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23 July 2020, Volume 10 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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3D Printing in Medicine ZHOU Weimin,MIN Guoquan,LI Xiaoli 2014, 10 (1):  1-7.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.001 Abstract ( 381 )   The advantages of 3D printing including personalization, precision and long-range were suitable for its application in the field of medicine. In this paper, the development situation, technical characteristics and medical application of 3D printing (including medical model in vitro, customized medical instruments, artificial organs and tissue, etc) were introduced. Meantime, the research bottleneck and countermeasures of 3D printing in the field of medicine were expounded. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Relationship of Three Kinds of Errors in Point Matching Spatial Registration WANG Manning 2014, 10 (1):  4-7.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.002 Abstract ( 391 )   Objective Point matching method is widely used in the spatial registration of computer assisted intervention system. There are three kinds of errors defined in point matching:fiducial localization error (FLE), fiducial registration error (FRE), and target registration error (TRE). The relationship among these errors, and its impact on clinical application were studied in this article. Methods The CT image data was utilized to simulate the spatial registration in order to study the relationship among three kinds of errors. Different number of fiducial points and different models of the FLE (Gaussian model and non-Gaussian model) were used to conduct the simulation. Results Both the FRE and the TRE increased along with the increase of the magnitude of the FLE. Under the same FLE model, FRE increased but TRE decreased along with the increase of the number of fiducial points. When Gaussian model of FLE was used, the FRE and the TRE was uncorrelated. When the non-Gaussian model of FLE was used, the correlation coefficient between FRE and TRE was approximately 0.35. Conclusion When different number of fiducial points are used, the spatial registration accuracy cannot be compared according to the average TRE. When the same fiducial configuration is used, weather or not the average FRE reflects the accuracy of spatial registration depends on the underlying distribution model of the FLE. Related Articles | Metrics

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Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Heart Based on Chinese Digitized Visible Human JIANG Jun,XIE Le,FANG Binji,ZHANG Shaoxiang,ZHOU Chaozhen 2014, 10 (1):  8-10.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.003 Abstract ( 418 )   Objective To provide three dimensional anatomic data for the preparation of cardio surgery and surgical training in VR by 3D reconstruction of heart with Chinese digitized visible human. Methods The data of the series of heart sections on Chinese digitized visible human were distinguished and imported to Mimics for the 3D reconstruction of heart. Results Three dimensional heart were reconstructed. The structures could be displayed by multiple structural and color modes, individually or jointly. Conclusion Through Chinese digitized visible human, the goal of 3D reconstruction of heart could be achieved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Viability Assay on Biological Printing of Chondrocytes QU Miao,SHEN Congcong,HOU Yikang,XU Yourong,CHAI Gang,GAO Xiaoyan 2014, 10 (1):  11-13.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.004 Abstract ( 346 )   Objective To establish a two-dimensional biological printing technique of chondrocytes so as to control the cell transfer process and keep cell viability after printing. Methods Primary chondrocytes were obtained from auricles of 8-week-old piglets and then were regularly sub-cultured to passage 2 (P2). The experiment was divided into 2 groups:printing group and control group. In printing group, P2 chondrocytes were transferred by rapid prototype biological printer (interval in x-axis 300 μm, interval in y-axis 1 500 μm), and were then cultured for 2 hours, afterwards cell viability was detected by Live/Dead viability Kit and cell fluorescence was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope; In control group, all steps were the same as printing group except that cell suspension received no printing. Results Laser scanning confocal microscope observation on the cells in printing group revealed the “cell ink droplets”. They were distributed regularly and evenly in the two-dimensional layer and each contained 15-35 cells, meeting the requirement of designing two-dimensional cell printing. The cells in printing group went through cell viability test, laser scanning confocal microscope observation showed that it was no significant difference between the control group and the printing groups in terms of cell viability. Conclusion Biological printing technique can realize the oriented, quantificational and regular distribution of chondrocytes in the two-dimensional plane and lays the foundation for the construction of three-dimensional cell printing or even organ printing system. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Comparison between 3D Laser Scanning and Direct Manual Measurement for Craniofacial Measurement PAN Junjun,BAI Junxuan,ZHANG Yanning,LONG LiHua,ZHOU Hong 2014, 10 (1):  14-29.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.005 Abstract ( 324 )   Objective To design a craniofacial measurement technique based on 3D laser scanning and to verify the system feasibility by comparing with direct manual method. Methods Twenty-eight volunteers were scanned from three directions by 3D laser scanner, including front, left side and right side. After generating these three 3D face images, the preprocessing was conducted, such as the removal of dead pixels and filling of the holes. Then these three images were merged to build a completed 3D face model. Then the Euclidean distance, geodesic distance, angles and ratios of all the items were measured by 3D measurement software 3D-FACE VIEWER developed by ourself. And the results were compared with direct manual measurements. Results The statistical difference between direct manual measurement and 3D measurement was not obvious. The error of 49 items among 56 Euclidean distance measurements and 7 items among 17 geodesic distance measurements were less than 2~3 mm. Conclusion The craniofacial measurement by 3D laser scanning is effective. The software 3D-FACE VIEWER is ideal for craniofacial measurement and worth of promotion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Vascular Interventional Robot SystemNI Ziqiang LIU Da,NI Ziqiang 2014, 10 (1):  19-21.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.006 Abstract ( 314 )   Objective To evaluate the feasibility of vascular interventional robot system. Methods Twenty adult male dogs were operated on the left renal artery and the left vertebral artery with vascular interventional robot system. The important data and parameters were recorded, analyzed and evaluated. Results The renal arteriography and vertebral angiography were performed successfully. The whole process took 30-60 minutes, 35 ±4 minutes on average. The surgeons were not exposed to X-ray. The whole surgery was safe and reliable. Conclusion The robot could effectively assist the surgeons to fulfill the endovascular interventional surgery, and the purpose of the robot system could be achieved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Computer Assistant Designed Implant:A Solution to Complex Orbital Deformities YU Zheyuan,CAO Dejun,CHAI Gang,WEI Min,MU Xiongzheng 2014, 10 (1):  22-25.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.007 Abstract ( 301 )   Objective To investigate the efficiency and safety of computer assistant designed implants (CADI) in the treatment of complex orbital abnormalities. Methods A retrospective study was applied on 106 cases suffered from complex orbital deformity and treated with CADI during Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2012. The 6 months ’ postoperative CT image was compared to the pre-operative design. The surface geometric deviation was analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of CADI in orbital reconstruction. And the complications were documented. Results Among 106 cases, the CT images of 105 cases were obtained. The average deviation of the 105 cases was (1.32 ±1.64) mm. In 85.72%cases, the deviation was less than 2 mm. Only in one case the implant was taken out due to severe frontal sinus infection. No other serious complications were observed. Conclusion Computer assistant designed implant is an efficient, accurate and safe solution to complex orbital deformities. It might be one of the first choices in the treatment of complex orbital deformities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Computer Assistant Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effects of Midface Distraction Osteogenesis XU Haisong,WANG Hengjian,YU Zheyuan,YUAN Jie,CAO Dejun,CHAI Gang,WEI Min,MU Xiongzheng 2014, 10 (1):  26-29.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.008 Abstract ( 345 )   Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of midface distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of midface hypoplasia by 3D reconstruction and measurement. Methods From 2005 to 2010, 11 cases with severe midface hypoplasia were treated with Le Fort Ⅲ osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis. The change of upper airway, eyeball position, occlusion and midface position were all measured by 3D reconstruction and measurement pre- and postoperatively. Results After Le Fort Ⅲ osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis, airway obstruction was effectively relieved and facial appearance was im-proved significantly. The upper airway volume was increased to (9.13±6.94) cm3 on average, and airway obstruction was effec-tively relieved comparing with preoperative values (P<0.01). The degree of exophthalmos was about (21.23±3.3) mm before operation, and (11.4±3.5) mm after operation. The proptosis was improved significantly (P<0.01). The ANB was (7.16±3.41) ° after operation, and SNA was (83.06 ±5.85) ° after operation. The occlusion was corrected. The midface was ante-displaced about (20.27±8.04) mm on average, and the new bone formation was observed by CT scanning after 5.4 months ’ follow-up. Conclusion Le Fort Ⅲ osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis in treating midface hypoplasia can improve the function of upper airway and the appearance of midface. 3D reconstructive and measurement is an ideal evaluation method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical Evaluation of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis by a Finite Element Model CHEN Ying,GUI Lai,NIU Feng,LI Biao,WANG Qinmeng 2014, 10 (1):  30-33.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.009 Abstract ( 346 )   Objective To establish a finite element model of mandibular distraction and to evaluate its biomechanics and deformation. Methods The geometry model was established by Mimics software via reading the data of DICOM format from CT. Bone cutting simulation was performed by Mimics and model optimization was operated by Magics software. The finite element model was established and mandibular distraction simulation was analyzed by Ansys software. Results The dis-placement of mandible, the stress and the soft tissue change were all calculated. Conclusion The finite element analysis can evaluate the operative effect, analyze the stress distribution and the direction of soft tissue resistance, which could guide the preoperative design and improve the clinical outcome. Related Articles | Metrics

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Personalized Auriculocephalic Angle Reconstruction by Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Technology and Rapid Proto-Typing Technology XU Feng,ZHANG Ruhong 2014, 10 (1):  34-36.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.010 Abstract ( 308 )   Objective To explore the feasibility of the design and manufacture of a personalized wedge by three-dimen-sional reconstruction technology and rapid proto-typing technology. Methods The head CT scan was performed on a patient with congenital microtia who was prepared for the auriculocephalic angle reconstruction. The 3D image was reconstructed by the CT data and the model of the wedge was designed. Then it was printed by the rapid proto-typing technology. Results A personalized EH composite wedge was acquired. Conclusion It is realizable to design and manufacture a personalized wedge by three-dimensional reconstruction technology and rapid proto-typing technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Three-dimensional Auricular Guide Plate in Auricular Reconstruction CHEN Keguang,FU Yaoyao,YANG Lin,DAI Peidong,ZHANG Tianyu 2014, 10 (1):  37-39.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.011 Abstract ( 318 )   Objective To provide guidance for auricular reconstruction by using three-dimensional auricle and guide plate based on auricular image data of the healthy side, and the three-dimensional solid model was printed. Methods The virtual three-dimensional model of the auricle and guide plate of the affected side was established by segmenting, mirroring and expanding CT data from the healthy auricle using Mimics software, which was further imported into a 3D printer to produce a three-dimensional solid model for clinical applications. Results An individualized and delicated three-dimensional solid model of a reconstructed auricle and guide plate of the affected side was successfully produced. It was used in auricular reconstruction for finer carving and localization of the affected auricle. Conclusion The digital and solid three-dimensional model of the auricle and guide plate obtained by Mimics software and 3D printing technology, may contribute a lot to the fabrication and localization of the affected auricle in microtia surgery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of Rapid Prototyping Technology in Ear Reconstruction CHU Yanjun,WANG Minggang,CHAI Gang 2014, 10 (1):  40-42.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.012 Abstract ( 290 )   Objective To explore the clinical application of rapid prototyping technology in ear reconstruction. Methods Image data of spiral CT scanning of normal side ear was converted into STL format files by the Mimics software. 3D model of affected ear was obtained by rapid prototyping system after modeling through image technique. Then the 3D model was guided for autologous rib cartilage bracket carving in stage one of ear reconstruction and individual reconstruction of cranio-auricular angle in stage two of ear reconstruction. Results Since 2012, 9 models of microtia were built by rapid prototyping technology. More than 10 substructure units of external ear were reconstructed. Cranio-auricular angle was stable. Patients were followed up for 6-13 months and were satisfied with the ear appearance. Conclusion Comparing with traditional two-dimensional film model, using rapid prototyping technology for the reconstruction of 3-D model of external ear is more intuitive and stereoscopic, and is worthy of clinical application. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Computer-assisted Navigation in Lateral Gap Arthroplasty of Temporomandibular Joint WU Jinyang,GUI Haijun,ZHANG Shilei,SHEN Guofang,YANG Chengshuai,XU Bing 2014, 10 (1):  43-46.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.013 Abstract ( 346 )   Objective To improve the accuracy and safety of lateral gap arthroplasty of temporomandibular joint by applying computer -assisted navigation. Methods Seven patients with unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis underwent the navigation-guided lateral gap arthroplasty. Preoperative planning was performed to determine the osteotomy line and extent of ankylosed bone to be resected. The data of preoperative planning were inputted into the navigation system. During the operation, the real-time and accuracy of navigation system were observed. Maximum mouth opening was measured and compared preoperatively, intra-operatively and postoperatively. Patients were monitored for complications and signs of recurrence in the follow-ups. Results Preoperative planning was performed successfully at the workstation of navigation system. All navigation-guided lateral gap arthroplasty were completed by using real-time pointer-based or instrument-based navigation. Measurements illustrated that the mean of maximum mouth opening was 7.0 mm preoperatively, 37.9 mm intra-operatively and remained 36.7 mm postoperatively. Follow-up evaluation showed remarkable improvement in function and esthetics, and no complications and signs of recurrence were observed. Conclusion Computer-assisted navigation in lateral gap arthroplasty of temporomandibular joint could improve the accuracy and safety. Related Articles | Metrics

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Digital Techniques in Middle Facial Deft Patients with Nasal Malformation AN Gang,NIU Feng,GUI Lai,LIU Jianfeng,CHEN Ying,WANG Meng 2014, 10 (1):  47-48.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.014 Abstract ( 287 )   Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of virtual osteotomy and bone graft association with digital techniques in treating patient with middle facial cleft and nasal malformation. Methods The patient with middle facial cleft and nasal malformation was included in the study. After CT scanning, the 3D image was analyzed by Mimics 10.01 and virtual osteotomy was performed. The range of osteotomy, direction and distance of bone block movement were all preplanned. Results No serious complication was observed and the patient was satisfied with the results. Conclusion Though using digital technology, the effects of operation could be improved according to an accurate and controllable preoperation plan . Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Respiration on Breast Volume after Augmentation Mammaplasty by Three-dimensional Scanning LIU Chunjun,JI Kai,SUN Jingjing,LUAN Jie 2014, 10 (1):  49-50.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.015 Abstract ( 315 )   Objective To investigate the influence of respiration on breast volume after augmentation mammaplasty by 3D scanning. Methods From January 2010 to December 2010, twenty patients after augmentation mammaplasty were received pre-operative 3D scanning in different respiration states respectively: in the end of normal exhalation (Scan 1), in the end of normal inhalation (Scan 2) and in the end of normal exhalation again (Scan 3). By using Geomagic Studio 12 software, breast volumetric change and 3D deviation were measured between Scan1 and Scan 3 (R1), also between Scan 1 and Scan 2 (R2). Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between 3D deviation and breast volumetric change. Results The mean breast volume of all the patients was (354.1±53.9) ml. Breast volumetric change and 3D deviation in R1 were both significantly lower than in R2 (9.9 ml VS 22.7 ml, P0.05) while it was correlated with 3D deviation in R2 significantly with the correlation coefficient as 0.766 (P<0.05). Conclusion Keeping patients in the same respiration state is crucial to accurate measurement of breast volume by 3D scanning. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Application of Digital Technology in Selecting Surgical Plan of Neurofibromatosis Combing Encephalocele QI Xiangdong,WANG Weimin,ZHANG Bin,BAI Hongmin,MA Limin,QIN Jianzeng,ZHONG Shizhen 2014, 10 (1):  51-53.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.016 Abstract ( 239 )   Objective To explore the clinical application of digital technique in selecting surgical plan of neurofibromatosis. Methods From December 2010 to December 2013, 27 patients with neurofibromatosis were selected. The preoperative CT scans were performed and the three-dimensional images were reconstructed by mimic 16.0 software. Then the three-dimensional models were printed by using rapid prototyping. Based on the three-dimensional models and multidisciplinary analysis, surgical procedures were settled. According to the surgical plan, the operations were completed. Results The computer-assisted technique helped doctors decide the surgical plan in virtual spaces. The good clinical effects were achieved and the average operative time were shortened by 2 hours. Conclusion The digital technique assisting the preoperative design could help understanding the surgical procedures and positioning the extent of the defect. It is worthy of promotion. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Application of Computer Aided Design in Facial Fat Autograft WANG Meng,GUI Lai,NIU Feng,LIU Jianfeng,CHEN Ying 2014, 10 (1):  54-55.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.017 Abstract ( 303 )   Objective To explore the application of computer aided design in facial fat autograft. Methods The technique of computer aided design was applied to determine the injection site and amount of autologous fat injection. According to preoperative planning, 6 patients with facial asymmetry were received facial fat autograft. Results All patients suffering from facial asymmetry were all satisfied with the effective results and the facial asymmetry deformity was corrected obviously. Conclusion Computer aided design technology is a useful method in individual facial fat autograft. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Retrospective Study on Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding of the Patients with Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate SHEN Congcong,CHAI Gang,ZHANG Yan,QU Miao,XU Yourong,HOU Yikang,ZHU Ming 2014, 10 (1):  56-59.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2014.01.018 Abstract ( 265 )   Objective To instruct the presurgical therapy for the patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate by a retrospective study on the patients treated with presurgical nasoalveolar molding. Methods Fifty-eight patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate were treated with presurgical nasoalveolar molding. Relevant variables of alveolar cleft before therapy were measured and analyzed, and combining with the analysis of the treatment results, the alveolar deformity was classified. Results Among the 58 patients, lingual inclination were observed in 4 patients after presurgical treatment, and no lingual inclination was observed in the other 54 patients. The anterior alveolar cleft in sagittal and vertical direction (PP’-Y, PP’-Z), as well as the angle of healthy side (∠PTT’) had statistical differences between the patients with and without lingual inclination. Conclusion Patients with or without alveolar inclination might be related with the anterior alveolar cleft in sagittal and vertical value, and the anterior alveolar angle of healthy side. Patients with no alveolar inclination could utilize appliance to reduce the degree of alveolar cleft directly, while patients with alveolar inclination should correct inclination deformity first. Related Articles | Metrics