In February 2024, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released the 2022 Global Cancer Statistics Report. In 2022, there were nearly 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million deaths. The report provides statistics on the incidence and mortality of 36 different types of cancer in 185 countries around the world, analyzing geographic, gender-based, and Human Development Index (HDI)-related differences. It also predicts the global burden of cancer disease by 2050. Demographic forecasts suggest that by 2050, the number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to reach 35 million annually-an increase of 77% compared to 2022. Geographically, cancer incidence and mortality rates show significant regional disparities. In 2022, nearly half (49.2%) of the world's new cases and the majority (56.1%) of cancer deaths occurred in Asia. In terms of gender distribution, the overall cancer incidence and mortality rate among females were lower than those among males in 2022. With respect to HDI, the risk of developing cancer increases with higher HDI levels. In 2022, the top 5 newly diagnosed cancer cases worldwide are lung cancer, female breast cancer cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer in turn. There were nearly 2.5 million new lung cancer cases and over 1.8 million related deaths. Breast cancer in women accounted for 2.3 million new cases and nearly 670 000 deaths. Colorectal cancer, including anal cancer, had more than 1.9 million new cases and over 900 000 deaths. Prostate cancer recorded 1.5 million new cases and nearly 400 000 deaths. There were nearly 970 000 newly-diagnosed cases of gastric cancer and 660 000 related deaths. In China in 2022, lung cancer still ranks first in the cancer incidence spectrum in China, accounting for 22.0% of the total new cases of cancer in China. This proportion has further increased compared to 2018 data (17.9%), followed by colorectal cancer (10.7%), thyroid cancer (9.7%), liver cancer (7.6%), and gastric cancer (7.4%), which account for more than half of the total new cases in China (57.4%). This paper reviews the data sources and statistical methods used in the report, interprets the epidemiological trends of major cancer types, and analyzes the incidence and burden of major cancers prevalent in China, provi-ding an overview of their disease burden and epidemiological trends.

According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data for 2021, the global age-standardized prevalence of asthma is 3 340.1/100 000, with a total of about 260 million patients, a mortality rate of 5.2/100 000, and 436 000 deaths. A 2012-2015 survey conducted in China shows that the prevalence of wheezing-related asthma among people aged 20 and above is 4.2%, with a total of about 45.7 million patients. However, the diagnosis rate is only 28.8%, and the control rate is only 28.5%, far below the international level, highlighting the urgent need for better asthma management and intervention. In March 2024, the Chinese Thoracic Society (CTS) released the Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Bronchial Asthma (2024 Edition) (hereinafter referred to as the "2024 Guidelines"). For diagnostic pathways, the 2024 Guidelines improve the diagnostic criteria for asthma, emphasizing the evidence for variable expiratory airflow (such as bronchodilator tests, provocation tests, etc.). A "presumptive diagnosis pathway" is proposed for primary care and resource-limited medical institutions to improve the diagnosis rate and avoid overtreatment. In terms of staging and classification, the concept of "clinical remission" is introduced, defined as being asymptomatic for ≥1 year without the need for systemic glucocorticoid therapy. The classification of "intermittent state" is eliminated, and asthma severity is now simplified into three levels—mild, moderate and severe—with a dynamic assessment model proposed. The assessment system newly includes a type 2 inflammatory phenotype assessment, recommending the measurement of biomarkers such as peripheral blood eosinophil count (EOS) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) to guide individualized treatment, while also emphasizing comorbidity screening and risk factor assessment. In terms of treatment strategies, a stepwise management approach is used for chronic persistent treatment, with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-formoterol recommended as the preferred reliever (Pathway 1) to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations. The management of severe asthma emphasizes the use of biological targeted drugs, such as anti-IgE and anti-interleukin (IL)-5 monoclonal antibodies, while the treatment of acute exacerbations is recommended based on the severity level. Despite the significant progress made in the 2024 Guidelines, challenges remain. Epidemiological data on asthma in China are outdated, highlighting the urgent need for nationwide surveys to reflect the latest disease burden. Diagnosis rates in primary care are low, and inflammation assessment and dynamic mana-gement are insufficient, requiring strengthened capacity building at the primary care level. Real-world data on biologics in China are limited, restricting their application in precision therapy. The application of information technology in asthma management is still at an exploratory stage, and technologies like 5G should be leveraged to enhance patient education and follow-up efficiency. In the future, asthma prevention and treatment in China need to further optimize strategies for early diagnosis and early treatment, dynamically identify inflammatory phenotypes, establish drug response prediction models, and promote AI-assisted diagnosis and treatment to achieve more precise management.

Primary Sjögren syndrome (PSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands and other organs. PSS shows strong clinical heterogeneity, presents different degrees of topical and systemic damage, and multidisciplinary collaboration are required to develop PSS treatment strategies. However, our country currently has not unified diagnosis and treatment consensus for PSS. Based on domestic and foreign diagnosis and treatment experience, consensus and guideline, experts from multiple related disciplines achieved consensus using the nominal group technique, providing guidance and reference for standardized diagnosis and treatment of PSS.

In 1984, the epidemiological survey in China suggested that the prevalence of psoriasis was 0.123 %. By 2008, a survey across six provinces and cities in China showed an increase in prevalence rate to 0.47 %. In comparison, the prevalence in European and American countries ranged from 2% to 4%. Psoriasis is a complex multi-gene genetic disease. In China, 31.26 % of psoriasis patients have a family history. The prevalence of psoriasis among first-degree and second-degree relatives of probands is 7.24% and 0.95%, respectively. The heritability is 67.04% for first-degree relatives and 46.59% for second-degree relatives, showing a trend of decreasing heritability with the increase of genetic coefficient. More than 100 susceptibility gene loci of psoriasis have been identified globally, many of which are associated with immune system-related gene variations. Approximately 38% of these loci are found in the Chinese population. Genetic linkage analysis suggests that the interleukin (IL)-15 gene is a susceptibility gene for psoriasis in Chinese individuals. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) identified multiple susceptibility gene loci associated with psoriasis. The LOC144817, RUNX1, COG6, and TP63 genes were identified in the multi-center and multi-ethnic meta-analysis. Chinese populations exhibit different allele frequencies in the HLA-I region compared to Western populations. This genetic heterogeneity suggested that different pathogenesis and therapeutic targets might exist across different populations. Researchers found multiple susceptibility loci with specific population effects, which further emphasized the importance of independent research in different populations. With the continuous discovery of susceptibility genes, an important future direction of research will be how to translate these findings into clinical applications, such as personalized treatment and drug development.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, recurrent, nonspecific inflammatory intestinal disorders of unknown etiology, primarily comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Over the past 30 years, IBD has transitioned from a traditional "Western disease" to a truly global disease. The prevalence of IBD in North America and Europe has stabilized at 0.5%-1.0%, while newly industrialized countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa are experiencing a 5 to 10-fold surge in IBD incidence. It is projected that the total number of IBD patients in Asia will exceed 4 million by 2035. From 1990 to 2019, the number of IBD patients in China increased from 133 000 to 484 000 in males and from 107 000 to 427 000 in females. The age-standardized incidence of IBD in Chinese males and females increased from 1.72/100 000 and 1.20/100 000 to 3.35/100 000 and 2.65/100 000, respectively. By 2030, the number of IBD patients in China is projected to exceed 1 million. In terms of diagnosis, magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), computed tomography enterography (CTE), and video capsule endoscopy (VCE) have significantly improved the visualization of small bowel lesions. Fecal calprotectin (FC) (optimal threshold of 152 μg/g) can predict relapse, with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 74%. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) can also provide a non-invasive basis for differentiating UC and CD. The multidisciplinary team (MDT) model has improved the diagnosis rate of difficult cases by 20%. In the field of treatment, conventional therapies including 5-aminosalicylic acid, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators remain the foundation. However, biologics and small molecule targeted drugs such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents, anti-interleukin (IL)-12/23 agents, and Janus kinase inhibitors have become the core treatments for patients with moderate to severe IBD, achieving induction remission rates of 50%-70%. Endoscopic dilation, endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, or laparoscopic surgery combined with enhanced recovery after surgery can significantly reduce trauma. Exclusive enteral nutrition and probiotic interventions can achieve a remission rate of 60%-70% in pediatric CD patients. However, the accessibility of biologics in primary hospitals in China is less than 30%, and the implementation rate of enhanced recovery after surgery is below 40%, indica-ting a significant gap compared with Europe and America. In the future, a national IBD registry system should be established, and research on early diagnostic models based on artificial intelligence (AI) and pharmacoeconomics should be conducted to achieve precise prevention and treatment of IBD and alleviate the societal burden of the disease.

Objective This paper aims to analyze and summarize the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGLL) and explore the diagnosis and treatment of T-LGLL. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 6 T-LGLL patients treated at our hospital from March 2019 to December 2022. The cell morphology, bone marrow cell immunophenotyping, genetic testing results, and treatment plans were analyzed and summarized, with follow-up conducted. Results The median age at diagnosis of the 6 T-LGLL patients was 60 (range 54-70) years. All 6 patients presented with anemia at the time of consultation, with 3 requi-ring blood transfusion, 3 having splenomegaly, and 1 having lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood LGL morphology was typical in all 6 cases, but with low absolute counts. The median count was 1.0 (range 0.4-1.4) × 10⁹/L. Bone marrow cell immunophenotyping showed that all patients’ LGL cells originated from post-thymic mature T cells. 4 patients expressed the common CD3⁺CD8⁺CD57⁺ effector T-cell markers, while 2 expressed the rare CD3⁺CD8⁺CD57^- memory T-cell markers. Genetic testing revealed monoclonal fragments in the T cell receptor (TCR) of all 6 patients, supporting the clonal abnormality. The next generation gene sequencing results showed STAT3 mutations in 4 of the 6 patients. All 6 patients received immunosuppressive therapy, and follow-up revealed that 5 patients responded to the treatment and 5 out of 6 patients achieved continuous hematological remission. Conclusions The diagnosis of T-LGLL cannot be accurately and early made solely based on typical cell morphology and absolute LGL counts. Additionally, there are significant variations in LGL immunophenotypes. Therefore, an integrated multi-parameter diagnostic approach combining morphology, immunophenotyping, TCR clonal analysis, and molecular biology data from next-generation sequencing is recommended. Currently, immunosuppressive therapy shows good treatment response.

Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common type of syncope in clinical practice, primarily caused by the excessive response of the autonomic nervous system to external stimuli, leading to vasodilation and bradycardia, and consequently reduced whole brain perfusion. At present, the pathophysiological mechanism of VVS remains largely unknown, with neurohumoral regulation playing a significant role in it. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of VVS by regulating heart rate, blood pressure and vascular tone, especially in blood pressure regulation, postural changes, and stress response. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) maintains blood volume and blood pressure stability by regulating vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) secreted by vascular endothelial cells as vasodilator factors, and Endothelin (ET) as vasoconstrictor factors, are involved in regulating vascular tone. Neurotransmitters such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and galanin also play a key role in the occurrence of VVS. SNS and RAAS are involved in the occurrence of VVS. When the hemodynamics is still in a stable state, the plasma Epi and NE concentrations increase, and the Epi increment is much higher than NE, resulting in an increase in Epi/NE value. The significant β-adrenergic effect leads to peripheral vasodilation, venous blood flow accumulation, and progressive blood pressure decline, which is the most important pathophysiological mechanism leading to syncope. When hypotension occurs, the body compensatively secretes a large amount of AVP, and the significant increase of AVP concentration further leads to vasodilation, aggravates the decrease of blood pressure, and causes syncope. In the future, more accurate VVS drug development will become the focus. Using modern pharmacology and molecular biology techniques, drugs targeting specific neurohumoral mechanisms will be developed to achieve higher efficacy with fewer side effects. Additionally, the identification and validation of new biomarkers will drive advancements in early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment outcomes.

Objective To explore the value of novel sponge capsules combined with AI-based cell DNA detection in early esophageal cancer screening. Methods From June 2021 to June 2022, subjects aged >40 years who were willing to undergo esophageal cancer screening were recruited. Firstly, the subjects underwent a novel sponge cell capsule examination to collect cell specimens. Then the cytological DNA index (DI) was assessed using artificial intelligence (AI). Subsequently, all subjects underwent endoscopy. The relationship between cytologic DI values and endoscopic findings was evaluated. Results A total of 1 369 consecutive participants were enrolled. There were 25 cases of esophageal lesions confirmed by endoscopy, including 15 cases of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 1 case of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and 9 cases of esophageal cancer. There were 1 344 cases in the normal esophagus group. DI was 2.154 ± 0.339 in the normal group and 2.832 ± 0.479 in the lesion group. The DI value of the esophageal lesion group was significantly higher than that of the normal esophageal group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of DI values between the esophageal lesion group and the normal esophagus group = 0.04 (95% CI: 0.017–0.096). The sponge capsules combined with DI value diagnosed esophageal lesions with an area under the ROC curve of 0.914, an optimal critical value of 2.450, a specificity of 83.71%, a sensitivity of 88.00%, and an accuracy of 83.78%. Conclusions The novel sponge capsules combined DI test can be used for screening of early esophageal lesions (cancer).

The 2022 WHO classification of endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors (5th edition) categorizes thyroid follicular cell-derived tumors into benign, low-risk, and malignant types. Benign tumors now include thyroid follicular nodular lesions. A newly added category previously termed "borderline tumors" have been revised to low-risk follicular cell-derived tumors, which encompass non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential, and hyalinizing trabecular tumors. The new WHO classification stratifies malignant follicular cell-derived tumors based on molecular characteristics and invasiveness: papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with various histological subtypes represents BRAF-like malignancies; invasive encapsulated follicular variant PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma represent RAS-like malignancies. Oncocytic carcinoma is now recognized as a distinct entity, specifically referring to tumors composed of ≥75% oncocytic follicular cells lacking PTC nuclear features and high-grade characteristics (necrosis and mitotic figures ≥3/2 mm²). A new category termed "high-grade follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma" has been added, encompassing traditional poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and differentiated high-grade thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma(ATC) remains the most undifferentiated type, with thyroid squamous cell carcinoma now classified as a subtype of ATC. The term "papillary thyroid microcarcinoma" is no longer recommended as a distinct subtype. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is no longer classified as a subtype of PTC, but is instead categorized as a tumor of uncertain histogenesis.

In 2021, there were 93.816 million prevalent cases of stroke worldwide [age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR) 1 099/100 000], with 11.946 million new cases in that year [age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR) 142/100 000]. Among these new cases, ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounted for 65.3% (7.804 million), 28.8% (3.444 million), and 5.8% (0.697 million), respectively. In the same year, stroke caused 7.253 million deaths, accounting for 10.7% of all global deaths. Deaths caused by IS, ICH, and SAH accounted for 49.5% (3.591 million), 45.6% (3.308 million), and 4.9% (353 000), respectively. In 2021, stroke remained the second leading cause of death worldwide, with its core disease burden indicator — disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) — exceeding 160 million, ranking third among all global total disease burdens. In terms of economic burden, the global direct medical costs and productivity losses caused by stroke reached 890 billion USD in 2021 (accounting for 0.66% of the global GDP), and are projected to exceed 1.8 trillion USD by 2050 if the current growth rate persists. The global stroke burden exhibits a dual trend of "increasing absolute numbers but decreasing age-standardized rates". Low- and middle-income countries bear most of the disease burden, and the incidence of stroke shows a coexistence of younger and older onset. In terms of risk factors, the burden of traditional behavior-related risks has decreased, while the attributable burden of metabolic and climate-related risks is rapidly increasing. China bears the heaviest stroke burden globally, characterized by a “four-high” pattern of “high incidence, high prevalence, medium-to-high mortality, and medium-to-high DALYs”, with significant urban-rural and regional disparities. This condition results from the combined effects of accelerated population aging and continuously increasing exposure to risk factors. In 2021, there were 26.335 million prevalent cases in China, with ASPR of 1 301.4/100 000. In 2021, there were 4.09 million new stroke cases in China (ASIR 204.8/100 000), accounting for 34.2% of all new global cases—far exceeding China's proportion of the world's population (about 20%). IS accounted for 67.8% [2.772 million cases, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) 135.8/100 000], and ICH accounted for 28.7% (1.173 million cases, ASIR 61.2/100 000). The annual total economic burden of stroke in China has exceeded 400 billion RMB, with its proportion in the national healthcare expenditure continuing to increase. Direct medical costs account for about 60%, while indirect costs (including productivity losses and caregiving expenses) account for 40%, imposing a dual pressure on both society and families. To address this challenge, a stratified precision prevention and control system centered on the coordination of "policy-healthcare-society" should be established, covering primordial, primary, and secondary prevention levels. Emphasis should be placed on cross-sector collaboration, data-driven approaches, and international experience sharing to achieve effective control of the stroke burden and promote global health equity.

The prevalence of diabetes in China has been increasing annually. In 2021, the prevalence rate of diabetes reached 13.79% among individuals aged 20–79, with an undiagnosed rate as high as 56.0%. This indicates that China's diabetes prevention and control faces significant challenges. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease. Poor blood glucose control increases the risk of serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy, which impose a heavy burden on both individual health and socioeconomic development. Early detection of diabetes and the implementation of effective interventions are crucial for preventing complications. Currently, China's diabetes diagnosis primarily adopts international standards, using the 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the gold standards for diagnosis. However, due to disparities in detection technologies and other factors, these methods still have certain limitations in clinical practice, especially in primary medical institutions where diabetes screening capacity and standardization level require further improvement. In addition, China demonstrates relatively low levels of awareness, treatment, and control rates of diabetes. According to 2021 data, the awareness rate of diabetes in China was 36.5%, the treatment rate was 33.2%, and the control rate was 49.2%. Although China has made some progress in diabetes prevention and treatment in recent years, there is still significant room for improvement. To address the challenges of diabetes prevention and treatment, a series of diabetes guidelines and consensus statements have been released by domestic experts, emphasizing the individualized and stratified management of diabetes patients. Different blood glucose control targets and treatment plans have been formulated for children and adolescents, pregnant women, and elderly patients. Meanwhile, the promotion of glucose monitoring technologies is considered an important approach to improve the rate of achieving blood glucose control targets. However, clinical attention remains inadequate for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, gestational diabetes, and elderly diabetes with sarcopenia, lacking standardized treatment strategies and high-quality medical evidence. For the current state of diabetes diagnosis and treatment in China, it remains imperative to further improve the diagnostic testing level, the coverage of examinations, and the ability of stratified management for different population groups.

Osteoporosis is a common chronic disease in the elderly in China. With the acceleration of population aging, the prevalence of osteoporosis is gradually increasing. The prevalence of osteoporosis among people over 50 years old in China is 19.2%, and 32.0% for those over 65 years old. This not only results in an increasing number of elderly patients with fractures but also highlights the significant harm of osteoporosis due to the low awareness and treatment rate As a traditional Chinese medicine ingredient, berberine has been proven to be effective in treating a variety of chronic metabolic and inflammatory diseases, including diabetes, tumors, cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, and osteoporosis. In terms of bone metabolism, berberine has shown certain improvements in both primary osteoporosis caused by menopause and secondary osteoporosis caused by multiple factors such as diabetes, obesity, and the use of glucocorticoids. Meanwhile, berberine has also shown strong bone regeneration ability in the study of bone defect repair under conditions of diabetes, local infection, and inflammation. Multiple in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that berberine can not only promote the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts through classical signaling pathways such as Wnt/β‑catenin, PI3K/AKT, APK, and AMPK, but also effectively inhibit the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts by suppressing the RANKL signaling pathway. At the same time, berberine can also improve the oxidative stress state of tissues and regulate bone metabolism by regulating small non‑coding RNAs (miRNAs). This paper focuses on the mechanisms and research progress of berberine in osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, aiming to provide a reference for further in‑depth research on the mechanism of berberine in treating osteoporosis.

Objective To investigate the possible mechanism of shikonin in inhibiting synovial cell proliferation and inflammatory response and the effect of combining with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LI-PUS) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Abnormal proliferation of mouse synoviocytes were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro experiments. CCK-8 and ELISA were performed to detect the proliferation of synoviocytes and the expression levels of inflammatory factors and antioxidants. Cell scratch assay was used to detect the migration of synoviocytes. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in synoviocytes. In vivo experiments, a mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model was induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant. Forty mice were equally divided into 4 groups, which were normal group, model control group, shikonin perilla treatment group, and shikonin perilla+LI-PUS combination treatment group. The arthritic swelling indexes of the mice were recorded in day 12 and day 24 of treatment. At the end of the experiment, the serum levels of inflammatory factors were tested, and the expression levels of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and NF-κB in the synovial tissues of the knee joints in mice were detected by Western blot. Results Shikonin inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced synoviocytes. Shikonin intervention was able to significantly reverse LPS-induced oxidative stress in synoviocytes. The migration of synoviocytes were significantly inhibited under the intervention of different concentrations of shikonin. The level of NF-κB protein expression in synovial cells was reduced after the intervention of shikonin. The results of animal experiments showed that adjuvant-induced arthritis mice had significantly higher joint swelling scores, which could be significantly reduced after the intervention of shikonin. Shikonin+LI-PUS group showed good therapeutic effect on mice. Shikonin inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines, in which IL-1β was significantly reduced, and the combination of shikonin+LI-PUS showed highly significant anti-inflammatory effect. Western blot results showed that the phosphorylation content of ERK, JNK and NF-κB in the synovial tissue of mice in the model group was significantly higher than that in the normal group, which was significantly suppressed in the shikonin group and the shikonin+LI-PUS combination treatment group, and the shikonin+LI-PUS combination treatment group was superior to the shikonin group. Conclusions Shikonin can inhibit LPS-induced abnormal proliferation of synoviocytes and exert anti-arthritic activity through the ERK-JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway, and the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound is superior to the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine alone.

Diabetes has become a major global public health issue. As of 2021， China had approximately 141 million diabetic patients， with 2/3 remaining undiagnosed， making China the country with the highest number of diabetes globally. This current status poses severe challenges to the prevention and control of diabetes and its complications. To effectively address these challenges， strategies must be comprehensive and involve multi-sectoral collaboration， including nationwide primary prevention， primary prevention for high-risk groups， and secondary prevention for diabetic patients. For the general population， it is critical to promote healthy lifestyles through health education， policy guidance， and technical resource support. For high-risk groups， emphasis should be placed on the importance of diabetes screening， coupled with combined measures of lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatments. For diabetic patients， the focus should be on the monitoring and management of pan-risk factors associated with cardiovascular complications. China has introduced a new model for diabetes management—the National Metabolic Management Center （MMC）. By providing structured training and education for physicians within its network， the MMC promotes standardized， one-stop management solutions for diabetes， reducing regional disparities in diabetes management and effectively improving the diagnosis and treatment efficiency of diabetes and its complications. To achieve the goals of the "Healthy China 2030" initiative， concerted efforts from governments， sectors， communities， and individuals are required to raise diabetes awareness， expand standardized management coverage， and improve treatment and control rates， while reducing the incidence of diabetes and its complications. These efforts will lay a solid foundation for improving public health and building a healthy China for all.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of Shuangbai tablets and irbesartan in the treatment of proteinuria. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with chronic glomerulonephritis who visited the outpatient department of Ruijin Hospital from January 2016 to February 2018. All the patients received irbesartan or Shuangbai tablets as monotherapy and were classified with syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Their clinical information, blood pressure and laboratory test were performed at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. Results One-hundred and nineteen patients were enrolled in the study, in which 54 cases were in the irbesartan group and 65 cases were in the Shuangbai tablet group. In all patients, the main TCM types were “pifeixiqu” type (56.3%), “pishenyangxu” type (20.2%), and “qiyinliangxu” type (21.8%). The 24-hour urinary protein of baseline level in the irbesartan group was 704 (448，1 090) mg/d, and it was significantly decreased to 456 (300,660), 428 (288,793), 510 (327,949), and 446 (273,801) mg/d at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. The 24-hour urine protein level of baseline in the Shuangbai tablet group was 571 (390,1 049) mg/d, and it was significantly decreased to 491 (200，861), 432 (252，925), 478 (267，858) mg/d and 420 (175，742) mg/d at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. There was no significant difference in proteinuria between the two groups. There was no statistical difference in the therapeutic effect among patients with different TCM syndrome types. The symptoms of lower back pain (59.3% vs 13.8%, P<0.001) and dry mouth and throat (24.1% vs 6.2%, P=0.005) in the Shuangbai tablet treatment group were significantly improved compared to those in the irbesartan group. The blood pressure of patients in the irbesartan treatment group decreased significantly at 12 and 24 weeks compared to it at enrollment. There were no significant adverse reactions in the Shuangbai tablet treatment group. Conclusions Shuangbai tablets can effectively reduce the urine protein level in chronic glomerulonephritis patients. It can also significantly improve the symptoms of lower back pain, dry mouth and throat in patients. Shuangbai tablet treatment showed a lower incidence of adverse reactions and can be used as an alternative medicine for patients with normal blood pressure, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker(ARB) intolerance, or chronic glomerulonephritis without renal biopsy.

Oral ulcer is a common oral mucosal disease, the pathogenesis of it is complex. It may relate to genetics, immune disorders, nutritional deficiency, infection, drug response and psychological factors, while currently there is no specific treatment for the disease. In recent years, the research on the treatment of oral ulcers with traditional Chinese medicine has gradually increased, especially the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine has showed a good application prospect. The article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of oral ulcer with traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine to explore new ideas for further promotion relevant clinical research.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), a type of cell with the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages and immunomodulatory properties, have gained widespread attention in the treatment of systemic rheumatic diseases recently. Systemic rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Sjögren syndrome often led to a significant decline in patients’ quality of life, while current treatment methods have limitations. Therefore, it’s important to explore new method, and the application of MSC in these diseases has great significance. Current research indicates that MSC can exert therapeutic effects through various mechanisms, including regulating immune responses, promoting tissue repair, and reducing inflammation, and some clinical studies have showed the potential efficacy of MSC in systemic rheumatic diseases. However, many issues still need to be addressed, such as the source of cells, optimization of treatment protocols, and long-term safety assessments. This article systematically reviews the current application status of MSC in systemic rheumatic diseases, analyze their efficacy, safety, and future research directions, to provide a reference for development in this field.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a pivotal endoscopic technique for hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. Although rare, air embolism during ERCP carries a high risk of mortality and disability, with significant challenges in timely recognition. Current understanding of its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and emergency management remains insufficient. Air embolism requires two prerequisites: an open vascular pathway​and abnormal pressure gradients. It can be classified into venous, arterial, and paradoxical​subtypes based on the embolized vasculature. Clinical presentations are nonspecific and heterogeneous, often​masked by sedation or anesthesia, leading to delayed diagnosis. Key risk factors include prior biliary surgery, sphincterotomy, biliovenous fistula formation, and biliary stent placement. Diagnosis relies on integrating intraoperative vital sign monitoring, imaging​examination, and ​cardiocirculatory/neurological assessments. Timely recognition and intervention are critical, including​procedure termination, 100% oxygen therapy, positional adjustment, and hemodynamic stabilization. Preventive strategies involve strict adherence to ERCP indications, preoperative screening of high-risk patients, CO₂ insufflation ​instead of air, and ​enhanced intraoperative real-time monitoring. Clinicians should maintain a high alert for air embolism, optimize procedural protocols, implement surveillance, and establish emergency response plans ​to mitigate this life-threatening complication.