In February 2024, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released the 2022 Global Cancer Statistics Report. In 2022, there were nearly 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million deaths. The report provides statistics on the incidence and mortality of 36 different types of cancer in 185 countries around the world, analyzing geographic, gender-based, and Human Development Index (HDI)-related differences. It also predicts the global burden of cancer disease by 2050. Demographic forecasts suggest that by 2050, the number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to reach 35 million annually-an increase of 77% compared to 2022. Geographically, cancer incidence and mortality rates show significant regional disparities. In 2022, nearly half (49.2%) of the world's new cases and the majority (56.1%) of cancer deaths occurred in Asia. In terms of gender distribution, the overall cancer incidence and mortality rate among females were lower than those among males in 2022. With respect to HDI, the risk of developing cancer increases with higher HDI levels. In 2022, the top 5 newly diagnosed cancer cases worldwide are lung cancer, female breast cancer cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer in turn. There were nearly 2.5 million new lung cancer cases and over 1.8 million related deaths. Breast cancer in women accounted for 2.3 million new cases and nearly 670 000 deaths. Colorectal cancer, including anal cancer, had more than 1.9 million new cases and over 900 000 deaths. Prostate cancer recorded 1.5 million new cases and nearly 400 000 deaths. There were nearly 970 000 newly-diagnosed cases of gastric cancer and 660 000 related deaths. In China in 2022, lung cancer still ranks first in the cancer incidence spectrum in China, accounting for 22.0% of the total new cases of cancer in China. This proportion has further increased compared to 2018 data (17.9%), followed by colorectal cancer (10.7%), thyroid cancer (9.7%), liver cancer (7.6%), and gastric cancer (7.4%), which account for more than half of the total new cases in China (57.4%). This paper reviews the data sources and statistical methods used in the report, interprets the epidemiological trends of major cancer types, and analyzes the incidence and burden of major cancers prevalent in China, provi-ding an overview of their disease burden and epidemiological trends.

In 2021, there were 93.816 million prevalent cases of stroke worldwide [age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR) 1 099/100 000], with 11.946 million new cases in that year [age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR) 142/100 000]. Among these new cases, ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounted for 65.3% (7.804 million), 28.8% (3.444 million), and 5.8% (0.697 million), respectively. In the same year, stroke caused 7.253 million deaths, accounting for 10.7% of all global deaths. Deaths caused by IS, ICH, and SAH accounted for 49.5% (3.591 million), 45.6% (3.308 million), and 4.9% (353 000), respectively. In 2021, stroke remained the second leading cause of death worldwide, with its core disease burden indicator — disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) — exceeding 160 million, ranking third among all global total disease burdens. In terms of economic burden, the global direct medical costs and productivity losses caused by stroke reached 890 billion USD in 2021 (accounting for 0.66% of the global GDP), and are projected to exceed 1.8 trillion USD by 2050 if the current growth rate persists. The global stroke burden exhibits a dual trend of "increasing absolute numbers but decreasing age-standardized rates". Low- and middle-income countries bear most of the disease burden, and the incidence of stroke shows a coexistence of younger and older onset. In terms of risk factors, the burden of traditional behavior-related risks has decreased, while the attributable burden of metabolic and climate-related risks is rapidly increasing. China bears the heaviest stroke burden globally, characterized by a “four-high” pattern of “high incidence, high prevalence, medium-to-high mortality, and medium-to-high DALYs”, with significant urban-rural and regional disparities. This condition results from the combined effects of accelerated population aging and continuously increasing exposure to risk factors. In 2021, there were 26.335 million prevalent cases in China, with ASPR of 1 301.4/100 000. In 2021, there were 4.09 million new stroke cases in China (ASIR 204.8/100 000), accounting for 34.2% of all new global cases—far exceeding China's proportion of the world's population (about 20%). IS accounted for 67.8% [2.772 million cases, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) 135.8/100 000], and ICH accounted for 28.7% (1.173 million cases, ASIR 61.2/100 000). The annual total economic burden of stroke in China has exceeded 400 billion RMB, with its proportion in the national healthcare expenditure continuing to increase. Direct medical costs account for about 60%, while indirect costs (including productivity losses and caregiving expenses) account for 40%, imposing a dual pressure on both society and families. To address this challenge, a stratified precision prevention and control system centered on the coordination of "policy-healthcare-society" should be established, covering primordial, primary, and secondary prevention levels. Emphasis should be placed on cross-sector collaboration, data-driven approaches, and international experience sharing to achieve effective control of the stroke burden and promote global health equity.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, recurrent, nonspecific inflammatory intestinal disorders of unknown etiology, primarily comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Over the past 30 years, IBD has transitioned from a traditional "Western disease" to a truly global disease. The prevalence of IBD in North America and Europe has stabilized at 0.5%-1.0%, while newly industrialized countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa are experiencing a 5 to 10-fold surge in IBD incidence. It is projected that the total number of IBD patients in Asia will exceed 4 million by 2035. From 1990 to 2019, the number of IBD patients in China increased from 133 000 to 484 000 in males and from 107 000 to 427 000 in females. The age-standardized incidence of IBD in Chinese males and females increased from 1.72/100 000 and 1.20/100 000 to 3.35/100 000 and 2.65/100 000, respectively. By 2030, the number of IBD patients in China is projected to exceed 1 million. In terms of diagnosis, magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), computed tomography enterography (CTE), and video capsule endoscopy (VCE) have significantly improved the visualization of small bowel lesions. Fecal calprotectin (FC) (optimal threshold of 152 μg/g) can predict relapse, with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 74%. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) can also provide a non-invasive basis for differentiating UC and CD. The multidisciplinary team (MDT) model has improved the diagnosis rate of difficult cases by 20%. In the field of treatment, conventional therapies including 5-aminosalicylic acid, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators remain the foundation. However, biologics and small molecule targeted drugs such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents, anti-interleukin (IL)-12/23 agents, and Janus kinase inhibitors have become the core treatments for patients with moderate to severe IBD, achieving induction remission rates of 50%-70%. Endoscopic dilation, endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, or laparoscopic surgery combined with enhanced recovery after surgery can significantly reduce trauma. Exclusive enteral nutrition and probiotic interventions can achieve a remission rate of 60%-70% in pediatric CD patients. However, the accessibility of biologics in primary hospitals in China is less than 30%, and the implementation rate of enhanced recovery after surgery is below 40%, indica-ting a significant gap compared with Europe and America. In the future, a national IBD registry system should be established, and research on early diagnostic models based on artificial intelligence (AI) and pharmacoeconomics should be conducted to achieve precise prevention and treatment of IBD and alleviate the societal burden of the disease.

According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data for 2021, the global age-standardized prevalence of asthma is 3 340.1/100 000, with a total of about 260 million patients, a mortality rate of 5.2/100 000, and 436 000 deaths. A 2012-2015 survey conducted in China shows that the prevalence of wheezing-related asthma among people aged 20 and above is 4.2%, with a total of about 45.7 million patients. However, the diagnosis rate is only 28.8%, and the control rate is only 28.5%, far below the international level, highlighting the urgent need for better asthma management and intervention. In March 2024, the Chinese Thoracic Society (CTS) released the Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Bronchial Asthma (2024 Edition) (hereinafter referred to as the "2024 Guidelines"). For diagnostic pathways, the 2024 Guidelines improve the diagnostic criteria for asthma, emphasizing the evidence for variable expiratory airflow (such as bronchodilator tests, provocation tests, etc.). A "presumptive diagnosis pathway" is proposed for primary care and resource-limited medical institutions to improve the diagnosis rate and avoid overtreatment. In terms of staging and classification, the concept of "clinical remission" is introduced, defined as being asymptomatic for ≥1 year without the need for systemic glucocorticoid therapy. The classification of "intermittent state" is eliminated, and asthma severity is now simplified into three levels—mild, moderate and severe—with a dynamic assessment model proposed. The assessment system newly includes a type 2 inflammatory phenotype assessment, recommending the measurement of biomarkers such as peripheral blood eosinophil count (EOS) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) to guide individualized treatment, while also emphasizing comorbidity screening and risk factor assessment. In terms of treatment strategies, a stepwise management approach is used for chronic persistent treatment, with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-formoterol recommended as the preferred reliever (Pathway 1) to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations. The management of severe asthma emphasizes the use of biological targeted drugs, such as anti-IgE and anti-interleukin (IL)-5 monoclonal antibodies, while the treatment of acute exacerbations is recommended based on the severity level. Despite the significant progress made in the 2024 Guidelines, challenges remain. Epidemiological data on asthma in China are outdated, highlighting the urgent need for nationwide surveys to reflect the latest disease burden. Diagnosis rates in primary care are low, and inflammation assessment and dynamic mana-gement are insufficient, requiring strengthened capacity building at the primary care level. Real-world data on biologics in China are limited, restricting their application in precision therapy. The application of information technology in asthma management is still at an exploratory stage, and technologies like 5G should be leveraged to enhance patient education and follow-up efficiency. In the future, asthma prevention and treatment in China need to further optimize strategies for early diagnosis and early treatment, dynamically identify inflammatory phenotypes, establish drug response prediction models, and promote AI-assisted diagnosis and treatment to achieve more precise management.

Objective To investigate the auxiliary value of diffuse hepatic ¹³¹I uptake (DHU) levels on post-therapy whole-body scan (Rx-WBS) images in assessing metastatic tumor burden in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accompanied by lung metastases who underwent total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) and subsequently received ¹³¹I therapy for non-resectable distant or regional metastases. Methods A total of 22 PTC patients with lung metastases scheduled for ¹³¹I metastatic ablation therapy were retrospectively enrolled from the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, between June 2020 and February 2025. The patients met the following three criteria: (1) total thyroidectomy; (2) completion of ¹³¹I RRA; (3) multiple pulmonary nodules detected on ¹³¹I RRA-period whole-body scan or chest CT, with stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) >10 ng/mL. Bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the correlations of target-to-background ratios (TBR) of liver (TBR_liver) and lung metastases (TBR_lung) for ¹³¹I uptake with clinical parameters including sTg, thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and administered ¹³¹I dose. Results TBR_liver showed a significant positive correlation with TBR_lung (r=0.510, P<0.05). No significant correlations were found between TBR_liver and sTg (r=0.218, P=0.331) or administered dose (r=0.334, P=0.128). Multiple linear regression analysis identified TBR_lung as an independent influencing factor of TBR_liver (β=0.511, 95% CI: 0.053-0.453, P<0.05). Conclusion In PTC patients with lung metastases after thyroidectomy and RRA, TBR_liver demonstrates a significant correlation with the functional status of ¹³¹I uptake in lung metastases. Particularly when ¹³¹I scanning shows negative pulmonary nodules, elevated TBR_liver may serve as an indicator of the presence of lung metastases.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are the main type of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Their incidence rate has been increasing year by year, with variations in distribution across different regions and populations. The 2025 edition of the "Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms" provides new guidance on endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal NENs (GI-NENs). Based on comprehensive stratification criteria incorporating tumor size, pathological grading, and anatomical location, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) are recommended exclusively for G₁ tumors with lesions ≤ 10 mm in diameter, confined to the mucosa / submucosa without muscularis layer invasion or metastasis. For G₂ neoplasms with lesions ≤ 15 mm and Ki-67 < 10%, endoscopic intervention should be cautiously considered only for patients who cannot tolerate surgery. Digestive endoscopy, with its dual capabilities of visualized targeted biopsy and minimally invasive intervention, plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of GI-NENs. Endoscopic therapy is not simply a technical procedure, but requires a comprehensive decision-making process based on tumor staging, grading, systemic function evaluation, and molecular characteristics. Only through multidisciplinary collaboration, the in-depth integration of endoscopic precision evaluation, imaging examination, and systemic therapy, the construction of a whole-process management system, and the accumulation of evidence-based medical data can the limitations of heterogeneity be overcome and the diagnosis and treatment of NENs be advanced toward precision and personalization.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common hereditary renal cystic disorders and a major cause of end-stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy. In February 2025, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) released the first clinical practice guideline specifically for ADPKD entitled "KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation, Management, and Treatment of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease". The guideline comprises 10 chapters covering nomenclature, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevalence of ADPKD; renal manifestations; management and progression of chronic kidney disease, renal failure, and renal replacement therapy; treatments to delay renal disease progression; polycystic liver disease; intracranial aneurysms and other extrarenal manifestations; lifestyle and psychosocial considerations; pregnancy and reproductive problems; pediatric problems; and approaches to ADPKD patient management. It highlights early diagnosis, risk stratification, integrated management, and application of the new drug tolvaptan. Additionally, the guideline introduces a new nomenclature system based on pathogenic genes for the first time, along with more stringent blood pressure management plans. By integrating guideline highlights, evidence-based medicine, and China's clinical practice, this study interprets two key clinical issues in the updated guideline: "early diagnosis and risk stratification of ADPKD" and "treatment and daily management of kidney-related symptoms." A thorough analysis of the guideline's implications and limitations is conducted, aiming to promote standardized diagnosis and therapy for ADPKD.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by diverse clinical manifestations, high heterogeneity, and strongly individualized treatment approaches. In 2021, the global incidence of SLE was (1.5-11.0)/100 000 person-years, while in Europe, the incidence was (1.5-7.4)/100 000 person-years. From 2009 to 2016, the incidence of SLE in the United States reached as high as 49/100 000 person-years. From 2013 to 2017 in China, analysis of the national medical insurance database and the National Rheumatology Data Center showed that the incidence of SLE in China was 14.09/100 000 person-years. Data from different countries indicate significant regional differences in the SLE incidence. With the continuous development of new diagnostic concepts and therapeutic drugs, significant progress has been made in SLE treatment strategies. However, problems such as non-standardized diagnosis and insufficient long-term management remain in the diagnosis and treatment practice of SLE in China. The "Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2025 Edition)" addresses 12 clinically relevant issues. Based on the latest domestic and international research evidence and China's SLE diagnosis and treatment practice, the guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations tailored to China's national context. These guidelines play a crucial role in promoting the advancement of standardized diagnosis and treatment and in improving the long-term prognosis of SLE patients in China. Compared with the "2020 Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus", the "2025 Edition" has been updated in terms of treatment targets, hormone maintenance doses, management of common organ involvement, therapeutic role of biological therapy, new immunosuppressants, and new treatment methods. This study focuses on interpreting the core recommendations of the guidelines, including SLE treatment targets, disease assessment methods, application of therapeutic drugs (including glucocorticoids, conventional immunosuppressants, and biologics), stratified treatment strategies for common organ involvement (including lupus nephritis, SLE with severe thrombocytopenia, SLE with antiphospholipid syndrome, and neuropsychiatric lupus), and long-term disease management. It aims to help clinicians quickly grasp the latest advances in SLE diagnosis and treatment, promote the implementation of standardized and individualized diagnosis and treatment concepts in clinical practice, and ultimately improve the overall diagnosis and treatment level, quality of life, and long-term survival rate of SLE patients in China.

Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) has seen a significant global rise in incidence, with data from China showing an annual growth of 13%, making it the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in people over 40 years old. The diagnosis of PMN traditionally depends on renal biopsy, but recent studies have provided new directions for non-invasive diagnosis. The discovery of anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies in 2009 marked a milestone in PMN research, and the identification of other target antigens (such as THSD7A and NELL-1) further advanced the understanding of the pathogenesis. Serum PLA2R antibody detection has high specificity but limited sensitivity, potentially lea-ding to missed diagnosis of non-PLA2R-related cases. The combined disease risk score integrating susceptibility loci identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (such as PLA2R1 and HLA-DQA1) with serum antibodies has significantly improved the accuracy of non-invasive diagnosis (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reaching 0.96). Additionally, gut microbiome analysis demonstrates diagnostic potential, though its clinical application requires further optimization. In terms of advances in prognostic assessment, PMN exhibits remarkable heterogeneity in its natural course, with approximately one-third of patients achieving spontaneous remission and another one-third progressing to renal function decline. Age, proteinuria level, eGFR, PLA2R antibody titer, and the extent of tubulointerstitial lesions are key prognostic predictors. A model combining clinical risk score (CRS) with clinical parameters (such as age, proteinuria, and eGFR) can effectively identify high-risk patients and guide precision treatment. Traditional regimens (such as hormone combined with alkylating agents or calcineurin inhibitors) are effective but have significant toxic side effects. In recent years, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, represented by rituximab (RTX), have become first-line treatments, substantially improving efficacy, though they remain ineffective for some patients. Novel biologics and complement pathway inhibitors provide new options for treatment-resistant patients. Combination strategies (such as RTX combined with tacrolimus) are under investigation, but the balance between efficacy and safety needs to be carefully considered. Future efforts should focus on further optimizing risk stratification and individualized treatment strategies to improve the long-term prognosis of PMN patients.

The non-contact vital signs measurement technology based on millimeter wave radar has important medical value and unique advantages. However, because of its weak vibration characteristics, wide range of values, and the presence of respiratory harmonics and irrelevant motion interference in the detection signal, it is still difficult to perform a robust extraction in real time. To solve the above problems, the adaptive extraction of heart rates with a wide range of distribution is summarized as a multi-scale detection problem, and the distinction between heartbeat features and other irrelevant body motion features is summarized as a feature attention problem. Then, multi-scale detection module and heart rate feature attention module are designed and combined into a basic network module to build a heart rate extraction neural network. Through experiments based on properly designed datasets, a reasonable parameter design of the module is first explored. Experimental results show that in the signal data with unrelated motion data interference, average absolute error of the proposed method model for heart rate extraction can reach 1.87 beats/min, and average relative accuracy can reach 97.51%.

Objective To explore the clinical application and effectiveness of evidence-based predictive nursing on patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma undergoing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Methods Eighty patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma who underwent CAR T-cell therapy at Ruijin Hospital between January 2022 and May 2023 were enrolled in the study. Using the envelope method, the patients were randomly assigned to either a control group (n=40), receiving standard nursing care, or an intervention group (n=40), receiving predictive nursing based on evidence-based practice. The intervention included structured problem identification, targeted evidence collection, and implementation of proactive nursing strategies. Clinical outcomes which were compared between the two groups included psychological status, fatigue severity, and treatment-related complications. Results Before nursing intervention, there were no significant differences in anxiety or depression scores between the two groups. After intervention, the intervention group showed significantly lower anxiety and depression scores (P<0.05). Fatigue levels and related dimensions (behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and sensory) also improved significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) was lower in the intervention group (65.00% and 15.00%, respectively) than that in the control group (82.50% and 27.50%). There was no significant difference in the overall rate of adverse events between the two groups. There was one case of grade 3-4 CRS and none grade 3-4 ICANS in the intervention group, while there were three cases of grade 3-4 CRS and one case of grade 3-4 ICANS in the control group. Conclusions Evidence-based predictive nursing demonstrates clear clinical value in the management of patients undergoing CAR T-cell therapy with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma. It effectively alleviates psychological distress, reduces fatigue, lowers the risk of severe toxicities, and enhances overall safety and quality of care. These findings support its broader implementation in clinical practice.

SMARCB1(SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily B, member 1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma (SDSC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignant neoplasm of the head and neck region, accounting for 2.7% to 7.0% of primary sinonasal carcinomas. It exhibits a broad age distribution, non-specific clinical manifestations, and histomorphological features that closely mimic various other head and neck malignancies, posing significant diagnostic challenges for pathologists. This report details two SDSC cases treated in the Department of Patho-logy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital. Case 1 was a 75-year-old female who demonstrated combined loss of expression of SMARCB1 (Integrase Interactor 1, INI-1) and SMARCA2(SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily A, member 2) (Brahma Homolog, BRM) proteins. The tumors were mainly located in the right maxillary sinus and nasal cavity. Case 2 was a 60-year-old male who exhibited loss of SMARCB1 (INI-1) expression only. The tumors were located in the left posterior ethmoid sinus. Histologically, both cases were predominantly composed of basaloid cells, interspersed with a minor population of cells exhibiting plasmacytoid/rhabdoid morphology characterized by eccentric nuclei. Case 1 featured extensive geographic tumor necrosis, with only scant residual viable tumor tissue. The clinical stage of both cases was cT₄N_xM₀ at the time of diagnosis. Follow-up: Case 1 received two cycles of induction chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy and died 3 months post-diagnosis. Case 2 underwent extended tumor resection followed by adjuvant therapy and died 12 months post-diagnosis. Comparative analysis revealed that the case with co-loss of SMARCB1 (INI-1) and SMARCA2 (BRM) expression was accompanied by more significant tumor necrosis morphologically and had a shorter survival time. According to literature and database searches worldwide, a total of 236 SDSC cases were reported, with an age range of 25-86 years and a male-to-female ratio of approximately 5:3 to 8:3. Among them, four cases (4/236) showed co-loss of SMARCB1 (INI-1) and SMARCA2 (BRM). However, there are still insufficient data to suggest that such cases have a worse survival prognosis. In conclusion, the overall prognosis of SDSC patients is poor, and there is currently no standard treatment plan. Morphological examination combined with SMARCB1 (INI-1) immunohistochemical testing is the key to definitive diagnosis, and combined detection of SWI/SNF complex member proteins helps identify co-loss cases. Although co-loss cases are rare and the significance of their survival prognosis analysis is unclear, more clinical experience is needed.

Photon-counting computed tomography （PCCT） is a revolutionary technological breakthrough in CT imaging over the past decade. Compared with traditional energy-integrating detector CT, PCCT performs imaging at the single-photon level at the detector layer, offering higher spatial resolution, fewer artifacts, and more accurate spectral imaging. PCCT shows great application potential in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, especially in reducing beam-hardening artifacts and achieving ultra-high spatial resolution, which can further improve the specifi-city and positive predictive value in the assessment of coronary artery stenosis. This also contributes to the accurate evaluation of in-stent restenosis， reliable identification of plaque components, and characterization of vulnerable plaques. PCCT can obtain stable calcium scoring at low radiation doses. The virtual non-contrast （VNC） algorithm supports reliable calcium scoring from contrast-enhanced images, further reducing the radiation dose. PCCT can improve the reproducibility of features in pericoronary fat radiomics analysis. The VNC algorithm can accurately assess epicardial fat volume and significantly reduce radiation dose. Spectral images acquired by PCCT at high temporal resolution enable single-phase measurement of myocardial extracellular volume. They can also provide multidimensional anatomical information and functional parameters for preoperative planning and postoperative follow-up of transcatheter aortic valve implantation/replacement （TAVI/TAVR）. Although PCCT holds great potential in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and quantitative analysis of myocardial tissues, its quantitative results remain affected by reconstruction parameters such as convolution kernels, virtual monoenergetic levels, and iterative strength. Currently, a lack of unified standards and validation from multicenter studies, along with the increased radiation dose in ultra-high-resolution modes, still limits its wide clinical application. Future studies should focus on large-sample, multicenter prospective studies to optimize imaging parameters, standardize post-processing workflows, and integrate artificial intelligence tools to enhance the clinical application of PCCT in cardiovascular disease diagnosis.

In recent years， to address the unmet needs in hemophilia treatment， significant research has led to unprecedented advances in pharmacotherapy， including the development of several innovative mechanism-based therapies that restore hemostatic balance by modulating thrombin generation in hemophilia patients with or without inhibitors. Among them， non-factor therapies involving hemostatic rebalancing mechanisms have achieved remarkable progress， with one of the key focuses in clinical development being anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor （TFPI） therapy. TFPI is a key anticoagulant protein in the coagulation pathway that inhibits tissue factor （TF）-mediated initiation of coagulation. Blocking TFPI activity can enhance thrombin generation， providing a novel approach for hemophilia treatment. Notably， this mechanism applies to patients with hemophilia A or B and is theoretically effective for patients with or without inhibitors. As of June 2025， anti-TFPI agents that have entered clinical development or been approved for marketing internationally include concizumab， marstacimab， befovacimab， KN057， and MG1113. These agents inhibit TFPI activity through different antibody types， employing varying binding affinities or targeting distinct domains of TFPI. Studies on clinical trials across various phases have demonstrated that these drugs have good efficacy in reducing annual bleeding rates and improving patient prognosis. In addition， anti-TFPI drugs are administered subcutaneously， with dosing intervals up to one week， providing convenience for patients. Anti-TFPI therapy represents an important shift in the field of hemophilia management. However， it faces some challenges， including potential thrombotic risks and the current absence of suitable laboratory assays to monitor treatment efficacy.

Sepsis leads to approximately 11 million deaths globally each year, and its incidence is still on the rise, particularly in aging societies. Elderly patients, due to multiple underlying diseases and declined immune function, often progress rapidly to sepsis after infection, resulting in poor prognosis. Additionally, immunosuppressed patients, such as those who have undergone organ transplantation or have malignant tumors, exhibit a significantly higher incidence of sepsis compared to the general population. From 2017 to 2019, the annual standardized incidence of sepsis among hospitalized patients in China was (328.25-421.85) per 100 000, with over 57% of cases occurring in individuals aged 65 and above. As a syndrome of organ dysfunction caused by a systemic hyperinflammatory response to infection, sepsis remains a significant disease contributing to high mortality and healthcare burden worldwide. Although diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have been continuously improved with in-depth research on sepsis mechanisms in recent years, clinical practice still faces several core challenges: ① difficulties in early diagnosis due to limitations of current assessment systems and biomarkers; ② increasingly severe antibiotic resistance, which significantly restricts treatment options; and ③ extremely high heterogeneity of the disease, which leads to poor efficacy of standardized treatment schemes and limited adoption of individualized therapy. In recent years, at the diagnostic level, the application of novel biomarkers, molecular diagnostic technologies, and artificial intelligence is driving innovations in early identification and precise subtyping capabilities. At the therapeutic level, the concepts of individualized and precision medicine are increasingly applied, and novel therapeutic strategies such as immunomodulation demonstrate great potential in addressing disease complexity. The key to overcoming the above three core challenges lies in integrating the concept of precision medicine throughout the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process: by leveraging multi-omics data to deepen the understanding of disease heterogeneity, utilizing advanced technologies to achieve accurate diagnosis and subtyping, and developing targeted therapies based on this foundation, ultimately achie-ving the goal of improving patient prognosis.

Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is an advanced CT imaging technology based on novel photon-counting detectors. Compared to traditional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT), PCCT demonstrates significant advantages in radiation dose utilization efficiency, image spatial resolution, and spectral resolution, and is expected to revolutionize imaging diagnostic paradigms for pancreatic diseases. This study systematically reviews the latest research advances in PCCT for pancreatic imaging, with a focus on its clinical application value in displaying fine pancreatic anatomical structures, visualizing the pancreas, surrounding vascular networks, and pancreaticobiliary systems, evaluating benign and malignant lesions, and quantitatively assessing tumor heterogeneity. The core technical principles of PCCT include physical characteristics such as high photon-flux processing by photon-counting detectors, K-edge imaging, and multi-energy threshold data acquisition modes. On this basis, this study summarizes optimization strategies for pancreatic imaging, including scan parameter settings and the clinical application of multimodal post-processing techniques. PCCT can effectively reduce radiation dose while overcoming the spatial resolution bottleneck, thereby improving the detection rate of cystic lesions. The low-energy monoenergetic reconstruction mode of PCCT can enhance the contrast of solid tumors and optimize the visualization of branching and tumor-feeding vessels. By integrating representative clinical studies and preliminary validation trials in recent years, this study further analyzes key challenges and corresponding strategies during the clinical translation of PCCT. Additionally, it explores the future directions of this technology in the precise diagnosis of pancreatic diseases, personalized treatment decision support, and the development of AI-big data models, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and practical reference for promoting PCCT applications in the field of pancreatic imaging.

In 2022, there were approximately 970 000 new cases and 660 000 deaths from gastric cancer worldwide, with East Asia (such as China, Japan, and South Korea) being the main high-incidence regions. Although the incidence rate and mortality rate of gastric cancer in China showed a slow decline from 2010 to 2020, the disease burden remains heavy due to the large population and insufficient early screening coverage. In 2025, the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) released the American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Gastric Precancerous Lesions. The core content of the guidelines includes: ① individualized risk assessment: high-risk populations should be screened based on factors such as age, Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, and family history. ② High-quality endoscopic technical standards: the guidelines recommend using high-definition white-light endoscopy with image-enhanced technologies (such as narrow band imaging, NBI) to improve lesion detection rates and emphasize the standardization of biopsy pathology. It also recommends using the operative link for gastritis assessment (OLGA) and operative link for gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment (OLGIM) staging systems for gastric cancer risk stratification and surveillance, while emphasizing the core position of Hp eradication. ③ Endoscopic monitoring and follow-up intervals: the guidelines have important implications for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer in China, including optimizing screening strategies, such as implementing precision screening for high-risk populations based on China's conditions and exploring combined screening models for colorectal and gastric cancer. It is essential to continue to improve the capabilities of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment, strengthen the training of grassroots physicians, advance high-quality endoscopic techniques (such as NBI magnifying endoscopy), strengthen Hp infection prevention and control, and implement synchronous screening and treatment for household clusters of infection. The surveillance system should be improved by referencing OLGA/OLGIM stratification to establish personalized monitoring intervals. Concurrently, evidence gaps must be addressed by conducting prospective studies to validate the rationality of surveillance intervals and developing non-invasive biomar-kers. Although some recommendations in the ACG guidelines are supported by limited evidence, the standardized framework provides important reference for early detection and treatment of gastric cancer in China. This approach helps address current challenges such as low screening coverage and high proportion of advanced-stage cases, ultimately reducing the di-sease burden.

Robot grasp detection is a fundamental vision task for robots. Deep learning-based methods have shown excellent results in enhancing the grasp detection capabilities for model-free objects in unstructured scenes. Most popular approaches explore deep network models and exploit RGB-D images combining colour and depth data to acquire enriched feature expressions. However, current work struggles to achieve a satisfactory balance between the accuracy and real-time performance; the variability of RGB and depth feature distributions receives inadequate attention. The treatment of predicted failure cases is also lacking. We propose an efficient fully convolutional network to predict the pixel-level antipodal grasp parameters in RGB-D images. A structure with hierarchical feature fusion is established using multiple lightweight feature extraction blocks. The feature fusion module with 3D global attention is used to select the complementary information in RGB and depth images sufficiently. Additionally, a grasp configuration optimization method based on local grasp path is proposed to cope with the possible failures predicted by the model. Extensive experiments on two public grasping datasets, Cornell and Jacquard, demonstrate that the approach can improve the performance of grasping unknown objects.

The current diagnostic criteria for obesity are based on body mass index (BMI). However, BMI does not directly reflect fat accumulation or its adverse health effects, making it inadequate for clinical needs. In response, the Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission has proposed a refined definition and diagnostic criteria of obesity, including Pre-clinical Obesity which is defined as having only abnormal anthropometric indicators, thus only lifestyle interventions is recommended to improve body composition and reduce disease risk; as well as Clinical Obesity which is diagnosed when abnormal anthropometric indicators are accompanied by obesity-related comorbidities or limitations in daily activities, necessitating active medical intervention. While several academic societies have raised concerns that this classification may reclassify some obesity cases from a disease state to a risk factor, potentially depriving patients of treatment opportunities, the new criteria overall represents a significant advancement in enabling more precise diagnosis and management of obesity, based on fat accumulation and its impact on organ function.

Objective To explore the influence of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile)positivity on clinical outcomes and identify associated risk factors in intensive care unit（ICU） patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 2 036 patients admitted to the emergency ICU of Ruijin Hospital from 2013 to 2022, comparing outcomes between C. difficile-positive (n=225) and C. difficile negative (n=1 811) groups. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify risk and protective factors. Results Significantly prolonged hospital stays (B=18.734 d, 95% CI: 14.683-22.785) and higher treatment costs (B=68 854.912, 95% CI: 46 579.159-91 130.665) in the C. difficile-positive group, with no statistically significant difference in mortality between groups. Multivariate analysis identified carbapenem use (OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.16-2.15), bloodstream infection (OR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.17-2.66), and biliary tract infection (OR=1.79, 95% CI: 1.03-3.10) as risk factors for C. difficile positivity. Protective factors included metronidazole use (OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.40-0.84), cephalosporin use (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.39-0.74), and female sex (OR=0.60, 95% CI： 0.44-0.83). Conclusions C. difficile positivity in critically ill patients did not affect mortality but prolonged hospitalization and increased costs. Both risk and protect factors for C. difficile are identified.

In view of the weak ability of the convolutional neural networks to explicitly learn spatial invariance and the probabilistic loss of discriminative features caused by occlusion and background interference in pedestrian re-identification tasks, a person re-identification method combining spatial feature learning and multi-granularity feature fusion was proposed. First, an attention spatial transformation network (A-STN) is proposed to learn spatial features and solve the problem of misalignment of pedestrian spatial features. Then the network was divided into a global branch, a local coarse-grained fusion branch, and a local fine-grained fusion branch to extract pedestrian global features, coarse-grained fusion features, and fine-grained fusion features, respectively. Among them, the global branch enriches the global features by fusing different pooling features. The local coarse-grained fusion branch uses an overlay pooling to enhance each local feature while learning the correlation relationship between multi-granularity features. The local fine-grained fusion branch uses a differential pooling to obtain the differential features that were fused with global features to learn the relationship between pedestrian local features and pedestrian global features. Finally, the proposed method was compared on three public datasets: Market1501, DukeMTMC-ReID and CUHK03. The experimental results were better than those of the comparative methods, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Representation learning from unlabeled skeleton data is a challenging task. Prior unsupervised learning algorithms mainly rely on the modeling ability of recurrent neural networks to extract the action representations. However, the structural information of the skeleton data, which also plays a critical role in action recognition, is rarely explored in existing unsupervised methods. To deal with this limitation, we propose a novel twostream autoencoder network to combine the topological information with temporal information of skeleton data. Specifically, we encode the graph structure by graph convolutional network (GCN) and integrate the extracted GCN-based representations into the gate recurrent unit stream. Then we design a transfer module to merge the representations of the two streams adaptively. According to the characteristics of the two-stream autoencoder, a unified loss function composed of multiple tasks is proposed to update the learnable parameters of our model. Comprehensive experiments on NW-UCLA, UWA3D, and NTU-RGBD 60 datasets demonstrate that our proposed method can achieve an excellent performance among the unsupervised skeleton-based methods and even perform a similar or superior performance over numerous supervised skeleton-based methods.

According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2025 report, the global number of diabetic patients is projected to exceed 700 million, with approximately 40% of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients developing diabetic nephropathy (DN). As the global incidence rate of diabetes continues to rise, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of DN have become increasingly critical. Although DN exhibits certain characteristic clinical manifestations, its early-stage symptoms often closely resemble those of non-diabetic renal diseases (NDRD), posing significant challenges to accurate diagnosis. Renal biopsy, as the gold standard for diagnosing DN, is limited in its widespread application due to its invasive nature. The innovative development and multimodal integration of ultrasound technology have increasingly highlighted its value in the differential diagnosis and disease assessment of DN. Conventional ultrasound techniques, including grayscale and Doppler ultrasound, evaluate renal morphology and hemodynamic changes. DN patients typically show increased kidney volume, enhanced renal cortical echogenicity, and elevated renal artery resistive index (RRI), which are closely associated with glomerular basement membrane thickening and reduced vascular compliance due to arteriosclerosis of the affe-rent arterioles. Ultrasound elastography provides a new dimension for assessing renal fibrosis by quantitatively measuring tissue stiffness. In DN patients, shear wave velocity (SWV) exhibits a characteristic pattern of "initial increase followed by decrease", which may correlate with histopathological staging. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) dynamically evaluates renal cortical microcirculation using microbubble tracking technology. CEUS images of DN patients demonstrate significantly reduced area under the curve (AUC) and peak intensity (PI), indicating decreased blood perfusion in the renal cortical microvascular bed. In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with ultrasound technology has advanced rapidly in the diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases. However, its deep integration with ultrasound for differential diagnosis and disease monitoring of DN has not yet been realized. In the future, combining AI algorithms with ultrasound technology is expected to enable automatic learning and identification of renal structures and pathological features from large volumes of ultrasound images, automatic quantification of key parameters such as RRI and SWV, and dynamic analysis of changes in renal microcirculation, thereby significantly improving the accuracy and efficiency of DN diagnosis.

The introduction of path planning and visual navigation in vascular interventional surgery can provide an intuitive reference and guidance for doctors. In this study, based on the preprocessing results of vessel skeleton extraction and stenosis diagnosis in X-ray coronary angiography images, clustering is used to determine the connectivity of the intersection points, and then the improved Dijkstra algorithm is used to automatically plan the surgical path. On this basis, the intermediate point is introduced to piecewise correct the path and improve the accuracy of the system. Finally, the epipolar constrained inverse projection transformation is used to reconstruct the coronary artery 3D model, and the optimal path is marked to achieve a multi-angle 3D visual navigation. Clinical experimental results show that compared with the traditional Dijkstra algorithm, the improved method can reduce the need for intermediate points, which improves computational efficiency, and the average error of manual calibration path is reduced to 4% of that before overall optimization. The results of 3D reconstruction and reprojection further qualitatively and quantitatively verify the effectiveness of the whole scheme.

Endotracheal intubation has broad application prospects in the biomedical field. At present, visual intubation tools are mainly used to judge the catheter position. However, when patients suffer from pains in the neck, throat, and trachea and other diseases or other conditions, if the exposure of the glottic area is not ideal, there are difficult airways. For difficult airways, this visual intubation tool has great limitations. Studying the new guidance method of endotracheal intubation and providing a reference or solution for difficult airway intubation is a crucial problem in the biomedical clinical field. In this paper, an endotracheal intubation method is proposed based on end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) perception. The simulation model verifies the feasibility of this method for endotracheal intubation guidance. Then, four micro-cavity tubes are used as a gas collection tube, and a set of endotracheal tube guidance systems based on ETCO2 perception is designed and developed to collect and process the CO2 concentration information in the pharyngeal cavity. The experimental results show that this guidance system can be used for intubation guidance in the simulated pharyngeal cavity without vision. Keywords: end-tidal carbon dioxide, no vision endotracheal intubation, micro-cavity tube

The dynamic response characteristics of scoliosis and kyphosis to vibration are currently unclear. The finite element method (FEM) was employed to study the vibration response of patients with idiopathic scoliosis and kyphosis. The objective is to analyze the dynamic characteristics of idiopathic scoliosis and kyphosis using FEM. The finite element model of T1—S1 segments was established and verified using the CT scanning images. The established scoliosis and kyphosis models were verified statistically and dynamically. The finite element software Abaqus was utilized to analyze the mode, harmonic response, and transient dynamics of scoliosis and kyphosis. The first four natural frequencies extracted from modal analysis were 1.34, 2.26, 4.49 and 17.69 Hz respectively. Notably, the first three natural frequencies decreased with the increase of upper body mass. In harmonic response analysis, the frequency corresponding to the maximum amplitude in x direction was the first order natural frequency, and the frequency corresponding to the maximum amplitude in y and z directions was the second order natural frequency. At the same resonance frequency, the amplitude of the thoracic spine was larger relative to that of the lumbar spine. The time domain results of transient analysis showed that the displacement dynamic response of each segment presented cyclic response characteristics over time. Under 2.26Hz excitation, the dynamic response of the research object appeared as resonance. The higher the degree of spinal deformity, the greater the fundamental frequency. The first three natural modes of scoliosis and kyphosis contain vibration components in the vertical direction. The second order natural frequency was the most harmful to patients with scoliosis and kyphosis. Under cyclic loading, the deformation of the thoracic cone exceeds that of the lumbar cone.

Resistant hypertension (RH), defined as uncontrolled blood pressure despite the use of optimal combination therapy, represents a major clinical treatment challenge. Its underlying mechanism is a complex pathophysiological network involving multiple interacting systems, primarily including excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), increased excitability of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), genetic predisposition, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory responses. These are closely associated with significantly increased cardiovascular risk. RH accounts for 1.9%-18.0% of the hypertensive population, with most studies indicating about 10% of hypertensive patients have RH. Evaluation of RH requires standardized blood pressure measurement (with a combination of office and home blood pressure recommended), and objective evaluation of patient medication adherence (with poor adherence observed in nearly 50% of patients). Screening for secondary causes of hypertension is crucial. For example, the prevalence of primary aldosteronism among RH patients reaches 17%-23% (with a screening rate of only 2.1%). Over 50% of patients with sleep apnea syndrome have hypertension, and renal artery stenosis hypertension accounts for about 24% of RH patients. Comprehensive identification of the underlying causes of hypertension can significantly improve blood pressure control and prognosis. RH treatment emphasizes lifestyle interventions [such as DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) diet, which can reduce blood pressure by about 6.97 mmHg], as well as drug and device-based therapies. Spironolactone, as the preferred fourth-line agent, can reduce systolic blood pressure by about 8.70 mmHg. Among novel agents, the aldosterone synthase inhibitors lorundrostat and baxdrostat reduced systolic blood pressure by approximately 9.1 mmHg and 9.8 mmHg compared with placebo, respectively, while aprocitentan lowered systolic blood pressure by about 3.7 mmHg compared with placebo. Renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) can persistently reduce ambulatory systolic blood pressure by about 13.6 mmHg, with good safety. Looking ahead, driven by both evidence-based medicine and innovative therapies (new drugs and devices), RH treatment is undergoing a paradigm shift centered on precision and individualized care, which is expected to bring revolutionary impact on the improvement of patient prognosis.

Objective To explore the impact of five senses awakening nursing mode based on the circadian rhythm in conscious hospitalized patients with cerebral coma. Methods Using convenience sampling method, a total of 43 patients with cerebral coma admitted to the Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from May 2023 to April 2024 were selected. The patients in the even-numbered wards were set as the observation group (n=22), and those in the odd-numbered wards were set as the control group (n=21). The control group received routine nursing mode while the observation group received five-sense awakening nursing mode in addition to routine nursing. A comparison was made between the two groups at different periods regarding Glasgow coma score (GCS), coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R), recovery efficiency and recovery time. Results There was an interaction between the group factor and the time factor in the GCS score and the CRS-R score in the two groups (F=9.765, P<0.001; F=12.846, P<0.001). After the intervention, there were significant differences in the changes of the GCS and the CRS-R score at different time points between the two groups (F=243.934, P<0.001; F=239.111, P<0.001). There were statistical differences in the changes of the GCS and the CRS-R score between the two groups (F=5.040, P<0.05;F=7.779, P<0.05).The recovery rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the recovery time was shorter than that of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusions The five- sensory stimulation nursing approach based on the circadian rhythm, can improve the consciousness state of patients with cerebral coma and facilitate their awakening.

In recent years, pathogen metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology has been widely applied in the etiological diagnosis of complex, severe, and atypical infections, addressing the limitations of conventional detection methods. However, the clinical interpretation of mNGS results relies highly on the setting of thresholds, and currently there is no unified standard. The individualized setting of clinical report thresholds for pathogen mNGS requires comprehensive consideration of technical factors, such as pathogen characteristics, background microbial baseline, and genome coverage, as well as multiple clinical factors, including host status, clinical symptoms, sample type, and treatment response. The ultimate goal is to provide more clinically informative etiological diagnoses. From the perspective of the clinical laboratory, the current status and challenges of clinical report threshold setting for pathogen mNGS are reviewed, the differential logic of threshold setting across different pathogen categories is analyzed, and the future development directions towards personalized and intelligent approaches in setting mNGS clinical report thresholds for clinical practice are explored.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common digestive system disease. Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of GERD ranges from 10% to 30% in Europe and the United States, while the incidence in China is relatively lower, at approximately 10%. In recent years, the incidence of GERD in China has shown an increasing trend. Different diagnostic methods include pH monitoring and pH-impedance testing, endoscopy, high-resolution esophageal manometry, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) test, and salivary pepsin testing. Endoscopy enables direct observation of lesions but exhibits relatively low sensitivity. PPI tests are simple and practical but cannot provide a definitive diagnosis. Questionnaires are highly subjective. Salivary pepsin testing can evaluate laryngopharyngeal reflux, but its accuracy is limited by enzyme degradation. The sensitivity and specificity of these diagnostic methods differ. Among them, questionnaires demonstrate good performance in GERD diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 77.50% and a specificity of 87.31%. Salivary pepsin tes-ting in GERD diagnosis shows a sensitivity of 73.0% and specificity of 88.3%. The PPI test is suitable for patients with typical reflux symptoms, but the response rate significantly decreases in patients with atypical symptoms. Reflux and heartburn are not exclusive to GERD. These two symptoms may also occur in other conditions, such as achalasia, functional heartburn, reflux hypersensitivity, and eosinophilic esophagitis, potentially leading to misdiagnosis in some cases. Meanwhile, GERD is a complex syndrome involving multiple pathogenic factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. When formulating treatment strategies, clinicians should adopt individualized and precision treatment tailored to the pathological and physio-logical mechanisms of patients with different clinical manifestations. In the future, with further research and the application of new technologies, individualized precision treatment will become the core of GERD management, aiming to improve patients' quality of life and reduce the recurrence rate.

本教研团队以2024年至2025年轮转到新疆医科大学附属第一医院医学检验中心的医学检验专业实习生作为研究对象，采用观察组和对照组的设计，分别采取基于智能阅片平台的教学模式和传统教学模式，通过季度考核成绩和问卷调查的方式，比较2组模式的教学效果差异。结果显示，观察组实习生季度考核中理论考核病例分析题[（43.3±0.9）分]和操作考核血细胞形态[（44.8±1.0）分]成绩均显著高于对照组[（36.7±1.0）分和（38.5±1.1）分]，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。问卷星调查（包括教师对实习生综合能力的评价以及实习生对教学满意度的评价）结果提示，观察组实习生对基于智能阅片平台的教学模式接受度更高。可见，智能阅片平台的教学模式可以提高实习生的阅片能力和临床思维能力，显著提升血细胞形态学的学习效率和学习成绩，有望作为今后血细胞形态学习的重要辅助手段。

Objective To explore the impact of miR-4674 expression changes on the biological characteristics of BGC-823 gastric cancer cell line based on bioinformatics research. Methods Through bioinformatics screening, miR-4674 was prioritized as a gastric cancer-associated miRNA. We constructed miR-4674 mimic, inhibitor, and corresponding negative control (NC) transfected into the BGC-823 cell line. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to detect the expression changes of miR-4674 in BGC-823 cells. Functional assays included: MTT assay for cell proliferation ability; Transwell assay for migration capacity; TUNEL staining for cell apoptosis detection.Results Compared with the control group and cells transfected with NC, the level of miR-4674 was significantly increased in cells transfected with miR-4674 mimic, and the proliferation and migration abilities of the cells were significantly improved (P< 0.05). In cells transfected with miR-4674 inhibitor, the level of miR-4674 was significantly decreased, and the proliferation and migration abilities of the cells were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The result of TUNEL showed no significant differences in apoptotic rates were observed across all groups. Conclusions In the BGC-823 gastric cancer cell line, inhibition of miR-4674 expression can reduce its malignancy, while overexpression of miR-4674 can enhance its malignancy, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for gastric cancer intervention, providing a new strategy for the treatment of gastric cancer.

In response to the shortcomings of the common encoders in the industry, of which the photoelectric encoders have a poor anti-interference ability in harsh industrial environments with water, oil, dust, or strong vibrations and the magnetic encoders are too sensitive to magnetic field density, this paper designs a new differential encoder based on the grating eddy-current measurement principle, abbreviated as differential grating eddy-current encoder (DGECE). The grating eddy-current of DGECE consists of a circular array of trapezoidal reflection conductors and 16 trapezoidal coils with a special structure to form a differential relationship, which are respectively located on the code plate and the readout plate designed by a printed circuit board. The differential structure of DGECE corrects the common mode interference and the amplitude distortion due to the assembly to some extent, possesses a certain anti-interference capability, and greatly simplifies the regularization algorithm of the original data. By means of the corresponding readout circuit and demodulation algorithm, the DGECE can convert the periodic impedance variation of 16 coils into an angular output within the 360◦ cycle. Due to its simple manufacturing process and certain interference immunity, DGECE is easy to be integrated and mass-produced as well as applicable in the industrial spindles, especially in robot joints. This paper presents the measurement principle, implementation methods, and results of the experiment of the DGECE. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the DGECE can reach 0.237% and the measurement standard deviation can reach ±0.14 ◦ within 360 ◦ cycle.

In this paper, a compact defected ground structure loaded ultra high frequency dual-band bandpass filter is designed and implemented based on multilayer liquid crystal polymer technology. This novel filter is simply composed with several lumped and semi-lumped elements, to create a dual-passband response. In order to enhance the out-of-band rejection, a feedback capacitor Cz at the in/out ports of the filter is introduced, and four transmission zeros (TZs) are obtained outside the pass band. Furthermore, the position of TZs can be determined by adjusting the value of Cz. The schematic and design process of the filter are given in this paper. The center frequencies of dual-band bandpass filter are 0.9GHz and 2.45GHz, and the 3-dB bandwidths are 13.7% and 14.3%, respectively. The circuit size is 11mm × 9.5mm × 0.193mm. The proposed filter has been fabricated and tested, and the measured result is in good agreement with the simulation result.

Objective To investigate the expression of kinesin family member 15(KIF15), epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) in gallbladder cancer(GBC) and their clinical and pathological significance. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was employed to detect the expression of KIF15, EGFR, and HER2 proteins in GBC tissue microarrays. The correlation between protein expression levels and various clinical and pathological characteristics of GBC patients was analyzed. Results The positive expression rates of KIF15, EGFR, and HER2 proteins in GBC tissues were 71.6%, 62.2%, and 51.4% respectively, compared to 16.7%, 0, and 0 in para-carcinoma tissues (all P=0.000). KIF15 expression was correlated with cancer differentiation grade (P=0.006), while EGFR expression was associated with lymph node metastasis(P=0.026) and the number of metastatic lymph nodes(P=0.012). HER2 expression was correlated with cancer differentiation grade(P=0.018), tumor size(P=0.005), and T stage(P=0.032). GBC patients with co-positive expression of KIF15 and HER2 had significantly lower overall survival compared to those with negative expression. Positive HER2 expression, lymph node metastasis, and the number of metastatic lymph nodes were identified as independent risk factors for overall survival in GBC patients. Conclusions Positive expression of KIF15, EGFR, and HER2 in GBC tissues are correlated with various clinical indicators and poorer prognosis. These proteins may serve as potential factors for predicting prognosis and evaluating therapeutic efficacy in GBC.

RhD-negative blood exhibits various phenotypes, each having multiple subtypes, and all associated with specific molecular mechanisms. This study reports a case involving a nucleotide variation at position 767 in exon 5 of the RhD gene (c.767C>A, p.Ser256Ter), resulting in the substitution of serine with a termination codon at position 256. These changes led to structural alterations in the RhD antigen protein, resulting in a serologically RhD-negative phenotype in the patient. The sequence data of this allele was reported for the first time and has been submitted to GenBank under the accession number PQ740962. For RhD-negative patients, serological and molecular biological methods should be further used to determine their subtypes and molecular genetic background. Different RhD blood types require differential management for pregnant women, transfusion recipients, and blood donors. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain more information for prenatal monitoring and transfusion management. This novel RhD allele mutation enriches the understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms underlying the formation of RhD-negative blood. It contributes to the accurate determination of RhD blood type and the development of "precision" blood transfusion guidance for clinical practice, thereby reducing transfusion risks for patients with rare blood types and ensuring transfusion safety.