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    Research progress of Hashimoto thyroiditis
    TIAN Limin, FENG Jing
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (04): 217-223.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.04.01
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    Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a very common organic autoimmune thyroid disease, and its incidence is increasing year by year. It not only causes hypothyroidism in clinical practice, but also has many connections with a variety of immune diseases, endocrine diseases, rheumatic diseases and thyroid cancer. Although the exact etiology of HT has not been fully clarified, the mainstream treatment is still based on management and alternative treatment of hypothyroidism. However, as the research further deepens, more clinical variants have been gradually discovered, more and more factors have been found to be related to the onset of HT, and new discoveries have been made in treatment methods. This article reviews the research progress on clinical manifestations, pathological features, diagnosis, pathogenesis, relationship with other diseases and treatment of HT.

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    Research progress on agranulocytosis caused by antithyroid drugs
    TIAN Ruochen, LI Jing
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (04): 264-268.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.04.09
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    In China, antithyroid drugs are the first choice of treatment for hyperthyroidism. However, their side effects may result in agranulocytosis, which has an insidious onset and requires urgent treatment. Up to date,the mechanisms of agranulocytosis caused by antithyroid drugs is still unclear. Herein, the article reviewed the direct toxic activities, the immune effects, and the genetic susceptibility of antithyroid drugs, which may be helpful to provide better clinical treatment options and improve the prognosis of agranulocytosis caused by the drugs.

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    Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of subacute thyroiditis
    LI Yajie, CUI Dai
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (04): 259-263.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.04.08
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    Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is a common thyroid inflammatory disease that is frequently prone to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis, which impact the quality of life for patients adversely. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of SAT, aiming to improve clinician’s understanding of the disease.

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    Study on efficacy and safety of Dioscorea bublifera L. in treatment of Graves disease
    CUI Yifan, ZHANG Ruixiang, WEI Xiao, LIU Chao
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (04): 273-277.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.04.11
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    Hyperthyroidism is most common in Graves disease (GD), and traditional antithyroid medicine are often difficult to achieve satisfactory efficacy, and high recurrence rate and long course of treatment are the most prominent problems. Huangyaozi(Dioscorea bublifera L.), a traditional Chinese medicine, has the effect of “Xiao Ying” and has been widely used in the treatment of GD in recent years, but long-term use may cause liver and kidney damage. Therefore, more research on the efficacy and safety of Huangyaozi need to be done in the treatment of GD.

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    Ultrasound features and clinical manifestations of two cases of thyroid metastatic cancer: pay attention to abnormal thyroid ultrasound spectrum
    LI Yuanyuan, DING Wenbo, JIANG Ziyu, CHEN Xi, LIU Binbin, CHEN Guofang, LIU Chao
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (04): 254-258.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.04.07
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    Ultrasonography plays an important role in early screening of thyroid cancer. This article introduced two cases of thyroid metastatic carcinoma secondary to renal clear cell carcinoma and cervical squamous cell carcinoma respectively, analyzed their clinical diagnosis and treatment process, ultrasound characteristics, and prognosis, as well as reviewed the related literature. As atypical thyroid lesions were detected through the ultrasound spectrum in patients with a history of malignant tumors, it should be alert to the possibility of metastatic cancer. Ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy combined with immunohistochemical testing can help early diagnosis and timely treatment.

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    Impact of maternal hyperthyroidism during pregnancy on neurological and psychiatric development of offspring
    YANG Ao, ZHANG Peiheng, ZHANG Yang, GAO Ying
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (04): 269-272.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.04.10
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    Gestational hyperthyroidism can significantly increase health risks to both mother and fetal. However, there are few reports on its impact on the neuropsychological development of offspring. This article reviews the literature related to the effect of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy on brain structure, intelligence quotient (IQ) and neuropsychiatric disorders of offsprings. It was found that hyperthyroidism during pregnancy may be associated with reduced brain volume and cortical gray matter volume, lower IQ, and increase the risk of depression in offspring. However, its’ relationship with other mental and emotional well-being disorder of the offspring is unclear.

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    Clinical efficacy of venetoclax combined with azacytidine in treatment of newly treated elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia who were intolerant to intensive chemotherapy
    ZHAO Huijin, JIN Zhen, ZHANG Yunxiang, WU Min, ZHENG Yu, WU Wen, SHEN Yang, CHEN Qiusheng, LI Junmin, CHEN Yu
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (02): 89-94.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.02.01
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    Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of 35 elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who were newly treated and intolerant to intensive chemotherapy and evaluate treatment efficacy and safety of venetoclax combined with azacytidine (VEN+AZA). Methods Between February 2021 and March 2022, 35 AML elderly patients who were intolerant to intensive therapy were enrolled in the study. They received VEN+AZA induction therapy. The disease characteristics, VEN+AZA induced remission and treatment safety were retrospectively analyzed and reported. Results The median age of enrolled patients was 68 year old, and there were 9 cases diagnosed with secondary AML. All patients completed bone marrow cytogenetic and molecular biology evaluation and were stratified by European LeukemiaNet (ELN) genetic risk classification. Thirty-five patients were classified as low risk group (10 of 35 cases), intermediate risk group (12 of 35 cases) and high risk group (13 of 35 cases). Common genetic mutations included DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) (n=11), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 (n=11), ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) (n=9), NPM1 (n=8) and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) (n=6). The overall complete remission (CR) rate of treatment was 65.7% (n=23), and the CR rate of patients with mutation of NPM1, FLT3-ITD, IDH1/2 were 87.5%, 66.7% and 72.7%, respectively. The total negative rate of minimal residual disease (MRD) among CR patients was 73.9%, the median follow-up time was 10.1 months and median event-free survival (EFS) was 11.3 months. Among remission patients, MRD-negative patients had longer EFS and overall survival than MRD-positive patients(P<0.05). The early mortality rate was 5.7%. The most common adverse reaction during treatment was hematological toxicity (treatment-induced grade 3-4 neutropenia 31.4%, grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia 25.7%, febrile neutropenia 48.6%) and pulmonary infection (17.1%). Conclusions Our results showed that VEN+AZA has a higher overall response rate in newly treatment elderly AML who were intolerant to intensive chemotherapy, which was similar with the clinical trial results. NPM1 mutation might indicate higher CR rate. The EFS and OS of MRD-negative patients were longer than those of MRD-positive patients, and the risk of death was reduced. In summary, VEN+AZA regime was currently one of the most promising strategies for newly treated elderly AML who couldn’t tolerate intensive chemotherapy.

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    Expert consensus on multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of primary Sjögren syndrome (2024 edition)
    CHENG Fang, ZHAO Futao, SHEN Xuemin, LI Jin, CHEN Xiangjun, WANG Guifang, LI Huilin, XUE Luan, QI Junyuan
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (06): 357-362.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.06.01
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    Primary Sjögren syndrome (PSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands and other organs. PSS shows strong clinical heterogeneity, presents different degrees of topical and systemic damage, and multidisciplinary collaboration are required to develop PSS treatment strategies. However, our country currently has not unified diagnosis and treatment consensus for PSS. Based on domestic and foreign diagnosis and treatment experience, consensus and guideline, experts from multiple related disciplines achieved consensus using the nominal group technique, providing guidance and reference for standardized diagnosis and treatment of PSS.

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    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (03): 166-166.  
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    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (03): 158-158.  
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    Interaction of bile acids with the gut microbiota and their effects on sepsis
    YANG Jin, WEI Yao, JIN Jun
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (03): 207-211.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.03.11
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    Numerous microorganisms inhabit the human intestine, participate in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and produce a large number of metabolites, participate in regulating functions and protect the host from disease damage. Bile acids are produced by cholesterol metabolism and metabolized by the gut microbiota into secondary bile acids. Bile acids facilitate lipid digestion and absorption and interact with the gut microbiota. The composition and quantity of the gut microbiota also regulate bile acid metabolism. As sepsis occurs, the poor prognosis of the disease is associated with disturbances of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. This paper reviews the metabolic process of bile acids, the interaction between bile acids and the gut microbiota, and the changes of gut microbiota and bile acids during sepsis, to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of sepsis.

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    Screening and pathway analysis of autophagy-related genes in Alzheimer disease
    SHENG Zhaoqing, LIU Xiaohong
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (04): 236-242.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.04.04
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    Objective Screen autophagy related genes of Alzheimer disease(AD) based on microarray analysis, conduct pathway analysis and identify key genes in order to explore potential pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Methods The GSE33000 dataset was downloaded from GEO Database, and the differentially expressed genes of AD were obtained by R software limma package. Autophagy-related genes were downloaded from Human Autophagy Database, Human Autophagy Modulator Database and GeneCard Database, respectively, and the autophagy-related gene set was obtained. The AD autophagy-related genes were obtained through intersecting the differentially expressed genes with the autophagy-related gene set. The R software packages such as org.Hs.eg.db and clusterProfiler were used to perform gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, the online software Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) was used to conduct protein-protein interaction network analysis, and the key genes were predicted based on MCC algorithm. Results A total of 66 autophagy related genes were obtained, of which 41 genes were up-regulated and 25 genes were down-regulated. Gene enrichment analysis showed that cellular components in GO analysis were mainly enriched in phagocytic vesicle membrane, secretory granule membrane, membrane microdomain, late endosome, etc., and molecular functions were mainly enriched in Toll-like receptor binding, ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding, etc., and biological processes were enriched in regulation of autophagy, positive regulation of cellular catabolic process, response to lipopolysaccharide, regulation of inflammatory response, cellular response to external stimulus, etc. In KEGG enrichment analysis, the differentially expressed autophagy-related genes were mainly concentrated in NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, forkhead box protein O(FoxO) signaling pathway, etc. Our research completed the construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI), identified 10 key genes, and screened out that interleukin-6(IL-6) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) were closely related to AD. Conclusions Ten key autophagy-related genes were obtained in this study, among which IL-6 and STAT3 are more closely related to AD.

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    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (03): 179-179.  
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    Comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of sevelamer with lanthanum carbonate on treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis
    BAO Lingling, HUANG Xiaomin, ZHANG Chunyan, ZHANG Qianying, WANG Zhaohui, XU Tian, REN Hong
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2023, 18 (06): 394-399.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2023.06.004
    Abstract679)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (639KB)(63)       Save

    Objective To investigate the efficacy and adverse effects of different non-calcium-phosphate binders on the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage kidney disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Methods A total of 124 patients with hyperphosphatemia undergoing peritoneal dialysis who were initially treated with non-calcium-phosphate binders agent were enrolled in the Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from May in 2019 to March in 2021. Among them, 61 cases were treated with sevelamer and 63 cases were treated with lanthanum carbonate. Serum phosphorus, serum calcium, parathyroid hormone(PTH), 25-OH-VitD, alkaline phosphatase level and abdominal aortic calcification score (AACS) before and after treatment were compared in sevelamer or lanthanum carbonate treated groups, furthermore, the pill burden and cost were evaluated. Results The median follow-up time was 16.9 (9.0, 27.2) months until the end of October 2021. Serum phosphorus level was (1.70±0.31), (1.52±0.24) and (1.60±0.34) mmol/L at 1st, 3rd and 6th month after treatment, respectively, and significantly decreased than baseline [(2.08±0.31) mmol/L, P<0.05]. After 1 month and 3 months of treatment, the compliance rate in the lanthanum carbonate treated group was higher than that in the sevelamer treated group (27.0% vs 8.2%, P=0.006; 63.5% vs 39.3%, P=0.007); while after 6 months of treatment, there was no significant difference in PTH level and 25-OH-VitD level between sevelam treated group and lanthanum carbonate treated group[324.3 (178.1, 469.7) ng/L vs 304.4 (165.8, 413.3) ng/L, P=0.414; 15.01 (11.98, 22.75) nmol/L vs 20.02 (16.01, 27.19) nmol/L, P=0.376]. There were no significant differences in AACS and cardiac valve calcification score between the two groups before and after treatment. Gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting were more common in lanthanum carbonate treated group (15.9% vs 1.6%, P=0.005). Conclusions Compared with sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate has a faster dephosphorization effect and higher initial serum phosphorus compliance rate, but the digestive tract tolerance is poor.

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    Importance of drug monitoring for compound sulfamethoxazole therapy in patients with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
    FANG Jie, CHEN Chao, ZHOU Min
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (01): 31-36.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.01.06
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    Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) is one of the more common and serious opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). With the use of immunosuppressants and chemotherapy drugs, most PJP cases reported in China are non-HIV immunosuppressed patients. Compound sulfamethoxazole (SMZco) is the first-line drug for the treatment of PJP, and there are wide individual differences in its pharmacokinetics. Through citing a PJP case treated with SMZco under drug monitoring, a systematic review was conducted from the aspects of SMZco pharmacokinetics, dose-related adverse reactions, and optimal therapeutic dose research. It aims to demonstrate the importance of drug monitoring for sulfamethoxazole therapy, which ensures the drug reaches effective therapeutic concentrations and the occurrence of its’ adverse reactions was reduced.

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    Progress in treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia
    LIU Wenhui, WU Tao, ZHANG Xi
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (03): 201-206.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.03.10
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    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematological malignancy with abnormal proliferation of primitive naive lymphocytes and inhibition of normal hematopoiesis. It originates from B-lineage or T-lineage lymphoid progenitor cells, accounting for 20%-30% of adult acute leukemia. Although the complete remission rate of newly diagnosed adult ALL patients after multi-drug combination chemotherapy can reach more than 80%, most of the patients still show relapse and refractory. The 5-year long term survival rate in the patients is only 20%-40% and the clinical characteristics and prognosis are quite different. In recent years, with the advent of targeted drugs, immunotherapy, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) -T cell therapy, the clinical outcomes of adult ALL patients have been greatly improved. This article reviews the current progress of new therapeutic drugs for adult ALL in detail.

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    Mechanism of mitochondrial autophagy in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
    GAO Yue, XING Shifeng
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (05): 328-332.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.05.08
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    Cardiovascular disease is still one of the most common causes of death in the world. In the past, timely reperfusion treatment has greatly reduced the death rate of the disease while promoting blood recovery and cardiomyocyte recovery. Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is an inevitable pathological process in many clinical practices. The mechanisms of myocardial IR injury include a variety of pathological processes such as mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis, and these signaling pathways are interrelated and act on each other. Among them, mitochondrial autophagy has attracted wide attention as a selective autophagy. Mitochondrial autophagy maintains the normal operation of cardiomyocytes by regulating the quality and quantity of mitochondria. However, as stimulated by oxidative stress, ischemia and hypoxia, excessive mitochondrial autophagy or insufficient mitochondrial autophagy can affect the function of cardiomyocytes and even lead to the death of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the activation degree of mitochondrial autophagy in cardiomyocytes should be strictly controlled. This article reviews the mechanism and progress of mitochondrial autophagy in myocardial IR injury, aiming to provide some assistance in the study of myocardial IR injury.

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    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (03): 184-184.  
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    Analysis of distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria of bloodstream infection in a tertiary hospital from 2019 to 2022
    YANG Siheng, ZHANG Xuewu, HU Guoqi, ZHANG Yan, LI Ziqiang, SHENG Zike, XU Yumin
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2023, 18 (06): 424-430.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2023.06.009
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    Objective To analyze the distribution and the drug resistance of bloodstream infection(BSI) pathogenic bacteria in hospitalized patients in Jieshou People’s Hospital, provide a basis for clinical guidance on the treatment of BSI patients, and prevent and control nosocomial infection in local area. Methods From January in 2019 to December in 2022, 6 727 blood culture samples of inpatients were screened from the laboratory information system (LIS) in our hospital, and 668 (9.93%) strains were isolated, and the distribution and drug resistance of the bacteria were analyzed retrospectively. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel 2021 and WHONET 5.6 software. Results Pathogens were mainly isolated from infection department, intensive care unit, general surgery. BSI caused by respiratory system infection, urinary system infection, and hepatobiliary system infection was the most common, and 30-day mortality rate of patients was 23.50%. Among the 668 isolated strains, 461(69.01%) strains were Gram-negative bacteria, 205(30.69%) strains were Gram-positive bacteria and 2(0.30%) strains were fungi. The top five isolated strains(84.28%) were 274 (41.01%) strains of Escherichia coli, 141(21.10%) strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 91(13.62%) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 34(5.09%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 23(3.44%) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The detection rate of Escherichia coli in 2021-2022 was decreased compared with 2019-2020 (P<0.05), while the detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae was increased slightly in 2021-2022 compared with 2019-2020 (P>0.05). The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to carbapenems, piperacillin/tazobactam, and amikacin were low, and the proportion of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) was low (6.09%). Among Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for a relatively high proportion (76.47%), while Gram-positive bacteria including Enterococcus were not detected to be resistant to vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline. Conclusions Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae in Gram-negative bacteria, and the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus in Gram-positive bacteria were the main strains of BSI in local area. The main Gram-negative bacteria were highly sensitive to carbapenems, amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam. MRSA has a higher detection rate.

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    Research progress on behavior pattern of knowledge, attitude and practice and treatment compliance in hypertension population
    WANG Xiaoming, GONG Yanchun
    Journal of Internal Medicine Concepts & Practice    2024, 19 (03): 212-215.   DOI: 10.16138/j.1673-6087.2024.03.12
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    Hypertension is a common chronic disease that can endanger people’s health, which can cause a variety of complications and bring burden to people and society. The incidence rate of hypertension is high in elder patients. As age increased, the treatment compliance of patients with hypertension decreased under the influence of various factors, which can lead to poor blood pressure control. Poor blood pressure control has clearly correlation with cardiovascular disease. Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) is one of the basic pattern to promote human health behavior. Effective health intervention is helpful to improve cognitive level of elderly patients with hypertension, alleviate negative emotions, develop positive attitude to disease, which can improve treatment compliance and treatment effect and reduce the incidence of complications and mortality. This paper reviews the concept of KAP theory and its research status in hypertension, aiming to analyze the application and influence of KAP in hypertension population, so as to provide reference for health education and health management, and reduce the disease burden of the public.

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