorized as a tumor of uncertain histogenesis.

Objective To explore the clinical application and effectiveness of evidence-based predictive nursing on patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma undergoing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Methods Eighty patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma who underwent CAR T-cell therapy at Ruijin Hospital between January 2022 and May 2023 were enrolled in the study. Using the envelope method, the patients were randomly assigned to either a control group (n=40), receiving standard nursing care, or an intervention group (n=40), receiving predictive nursing based on evidence-based practice. The intervention included structured problem identification, targeted evidence collection, and implementation of proactive nursing strategies. Clinical outcomes which were compared between the two groups included psychological status, fatigue severity, and treatment-related complications. Results Before nursing intervention, there were no significant differences in anxiety or depression scores between the two groups. After intervention, the intervention group showed significantly lower anxiety and depression scores (P<0.05). Fatigue levels and related dimensions (behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and sensory) also improved significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) was lower in the intervention group (65.00% and 15.00%, respectively) than that in the control group (82.50% and 27.50%). There was no significant difference in the overall rate of adverse events between the two groups. There was one case of grade 3-4 CRS and none grade 3-4 ICANS in the intervention group, while there were three cases of grade 3-4 CRS and one case of grade 3-4 ICANS in the control group. Conclusions Evidence-based predictive nursing demonstrates clear clinical value in the management of patients undergoing CAR T-cell therapy with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma. It effectively alleviates psychological distress, reduces fatigue, lowers the risk of severe toxicities, and enhances overall safety and quality of care. These findings support its broader implementation in clinical practice.

In recent years， to address the unmet needs in hemophilia treatment， significant research has led to unprecedented advances in pharmacotherapy， including the development of several innovative mechanism-based therapies that restore hemostatic balance by modulating thrombin generation in hemophilia patients with or without inhibitors. Among them， non-factor therapies involving hemostatic rebalancing mechanisms have achieved remarkable progress， with one of the key focuses in clinical development being anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor （TFPI） therapy. TFPI is a key anticoagulant protein in the coagulation pathway that inhibits tissue factor （TF）-mediated initiation of coagulation. Blocking TFPI activity can enhance thrombin generation， providing a novel approach for hemophilia treatment. Notably， this mechanism applies to patients with hemophilia A or B and is theoretically effective for patients with or without inhibitors. As of June 2025， anti-TFPI agents that have entered clinical development or been approved for marketing internationally include concizumab， marstacimab， befovacimab， KN057， and MG1113. These agents inhibit TFPI activity through different antibody types， employing varying binding affinities or targeting distinct domains of TFPI. Studies on clinical trials across various phases have demonstrated that these drugs have good efficacy in reducing annual bleeding rates and improving patient prognosis. In addition， anti-TFPI drugs are administered subcutaneously， with dosing intervals up to one week， providing convenience for patients. Anti-TFPI therapy represents an important shift in the field of hemophilia management. However， it faces some challenges， including potential thrombotic risks and the current absence of suitable laboratory assays to monitor treatment efficacy.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complication, diabetic retinopathy (DR), continues to rise year by year in China and globally. The global prevalence of DM is approximately 34.6%, with around 30% of patients progressing to DR, which is a major cause of adult blindness. In China, the DR prevalence among DM patients is 16.3%, with no significant urban-rural disparity. Notably, patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) show substantially higher DR prevalence rates of 40.6% and 37.3%, respectively. The pathogenesis of DR involves complex interplay among multiple mechanisms, including inflammatory responses, microglial activation, oxidative stress, accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upregulation, retinal neurodegeneration, and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) disruption. However, the precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and current clinical interventions cannot fully halt DR progression or prevent irreversible vision loss. Recent studies on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) demonstrate their protective effects against DR through multifaceted molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways. These include suppressing glial cell activation, inhibi-ting the release of inflammatory factors, blocking the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, along with AGE deposition, mitochondrial protection, vascular endothelial cell protection, neuroprotection, and metabolic regulation. Consequently, GLP-1RAs can mitigate or control the onset and progression of DR. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which GLP-1RAs alleviate or control the onset and progression of DR through anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress, and anti-angiogenic effects, providing a theoretical reference for future DR treatment strategies.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common hereditary renal cystic disorders and a major cause of end-stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy. In February 2025, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) released the first clinical practice guideline specifically for ADPKD entitled "KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation, Management, and Treatment of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease". The guideline comprises 10 chapters covering nomenclature, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevalence of ADPKD; renal manifestations; management and progression of chronic kidney disease, renal failure, and renal replacement therapy; treatments to delay renal disease progression; polycystic liver disease; intracranial aneurysms and other extrarenal manifestations; lifestyle and psychosocial considerations; pregnancy and reproductive problems; pediatric problems; and approaches to ADPKD patient management. It highlights early diagnosis, risk stratification, integrated management, and application of the new drug tolvaptan. Additionally, the guideline introduces a new nomenclature system based on pathogenic genes for the first time, along with more stringent blood pressure management plans. By integrating guideline highlights, evidence-based medicine, and China's clinical practice, this study interprets two key clinical issues in the updated guideline: "early diagnosis and risk stratification of ADPKD" and "treatment and daily management of kidney-related symptoms." A thorough analysis of the guideline's implications and limitations is conducted, aiming to promote standardized diagnosis and therapy for ADPKD.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of Shuangbai tablets and irbesartan in the treatment of proteinuria. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with chronic glomerulonephritis who visited the outpatient department of Ruijin Hospital from January 2016 to February 2018. All the patients received irbesartan or Shuangbai tablets as monotherapy and were classified with syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Their clinical information, blood pressure and laboratory test were performed at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. Results One-hundred and nineteen patients were enrolled in the study, in which 54 cases were in the irbesartan group and 65 cases were in the Shuangbai tablet group. In all patients, the main TCM types were “pifeixiqu” type (56.3%), “pishenyangxu” type (20.2%), and “qiyinliangxu” type (21.8%). The 24-hour urinary protein of baseline level in the irbesartan group was 704 (448，1 090) mg/d, and it was significantly decreased to 456 (300,660), 428 (288,793), 510 (327,949), and 446 (273,801) mg/d at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. The 24-hour urine protein level of baseline in the Shuangbai tablet group was 571 (390,1 049) mg/d, and it was significantly decreased to 491 (200，861), 432 (252，925), 478 (267，858) mg/d and 420 (175，742) mg/d at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. There was no significant difference in proteinuria between the two groups. There was no statistical difference in the therapeutic effect among patients with different TCM syndrome types. The symptoms of lower back pain (59.3% vs 13.8%, P<0.001) and dry mouth and throat (24.1% vs 6.2%, P=0.005) in the Shuangbai tablet treatment group were significantly improved compared to those in the irbesartan group. The blood pressure of patients in the irbesartan treatment group decreased significantly at 12 and 24 weeks compared to it at enrollment. There were no significant adverse reactions in the Shuangbai tablet treatment group. Conclusions Shuangbai tablets can effectively reduce the urine protein level in chronic glomerulonephritis patients. It can also significantly improve the symptoms of lower back pain, dry mouth and throat in patients. Shuangbai tablet treatment showed a lower incidence of adverse reactions and can be used as an alternative medicine for patients with normal blood pressure, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker(ARB) intolerance, or chronic glomerulonephritis without renal biopsy.

Objective To explore the impact of five senses awakening nursing mode based on the circadian rhythm in conscious hospitalized patients with cerebral coma. Methods Using convenience sampling method, a total of 43 patients with cerebral coma admitted to the Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from May 2023 to April 2024 were selected. The patients in the even-numbered wards were set as the observation group (n=22), and those in the odd-numbered wards were set as the control group (n=21). The control group received routine nursing mode while the observation group received five-sense awakening nursing mode in addition to routine nursing. A comparison was made between the two groups at different periods regarding Glasgow coma score (GCS), coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R), recovery efficiency and recovery time. Results There was an interaction between the group factor and the time factor in the GCS score and the CRS-R score in the two groups (F=9.765, P<0.001; F=12.846, P<0.001). After the intervention, there were significant differences in the changes of the GCS and the CRS-R score at different time points between the two groups (F=243.934, P<0.001; F=239.111, P<0.001). There were statistical differences in the changes of the GCS and the CRS-R score between the two groups (F=5.040, P<0.05;F=7.779, P<0.05).The recovery rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the recovery time was shorter than that of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusions The five- sensory stimulation nursing approach based on the circadian rhythm, can improve the consciousness state of patients with cerebral coma and facilitate their awakening.

The current diagnostic criteria for obesity are based on body mass index (BMI). However, BMI does not directly reflect fat accumulation or its adverse health effects, making it inadequate for clinical needs. In response, the Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission has proposed a refined definition and diagnostic criteria of obesity, including Pre-clinical Obesity which is defined as having only abnormal anthropometric indicators, thus only lifestyle interventions is recommended to improve body composition and reduce disease risk; as well as Clinical Obesity which is diagnosed when abnormal anthropometric indicators are accompanied by obesity-related comorbidities or limitations in daily activities, necessitating active medical intervention. While several academic societies have raised concerns that this classification may reclassify some obesity cases from a disease state to a risk factor, potentially depriving patients of treatment opportunities, the new criteria overall represents a significant advancement in enabling more precise diagnosis and management of obesity, based on fat accumulation and its impact on organ function.

Oral ulcer is a common oral mucosal disease, the pathogenesis of it is complex. It may relate to genetics, immune disorders, nutritional deficiency, infection, drug response and psychological factors, while currently there is no specific treatment for the disease. In recent years, the research on the treatment of oral ulcers with traditional Chinese medicine has gradually increased, especially the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine has showed a good application prospect. The article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of oral ulcer with traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine to explore new ideas for further promotion relevant clinical research.

Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is an advanced CT imaging technology based on novel photon-counting detectors. Compared to traditional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT), PCCT demonstrates significant advantages in radiation dose utilization efficiency, image spatial resolution, and spectral resolution, and is expected to revolutionize imaging diagnostic paradigms for pancreatic diseases. This study systematically reviews the latest research advances in PCCT for pancreatic imaging, with a focus on its clinical application value in displaying fine pancreatic anatomical structures, visualizing the pancreas, surrounding vascular networks, and pancreaticobiliary systems, evaluating benign and malignant lesions, and quantitatively assessing tumor heterogeneity. The core technical principles of PCCT include physical characteristics such as high photon-flux processing by photon-counting detectors, K-edge imaging, and multi-energy threshold data acquisition modes. On this basis, this study summarizes optimization strategies for pancreatic imaging, including scan parameter settings and the clinical application of multimodal post-processing techniques. PCCT can effectively reduce radiation dose while overcoming the spatial resolution bottleneck, thereby improving the detection rate of cystic lesions. The low-energy monoenergetic reconstruction mode of PCCT can enhance the contrast of solid tumors and optimize the visualization of branching and tumor-feeding vessels. By integrating representative clinical studies and preliminary validation trials in recent years, this study further analyzes key challenges and corresponding strategies during the clinical translation of PCCT. Additionally, it explores the future directions of this technology in the precise diagnosis of pancreatic diseases, personalized treatment decision support, and the development of AI-big data models, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and practical reference for promoting PCCT applications in the field of pancreatic imaging.

Photon-counting computed tomography （PCCT） is a revolutionary technological breakthrough in CT imaging over the past decade. Compared with traditional energy-integrating detector CT, PCCT performs imaging at the single-photon level at the detector layer, offering higher spatial resolution, fewer artifacts, and more accurate spectral imaging. PCCT shows great application potential in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, especially in reducing beam-hardening artifacts and achieving ultra-high spatial resolution, which can further improve the specifi-city and positive predictive value in the assessment of coronary artery stenosis. This also contributes to the accurate evaluation of in-stent restenosis， reliable identification of plaque components, and characterization of vulnerable plaques. PCCT can obtain stable calcium scoring at low radiation doses. The virtual non-contrast （VNC） algorithm supports reliable calcium scoring from contrast-enhanced images, further reducing the radiation dose. PCCT can improve the reproducibility of features in pericoronary fat radiomics analysis. The VNC algorithm can accurately assess epicardial fat volume and significantly reduce radiation dose. Spectral images acquired by PCCT at high temporal resolution enable single-phase measurement of myocardial extracellular volume. They can also provide multidimensional anatomical information and functional parameters for preoperative planning and postoperative follow-up of transcatheter aortic valve implantation/replacement （TAVI/TAVR）. Although PCCT holds great potential in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and quantitative analysis of myocardial tissues, its quantitative results remain affected by reconstruction parameters such as convolution kernels, virtual monoenergetic levels, and iterative strength. Currently, a lack of unified standards and validation from multicenter studies, along with the increased radiation dose in ultra-high-resolution modes, still limits its wide clinical application. Future studies should focus on large-sample, multicenter prospective studies to optimize imaging parameters, standardize post-processing workflows, and integrate artificial intelligence tools to enhance the clinical application of PCCT in cardiovascular disease diagnosis.